Mr. Chief-Justice Waite
delivered the opinion of-.the court.
Three questions have been presented on the argument of this appeal: —
1. Whether Congress has the constitutional power to confiné • the jurisdiction of this court on appeals in admiralty to questions' of law arising on the record;
2. Whether, upon the bill of. exceptions,' the. court below-erred in refusing to find Certain facts which, as is claimed, were established by uncontradicted evidence, and in finding others which had- no evidence at all to support them-; and,'
3. Whether, on the facts found, the decree below was right.
1. As'to the jurisdiction.
If we understand correctly the position of the counsel for the appellants, it is precisely the same as that which occupied the attention of the court in
Wiscart
v.
Dauchy,
decided, at February Term, 1796, 3 Dall. 321. There the question was, what, under the Judiciary Act of 1789, could be Considered on a writ of-error bringing-to this court for review a decree in admiral ty. The decision turned on the construction to be given the twenty-second section, of the act, and Mr. Justice Wilson, in his minority opinion, said : “ Such an appeal,” that is to say, an •appeal in which all the testimony is produced in this court, “is expressly sanctioned by the Constitution ; it' may, therefore, clearly; in the first view of the subject, be .considered as the most regular process; and as there are not any words in the
judicial act restricting the power of proceeding by appeal, it must be regarded as. still permitted and approved. Even, •indeed, if positive restriction existed by law, it would, in my judgment, Jae superseded by the superior authority of the constitutional provision.”. Mr. Chief Justice Ellsworth, however, who spoke for the majority of the court, said: “ If Congress has provided-no rule to regulate our proceedings, we cannot exereise an appellate jurisdiction ; and'if the rule is provided, •we cannot depart from it. The question, therefore, on the constitutional- point of appellate jurisdiction, ds simply whether "Congress has established a Rule for regulating its exercise.” And, further on: •“ It is observed that a writ of error is .a process more limited ah its effects than an appeal; but whatever may be the operation, if an appellate jurisdiction can only be exercised by this; court conformably to such regulations as are made by the Congress, and if Congress has prescribed a writ off error, and no other mode', by which It is to be exercised, still, I say, we are bound to pursue that mode, and can neither make, nor adopt, another.”- And again: “But surely it cannot-be deemed a denial of justice that a man shall not be permitted to try his cause two or three times over. If he has one opportunity for the trial of all the parts of his case, justice is satisfied; and even if the decision of the Circuit Court has been made final,' no denial of justice can be imputed to our government; .much less can the imputation be fairly made, because the law directs that, in case of appeal, part shall be decided by one tribunal and part-by another, — the facts by the court below, and the law by this court. Such a distribution of jurisdiction has long been established in England.”
This was the beginning of the rule, which has always been acted on since, that while the appellate power of this court under the Constitution extends to all cases within the judicial power of .the United States, actual jurisdiction under the power is confined within such limits as Congress sees fit to prescribe. As was said by Mr. Chief Justice Marshall in
Durousseau
v.
United States
(6 Cranch, 307, 314), “ The appellate powers of this court are not given by the judicial act. They are given by the Constitution. But they are limited and regulated by the judicial act, and by such other acts as have been passed on
the subject.” The language of the Constitution is that “ the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to. law and fact, with such exceptions and under such regulations as Congress shall make.” Undoubtedly, if Congress should give an appeal in admiralty causes, and say no more, the facts, as well as the law, would be subjected to review and retrial; but. the power to except from — take out of— the jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, clearly implies a power to limit the effect of \an appeal to a review of the law as applicable to facts finally, determined below. Appellate jurisdiction is invoked as well through the instrumentality of writs of error as of appeals. Whether the one form of proceeding is’ to be used or another depends ordinarily on the character of the suit below; but the one as well as the.other brings into action the appellate powers of the court whose jurisdiction is reached by what is done. What those powers shall be, and to what extent they shall be exercised, are, and always have been, proper subjects of legislative control. Authority to limit the jurisdiction necessarily carries with it authority to- limit the use of the jurisdiction. Not only may whole classes of cases be kept out. of the jurisdiction altogether, but particular classes of questions may be ■ subjected to re-examination and review, while others are not. To our minds'it is no more unconstitutional to provide that issues of fact shall not be retried in any case, than that neither issues of law nor fact shall be retried in cases where, the value ’ of the matter in dispute is less than $5,000. The general power to regulate implies- power to regulate in all ■ things. The whole of a civil law appeal may be given, or a part. ■ The constitutional requirements are all satisfied if one opportunity is had for the trial of all parts of a case. Everything beyond that is matter of legislative discretion, not of constitutional right.’ The Constitution prohibits a retrial of the'facts in suits at common law where one trial has been had by a jury (Amendment, art. 7) ; but in suits in equity or in admiralty Congress is left free to make such exceptions and regulations in respect to retrials as on the whole may seem best.
