IIAZEB, District Judge.
On the afternoon of November 25, 1904, the Oceánica, while towing the barge Massasoit from, Marquette, Mich., to Tonawanda, N. Y., struck a submerged rock or other obstruction in Niagara river, breaking the blades of her propeller wheel. She cut the tow line and drifted down the river. The Massasoit drifted on Intake Pier, located in the river about 900 feet from the easterly bank. The libel is filed in rem to recover damages sustained by the Massasoit, and charges that the steam barge was navigated carelessly and negligently in not keeping in the channel or in water of sufficient depth for her draft. The answer denies negligence, and alleges that the Massasoit failed to follow in the wake of the steamer; that she kept too far eastward and did not respond to the signals to starboard her wheel. It also alleges that the agreement was to tow the Massasoit from Marquette to Buffalo, and not to Tonawanda, a port about nine miles beyond; and that her master assumed the risks or dangers of towfing the barge to the latter port. Further, that in towing the barge to Tonawanda the master of the Oceánica exceeded his authority, and was not acting in the employment or service of the [302]*302owners of that vessel. The legal aspects of the towing contract will be discussed later, as it is deemed essential to first attach the blame of the accident.
The Massasoit, which was about 800 tons burden and loaded with lumber, was drawing 14 feet- 5 inches of water fore and aft, and the Oceánica 14 feet 6 inches. The weather was clear. The channel in the river from the mouth of Lake Erie to the point of accident is approximately 700 feet wide. It is marked by two black spar buoys on the starboard side, and two red spar and two can buoys on the port side. There are two ranges high on the bank, one behind-the other. The safe and usual course of navigation down the river from the lake is to steer on the ranges until close to the black spar buoy No. 1, as shown on the government chart. The wheel is then starboarded; the ranges being slightly open to the eastward, and the vessel heading on the port side towards red can buoy No. 2. Another hard astarboard turn of the wheel heads the vessel in a northwest-wardly direction across the river. In this way a loaded vessel ordinarily proceeds down the river past the Intake Pier. The channel above the Intake Pier is well marked and can be navigated safely by ordinarily prudent navigators; despite the presence of varying strong northeasterly currents. The survey and soundings, as shown on the chart in evidence, indicate the existence of shoals and the depth of water on each side of the channel. It is unsafe and dangerous to navigate boats of over 14 feet draft past the Intake Pier outside the defined channel. This fact -is generally known to navigators of Niagara river. Departure from the ordinary course by vessels going to the eastward of the black spar buoys on the starboard side, instead of keeping to the middle or within the channel, is apt to-result disastrously. Indeed, the testimony of libelants’ witness Poor, a river pilot, shows that, even in the defined channel, a vessel drawing 14 feet 6 inches is liable to touch bottom when the water is low in the river. There is evidence tending to show that the Oceánica proceeded through the water at such a slow rate of speed that the tow line slackened, making a bight’ on the starboard bow of the barge. Although the river runs at the rate of six to eight miles per hour just above the Intake Pier, on account of cross-currents to the eastward, it is necessary that a vessel should proceed at a rate of speed corresponding to the strength of the current. Otherwise it would be taken by force of the water to the eastward out of the channel.
As stated, the preponderance of the evidence is that it was commonly accepted by navigators of tows and vessels of the draft of the Oceánica that it was necessar}*- to remain on the westerly side of the Intake Pier, and that to proceed easterly thereof involved the .risk -of insufficient water and rocky bottom. According to the testimony of Captain Van Dusen, the Oceánica touched bottom or obstructions several times while proceeding between buoys 1 and 3 in the customary channel. He claims that the steamer was properly navigated in the channel, rvhen she lost or broke her wheel, but of this I am not convinced. If I were satisfied that she had taken the usual and ordinary course down the river at the point where the [303]*303accident happened, she should not be held liable. The preponderating evidence establishes that respondents’ witnesses are mistaken in their testimony that the wheel was broken in the customary channel. Parrish, an apparently disinterested witness, testifies that he was walking on the bank about half a mile distant from the accident, and clearly observed the approach of the tow near the Intake Pier. He is an experienced river tugmau; the duties of his employment requiring him to help tows through the draw of the International Bridge, just below the point of accident. He testified that he watched the tow coming down, and noticed that she was too far to the eastward, and she seemed “ranging around a little.” Upon this point he states:
"Q. AA'Iiat do yon mean by that? A. First one way and the other. She wasn’t steering a steady course. * * * She come down the river — I think she was out of the general rum of course. She was oyer to the eastward farther than they generally go coming down the river there. Q. From where you were, how could you tell that? A. AVell, X could tell by the opening she gave the Intake I'ier. On the dock where I stood they hardly ever open our place there. You can’t see them to the eastward of the Intake Pier from our dock, not if they are whore they should be. * * * Q. AVas there any danger in the Ooeaniea’s being as far eastward as you saw ber? A. AAell, I would have been a little uneasy if I had been there myself, 1 tliink. Q. And when yon saw her over there to the eastward of the ordinary course, what did you do? A. I stood and looked at her till she Mowed her whistle.”