We conclude, therefore, that the act of Feb. 16, 1875, c. 77, is constitutional, and that under the rule laid down in
The
Abbotsford (98 U. S. 440), and uniformly followed since, our inquiries are confined to questions of law arising on the record, and to such rulings, excepted to at the time, as may be presented by a bill of exceptions prepared as in actions at law.
2. As to the questions arising on the bill of exceptions.
It is undoubtedly true that if the Circuit Court neglects or •refuses, on request, to make a finding one way or the other on a question of fact material to- the determination of the cause, when "evidence has been adduced on the subject, an exception to such refusal taken in time apd properly presented by a bill of exceptions may be considered here on appeal. So, too, if .the court, against remonstrance, finds a material fact which is not supported by any evidence whatever, an exception is taken, a bill of exceptions may be used to bring up for review the ruling in that particular.
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Mr. Chief-Justice Waite
delivered the opinion of-.the court.
Three questions have been presented on the argument of this appeal: —
1. Whether Congress has the constitutional power to confiné • the jurisdiction of this court on appeals in admiralty to questions' of law arising on the record;
2. Whether, upon the bill of. exceptions,' the. court below-erred in refusing to find Certain facts which, as is claimed, were established by uncontradicted evidence, and in finding others which had- no evidence at all to support them-; and,'
3. Whether, on the facts found, the decree below was right.
1. As'to the jurisdiction.
If we understand correctly the position of the counsel for the appellants, it is precisely the same as that which occupied the attention of the court in
Wiscart
v.
Dauchy,
decided, at February Term, 1796, 3 Dall. 321. There the question was, what, under the Judiciary Act of 1789, could be Considered on a writ of-error bringing-to this court for review a decree in admiral ty. The decision turned on the construction to be given the twenty-second section, of the act, and Mr. Justice Wilson, in his minority opinion, said : “ Such an appeal,” that is to say, an •appeal in which all the testimony is produced in this court, “is expressly sanctioned by the Constitution ; it' may, therefore, clearly; in the first view of the subject, be .considered as the most regular process; and as there are not any words in the
judicial act restricting the power of proceeding by appeal, it must be regarded as. still permitted and approved. Even, •indeed, if positive restriction existed by law, it would, in my judgment, Jae superseded by the superior authority of the constitutional provision.”. Mr. Chief Justice Ellsworth, however, who spoke for the majority of the court, said: “ If Congress has provided-no rule to regulate our proceedings, we cannot exereise an appellate jurisdiction ; and'if the rule is provided, •we cannot depart from it. The question, therefore, on the constitutional- point of appellate jurisdiction, ds simply whether "Congress has established a Rule for regulating its exercise.” And, further on: •“ It is observed that a writ of error is .a process more limited ah its effects than an appeal; but whatever may be the operation, if an appellate jurisdiction can only be exercised by this; court conformably to such regulations as are made by the Congress, and if Congress has prescribed a writ off error, and no other mode', by which It is to be exercised, still, I say, we are bound to pursue that mode, and can neither make, nor adopt, another.”- And again: “But surely it cannot-be deemed a denial of justice that a man shall not be permitted to try his cause two or three times over. If he has one opportunity for the trial of all the parts of his case, justice is satisfied; and even if the decision of the Circuit Court has been made final,' no denial of justice can be imputed to our government; .much less can the imputation be fairly made, because the law directs that, in case of appeal, part shall be decided by one tribunal and part-by another, — the facts by the court below, and the law by this court. Such a distribution of jurisdiction has long been established in England.”
This was the beginning of the rule, which has always been acted on since, that while the appellate power of this court under the Constitution extends to all cases within the judicial power of .the United States, actual jurisdiction under the power is confined within such limits as Congress sees fit to prescribe. As was said by Mr. Chief Justice Marshall in
Durousseau
v.
United States
(6 Cranch, 307, 314), “ The appellate powers of this court are not given by the judicial act. They are given by the Constitution. But they are limited and regulated by the judicial act, and by such other acts as have been passed on
the subject.” The language of the Constitution is that “ the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to. law and fact, with such exceptions and under such regulations as Congress shall make.” Undoubtedly, if Congress should give an appeal in admiralty causes, and say no more, the facts, as well as the law, would be subjected to review and retrial; but. the power to except from — take out of— the jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, clearly implies a power to limit the effect of \an appeal to a review of the law as applicable to facts finally, determined below. Appellate jurisdiction is invoked as well through the instrumentality of writs of error as of appeals. Whether the one form of proceeding is’ to be used or another depends ordinarily on the character of the suit below; but the one as well as the.other brings into action the appellate powers of the court whose jurisdiction is reached by what is done. What those powers shall be, and to what extent they shall be exercised, are, and always have been, proper subjects of legislative control. Authority to limit the jurisdiction necessarily carries with it authority to- limit the use of the jurisdiction. Not only may whole classes of cases be kept out. of the jurisdiction altogether, but particular classes of questions may be ■ subjected to re-examination and review, while others are not. To our minds'it is no more unconstitutional to provide that issues of fact shall not be retried in any case, than that neither issues of law nor fact shall be retried in cases where, the value ’ of the matter in dispute is less than $5,000. The general power to regulate implies- power to regulate in all ■ things. The whole of a civil law appeal may be given, or a part. ■ The constitutional requirements are all satisfied if one opportunity is had for the trial of all parts of a case. Everything beyond that is matter of legislative discretion, not of constitutional right.’ The Constitution prohibits a retrial of the'facts in suits at common law where one trial has been had by a jury (Amendment, art. 7) ; but in suits in equity or in admiralty Congress is left free to make such exceptions and regulations in respect to retrials as on the whole may seem best.
We conclude, therefore, that the act of Feb. 16, 1875, c. 77, is constitutional, and that under the rule laid down in
The
Abbotsford (98 U. S. 440), and uniformly followed since, our inquiries are confined to questions of law arising on the record, and to such rulings, excepted to at the time, as may be presented by a bill of exceptions prepared as in actions at law.
2. As to the questions arising on the bill of exceptions.
It is undoubtedly true that if the Circuit Court neglects or •refuses, on request, to make a finding one way or the other on a question of fact material to- the determination of the cause, when "evidence has been adduced on the subject, an exception to such refusal taken in time apd properly presented by a bill of exceptions may be considered here on appeal. So, too, if .the court, against remonstrance, finds a material fact which is not supported by any evidence whatever, an exception is taken, a bill of exceptions may be used to bring up for review the ruling in that particular. Iñ the one case the refusal to find would be equivalent to a ruling that the fact was immaterial; and in the other, that there was some evidence-,to prove' toll at is found when in truth there was none. Both these are questions of law, and proper.subjects for review in an appellate court. But this rule does not apply to mere incidental facts, which .only amount to evidence bearing upon the ultimate facts of the case. Questions depending on the weight of evidence are, undfer the law as it now stands, to be conclusively settled below1 and the fact in respect to which such an exception may be taken must be one 'of the material and ultimate facts on which the correct determination of the cause depends.
In the presellf; case the ultimate fact to be determined was whether the loss for which the suit was brought happened because of the insufficient refrigerating apparatus, or the unseaworthiness of the vessel. It is found in express terms that the loss was “caused by-dhe defective construction and working of the refrigerating room and apparatus connected therewith, either- from inherent defects in said apparatus, or from not using a sufficient quantity of ice,' and not by any fault of the claimants.” As to-this both the. Circuit and District Courts agree. This fact being established, it was unimportant to inquire whether the vessel was seaworthy or not. If the unseaworthiness was not the proximate cause of the loss, it is not contended the vessel'can be charged with the damages.