It is manifest that, by his testimony that the Oceánica was about a thousand feet to the eastward, this witness meant that she was approximately that distance to the eastward of the ordinary course of down-bound vessels.
The claim that the Massasoit was in fault for not dropping her anchor is unpersuasive. It is not clear from the evidence that by casting her anchor she would not have stranded on the Intake Pier. Indeed, it is doubtful, considering the strength of the current, whether the anchor would have prevented her from drifting. In any event, she cannot be held in fault for this omission. Failure to drop her anchor, in view of the imminent danger, must be deemed an error in extremis, and not an act of negligence. The Steamer Webb, 14 Wall. 406, 20 L. Ed. 774. There is nothing else of importance in the case tending to show any negligence on the part of the barge. The respondent does not satisfactorily explain the evidence showing careless navigation down the river and out of the customary channel, although the departure from such course might not have been great. As said in The Steamer Webb, supra: “It was enough to devolve upon the tug the duty of explanation.” Such explanation exonerating the steamer has not been made, and hence the Oceánica niust he held solely to blame for the injuries sustained by the vessel towed.
The next question is in relation to the towage contract.
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IIAZEB, District Judge.
On the afternoon of November 25, 1904, the Oceánica, while towing the barge Massasoit from, Marquette, Mich., to Tonawanda, N. Y., struck a submerged rock or other obstruction in Niagara river, breaking the blades of her propeller wheel. She cut the tow line and drifted down the river. The Massasoit drifted on Intake Pier, located in the river about 900 feet from the easterly bank. The libel is filed in rem to recover damages sustained by the Massasoit, and charges that the steam barge was navigated carelessly and negligently in not keeping in the channel or in water of sufficient depth for her draft. The answer denies negligence, and alleges that the Massasoit failed to follow in the wake of the steamer; that she kept too far eastward and did not respond to the signals to starboard her wheel. It also alleges that the agreement was to tow the Massasoit from Marquette to Buffalo, and not to Tonawanda, a port about nine miles beyond; and that her master assumed the risks or dangers of towfing the barge to the latter port. Further, that in towing the barge to Tonawanda the master of the Oceánica exceeded his authority, and was not acting in the employment or service of the [302]*302owners of that vessel. The legal aspects of the towing contract will be discussed later, as it is deemed essential to first attach the blame of the accident.
The Massasoit, which was about 800 tons burden and loaded with lumber, was drawing 14 feet- 5 inches of water fore and aft, and the Oceánica 14 feet 6 inches. The weather was clear. The channel in the river from the mouth of Lake Erie to the point of accident is approximately 700 feet wide. It is marked by two black spar buoys on the starboard side, and two red spar and two can buoys on the port side. There are two ranges high on the bank, one behind-the other. The safe and usual course of navigation down the river from the lake is to steer on the ranges until close to the black spar buoy No. 1, as shown on the government chart. The wheel is then starboarded; the ranges being slightly open to the eastward, and the vessel heading on the port side towards red can buoy No. 2. Another hard astarboard turn of the wheel heads the vessel in a northwest-wardly direction across the river. In this way a loaded vessel ordinarily proceeds down the river past the Intake Pier. The channel above the Intake Pier is well marked and can be navigated safely by ordinarily prudent navigators; despite the presence of varying strong northeasterly currents. The survey and soundings, as shown on the chart in evidence, indicate the existence of shoals and the depth of water on each side of the channel. It is unsafe and dangerous to navigate boats of over 14 feet draft past the Intake Pier outside the defined channel. This fact -is generally known to navigators of Niagara river. Departure from the ordinary course by vessels going to the eastward of the black spar buoys on the starboard side, instead of keeping to the middle or within the channel, is apt to-result disastrously. Indeed, the testimony of libelants’ witness Poor, a river pilot, shows that, even in the defined channel, a vessel drawing 14 feet 6 inches is liable to touch bottom when the water is low in the river. There is evidence tending to show that the Oceánica proceeded through the water at such a slow rate of speed that the tow line slackened, making a bight’ on the starboard bow of the barge. Although the river runs at the rate of six to eight miles per hour just above the Intake Pier, on account of cross-currents to the eastward, it is necessary that a vessel should proceed at a rate of speed corresponding to the strength of the current. Otherwise it would be taken by force of the water to the eastward out of the channel.