But if it’ be conceded that the case depended on the sea-' worthiness of the vessel, we think the exceptions which have been taken cannot be considered here. The only unseawortliiness alleged was in respect to the boiler, and as to this’ the court has found that the boiler was a tubular one; that tubular boilers are liable to leakage in the tubes; that such leakage does not necessarily interfere with the capacity or fitness of the boiler for the’ purposes of navigation ; that this particular Roller had one hundred and forty-four tubes; that some of these tubes gave out from time to time and were plugged up; that when the vessel arrived at Philadelphia at the end of her voyage, twenty-six of the tubes had been plugged up, but that the boiler, was still efficient and seaworthy. It was also found that the vdyage from Galveston to Philadelphia was two days longer than was usually occupied by well-equipped steamers, and that the vessel' put back for repairs, by which an additional week’s time was lost at Galveston.
The complaint now made is, that the court refused to state in its findings that there was leakage in- the tubes and stoppage for repairs.while the vessel was on her voyage from Philadelphia to Galveston, and while she was lying in the harbor at Galveston taking in her cargo, and that when the vessel put back to Galveston the engineer had not sufficient tools with which to make his repairs. All thése- are mere incidental facts, proper for the consideration of the court in determining whether the boiler and the vessel were actually seaworthy or not.' It is not pretended that the question at issue was to be determined alone by the probative effect of these circumstances. ' They were part only of the evidence on which' the ultimate finding depended, and occupy in thé case the position of testimony rather than- of the facts to which the law is to be applied by the judgment of the court. The refusal of the court to put such statements into the record, even though established by uneontradicted evidence, cannot properly be brought here by a bill of exceptions, unless it also appears that the determination of the ultimate fact to be ascertained depended alone upon the legal effect as evidence of the facts stated. Such, clearly, is not this case.
There is another equally fatal objection ter this bill of exceptions. . An evident'effort has been made here, as it has been before, to so frame the exceptions as, if possible, to secure a reexamination of the facts in this court. The transcript w-hich ■lias been sent up contains the pleadings and all the testimony used on the trial below. The bill of exceptions sets forth that at the trial the pleadings were read by the respective parties,, an tithe testimony then put in on both sides. This being done, the libellants presented to the court certain requests-.for findings of fact and of law. These requests were .numbered consecutively, sixteen relating to facts and- three to the.law. Afterwards, six additional requests for findings of fact were presented. It is then stated that the court made .its findings of fact and of law and filed them with the clerk, together with ah opinion in writing of the circuit justice' who heard the cause. The libellants then filed what are termed exceptions to the findings and the refusals to find. In this way exceptions were taken separately to each and, every;one of the facts-found and the. conclusions of law, and to the'refusal to find in-accordance with., each and every oiie of the requests made. The grounds'of the exceptions are not stated. Many of the requests of the libel-, lants are covered explicitly by the findings as actually made,' some being granted and others refused
We have no hesitation in saying that this is not a proper way of preparing a bill of exceptions to present-to this court for review rulings of the Circuit Court such as are now complained of. A bill; of exceptions must be “ prepared as in .actions at law,” where it is used, “not to draw the whole' matter into examination again',” but only separate and distinct points, and those- of law. Bac. Abr., Bill of Exceptions ; 1 Saund. PI. & Ev. 846. Every bill of exceptions must state and point out distinctly the errors of which complairit is ’ made. It ought also to show the grounds, relied on. to sustain the objection presented, so that it may appear the court below was properly informed as to the point to be decided. 1 It is needless to say that this bill of exceptions meets none of these requirements. From anything which is here presented no judge would be presumed to understand that the specific objection made to any one of. his findings was that no • evidence what
ever had been introduced to prove it, or to one of his refusals, that the fact refused was material and had been conclusively shown by uncontradicted testimony. No ground whatever is stated for any one of all the exceptions that have been taken. To entitle the appellants to be heard here upon any such objections as they now make to the findings, they should have stated to the court that they considered the facts' refused material to the determination of the cause, and that such facts were conclusively proven by ■ uncontradicted evidence. Under such circumstances it might have been permissible to except to the refusal and present the exception by a bill of exceptions, which should contain so much of the testimony as was necessary to show that the fact as claimed had been conclusively proven. And so if the exception is as to facts that are found, it should be stated that it was because there was no evidence to support them, and then so much of the testimony as was necessary to establish this ground of complaint, which might under some circumstances include the whole, should be incorporated into the bill of exceptions. In this Way the court below would be fairly advised of the nature of the complaint that was made in time to correct its error, if satisfied one had been committed, or to put into the bill of exceptions all it considered material for the support of the rulings.