As stated, the preponderance of the evidence is that it was commonly accepted by navigators of tows and vessels of the draft of the Oceánica that it was necessar}*- to remain on the westerly side of the Intake Pier, and that to proceed easterly thereof involved the .risk -of insufficient water and rocky bottom. According to the testimony of Captain Van Dusen, the Oceánica touched bottom or obstructions several times while proceeding between buoys 1 and 3 in the customary channel. He claims that the steamer was properly navigated in the channel, rvhen she lost or broke her wheel, but of this I am not convinced. If I were satisfied that she had taken the usual and ordinary course down the river at the point where the [303]*303accident happened, she should not be held liable. The preponderating evidence establishes that respondents’ witnesses are mistaken in their testimony that the wheel was broken in the customary channel. Parrish, an apparently disinterested witness, testifies that he was walking on the bank about half a mile distant from the accident, and clearly observed the approach of the tow near the Intake Pier. He is an experienced river tugmau; the duties of his employment requiring him to help tows through the draw of the International Bridge, just below the point of accident. He testified that he watched the tow coming down, and noticed that she was too far to the eastward, and she seemed “ranging around a little.” Upon this point he states:
"Q. AA'Iiat do yon mean by that? A. First one way and the other. She wasn’t steering a steady course. * * * She come down the river — I think she was out of the general rum of course. She was oyer to the eastward farther than they generally go coming down the river there. Q. From where you were, how could you tell that? A. AVell, X could tell by the opening she gave the Intake I'ier. On the dock where I stood they hardly ever open our place there. You can’t see them to the eastward of the Intake Pier from our dock, not if they are whore they should be. * * * Q. AVas there any danger in the Ooeaniea’s being as far eastward as you saw ber? A. AAell, I would have been a little uneasy if I had been there myself, 1 tliink. Q. And when yon saw her over there to the eastward of the ordinary course, what did you do? A. I stood and looked at her till she Mowed her whistle.”
It is manifest that, by his testimony that the Oceánica was about a thousand feet to the eastward, this witness meant that she was approximately that distance to the eastward of the ordinary course of down-bound vessels.
The claim that the Massasoit was in fault for not dropping her anchor is unpersuasive. It is not clear from the evidence that by casting her anchor she would not have stranded on the Intake Pier. Indeed, it is doubtful, considering the strength of the current, whether the anchor would have prevented her from drifting. In any event, she cannot be held in fault for this omission. Failure to drop her anchor, in view of the imminent danger, must be deemed an error in extremis, and not an act of negligence. The Steamer Webb, 14 Wall. 406, 20 L. Ed. 774. There is nothing else of importance in the case tending to show any negligence on the part of the barge. The respondent does not satisfactorily explain the evidence showing careless navigation down the river and out of the customary channel, although the departure from such course might not have been great. As said in The Steamer Webb, supra: “It was enough to devolve upon the tug the duty of explanation.” Such explanation exonerating the steamer has not been made, and hence the Oceánica niust he held solely to blame for the injuries sustained by the vessel towed.
The next question is in relation to the towage contract. Was the towage agreement only from Marquette to Buffalo? Was the master of the Oceánica acting beyond the scope of his authority in undertaking to tow the barge to the port of Tonawanda, N. Y.? The proofs show that on November 17, 1904, Boland, one of the owners of the barge, by telephone, asked the manager of the Tonawanda Iron & Steel Company, owner of the Oceánica, whether the Oceánica could: [304]*304tow the Massasoit down from Marquette. Regarding the towing arrangement Mr. Mills, witness for respondent, testifies:
“X told Rim that it was late, that we wouldn’t tow him down unless he assumed all risks, that she had the reputation- of being the worst steerer on the Lakes. We had towed her before and the captain objected to having anything to do with her. He said it would help him out to get her down. He named a .price. I asked for more. We finally compromised on a price; we to take no risks. It is my recollection that he stated that tugs would take charge of the boat at Buffalo.”