From this it is apparent we cannot on this appeal consider any of the rulings below which have, been presented by the bill of exceptions.
3. As to the sufficiency of the facts found to support the decree.
Upon this branch of the case we have had no more difficulty than upon the others. The case made may be generally stated as follows: —
The libellants, being about ‘ to engage in the business of transporting fresh beef by the use of a newly patented process, applied to the claimants for a charter of their steamer for six months, to be put into that trade. The claimants knew for what business the vessel was engaged, and the libellants knew ythat she was furnished with a tubular boiler. Such boilers are liable to leak, but that does not necessarily interfere
with their capacity or fitness for the • purposes of navigation. The charter-party contained this clause': —
■ “ First, The .said party of the first part agrees the said vessel, in and during the said voyage, shall be kept tight, stanch, well fitted, tackled, and provided with every requisite for such a voyage.”
The charter-party makes no mention of the special business in which the vessel was to be engaged. She was chartered generally for six months to run between Philadelphia and New York and Galveston, or any .intermediate safe' port in the •United States, or any foreign port not prohibited by. the insurance. The only complaint made as to her seaworthiness, is in respect to her boiler, and about this it is found that though to some extént leaking, as boilers of that class are liable to be, it was still efficient and seaworthy. The libellants ■ fitted the vessel with the necessary apparatus for the use of their patented process, and with a full knowledge that her boiler was apt to leak, put a cargo of fresh ^beef on board to be'taken from Galveston to Philadelphia.' The véáSél was twenty-three days'in making that voyage, instead of fourteen, which was the usual time of well-equipped steamers. The beef was spoiled before it got to Philadelphia, but it is expressly found that this was because of the defective construction and working of the refrigerating room, and the apparatus and' machinery connected therewith, for which the claimants were in no respect responsible.
Upon these facts the court below dismissed the libel, which we think was clearly right. That the vessel was in fact seaworthy is settled by the findings. All the claimants covenanted for was, that she was provided with every requisite for safe navigation. While they knew that her charterers intended to use her in connection with their contemplated business, it is neither found nor insisted that any higher degree of seaworthiness was required for that kind of transportation than any other, much less that the claimants knew'it. Under these circumstances the language of the charter-party is to be construed only as an agreement that the vessel was seaworthy for the purpose of navigating such a voyage as she was chartered to make, without any regard 'to what she was to carry.
The claimants, did not contract that their Vessel was in a condition to make her voyages in any particular time, but only to make them safely. They were not applied to for a vessel suitable for carrying fresh beef, but for one suitable for navigation generally between the designated ports and places. Such a vessel according to the findings they got. , It was their fault'alone if they did not apply for what they wanted. They took all the risks of the undertaking, except such as arose from the general unseaworthiness of the vessel when she was deliv- ■ ered into'their possession, for after they got her she was to be .; subject to their entire control within the terms of the charter. '.'If repairs were necessary to keep her in a seaworthy condition, 'while under the charter the claimants might be chargeable with the expense of making, them, it would be-the duty of the -charterers to see.'that they were made, or to notify the claimants of what was required. The provision that the claimants ■w’ere to nominate and-the charterers appoint the engineer, and that the appointment of ^ the. captain by the charterers should .be subject to the approval of the claimants, did not affect the relation of the parties in this particular. Delays growing out of derangement in the machinery were to be deducted, from the charter time, and the pay for the usé of the vessel correspondingly reduced, but beyond that the owners were not to -be bound if the vessel was actually seaworthy when delivered into the possession of the charterers under the charter.-
Affirmed.