Following this interview, he telegraphed the master of the Oceán-ica as follows: “Can you tow Massasoit Marquette to Buffalo ? Answer. Tonawanda Iron & Steel Co.” Captain Van Dusen replied: “Can tow Massasoit if ready with Oceánica'.” Mr. Mills thereupon answered: “Message rec’d all right tow Massasoit if she is ready.” Subsequently the conversation over the telephone between Boland and Mills was confirmed by letter. Later, however, the masters of the Massasoit and Oceánica had a conversation; the former requesting towage to Tonawanda. After some discussion Captain Van Dusen assented, provided the conditions of the water in Niagara river were favorable. When the tow arrived at the Breakwater near Buffalo, the weather being clear, the Oceánica signaled the barge to shorten the tow line, which being done, the steamer proceeded down the river towards Tonawanda. The Oceánica was equipped for towing, although such was not her regular employment. She had on prior occasions towed barges to Tonawanda.
The proposition that Captain Van Dusen exceeded his authority in extending the towage agreement is not maintainable. Assuming the contract explicitly limited the port to which the barge should be towed, and that the master of the Oceánica went beyond his specific instructions, yet, in4 the absence of clear showing that the master of the Massasoit knew of the limitations, and that the Oceánica was doing an act expressly forbidden by her owner, I am not inclined to hold that she was relieved from the results of her subsequent wrongdoing. Her master wa's not expressly prohibited from towing the barge to Tonawanda. His hesitation to tow the barge beyond Buffalo, after receiving-instructions from his principal, did not arise from any presumable want of authority to do so. The misconduct complained of was not the result of a breach of maritime contract. The injuries to the barge were sustained solely in consequence of the negligence of the towing steamer. And, according to the universally accepted doctrine, this action is brought in ex delicto against the ship for which she may be held liable irrespective of any responsibility that ma}' arise as a result of a breach of contract. The Barnstable, 181 U. S. 465, 21 Sup. Ct. 684, 45 L. Ed. 954; The Malek Adhel, 2 How. 210, 11 L. Ed. 239; The Quickstep, 9 Wall. 665, 19 L. Ed. 767; Ralli v. Troop, 157 U. S. 386, 15 Sup. Ct. 657, 39 L. Ed. 742. This doctrine was recently reaffirmed by the Circuit Court of Appeals for this Circuit. The Drake-Maytham Steamship Co. v. Tugs Mason & Babcock, 142 Fed. 913. The principle of The R. F. Cahill, Fed. Cas. No. 11,735, and The Andrew J. White (D. C.) 108 Fed. 685, cited ,by counsel for respondent, has no application to the facts disclosed by [305]*305the record. In the Cahill Case the master of the canal boat knew that the captain of the tug had received specific instructions not to accept the tow beyond a certain point in the river. In spite of such knowledge, he prevailed upon the master of the tug to violate the specific directions in that regard of the owner. So, also, in The Andrew J. White, where the agent representing the owner of the tug declined to make a towage contract because the barkentine was in a crowded slip; he regarding it hazardous to tow her unless she was first hauled away from her mooring to the mouth of the slip. It will be noted that both masters had actual knowledge of the refusal by the owners of the tug, the night preceding, to tow the bark from inside the slip, in these circumstances the court held the tug blameless, inasmuch as the master went beyond the scope of his authority. The pith of the decisions in the Cahill and White Cases, however, is entirely based upon the fact that the masters seeking the towage service knew that such employment had previously been forbidden by the owners. Such is not the fact here. The evidence is insufficient to justify me in holding that the master of the Massasoit had presumptive knowledge of the towage contract entered into by her owner over the telephone. In the absence of the owner of the Oceánica, and in the circumstances, her master, in my judgment, had authority to bind her to an extension of the towage agreement. The Andrew j. White, supra.
One question remains: It is claimed that the agreement, in effect, provided that the towage was to be made at the risk of the barge, and therefore the Oceánica cannot be held responsible for the loss. That such was the agreement is immaterial. The Syracuse, 12 Wall. 171, 20 L. Ed. 382. There it was held that the towing steamei was liable for the loss happening through her negligence, notwithstanding the towage agreement provided for towing the canal boat at lier own risk. This principle of martitime law remains unimpeachcd, and undoubtedly has application to this controversy.
My conclusion is that the Oceánica alone was in fault for the disaster, and hence an order of reference may be made to the clerk of this court to compute the damages. So ordered.