The Florida Bar v. Robert Michael Fojo

• Court: Supreme Court of Florida
• Decided: November 26, 2025
• Docket: SC2024-0622
• Status: Published

Opinion

Supreme Court of Florida ____________

No. SC2024-0622 ____________

THE FLORIDA BAR, Complainant,

vs.

ROBERT MICHAEL FOJO, Respondent.

November 26, 2025

PER CURIAM.

We have for review an amended report of referee

recommending that Respondent, Robert Michael Fojo, be found

guilty of misconduct and suspended from the practice of law for

three years. 1 We approve the referee’s findings of fact and

recommendations as to guilt, but because disbarment is the

appropriate sanction, we disapprove the referee’s recommended

sanction. Fojo is instead disbarred from the practice of law and is

ordered to pay The Florida Bar’s costs in the amount of $1,898.24.

1. We have jurisdiction. See art. V, § 15, Fla. Const. BACKGROUND

On April 26, 2024, The Florida Bar filed a Formal Complaint

for Reciprocal Discipline against Fojo. The Bar alleged that in 2022,

the Supreme Court of New Hampshire suspended Fojo and then,

after accepting an affidavit of resignation from him, allowed him to

resign from the practice of law. The Bar alleged that under Rule

Regulating The Florida Bar 3-4.6 (Discipline by Foreign or Federal

Jurisdiction; Choice of Law), the New Hampshire final judgment

constitutes conclusive proof of misconduct for purposes of a Florida

Bar disciplinary proceeding. 2

The referee assigned to this case made the following findings

regarding the underlying events and conduct. In February 2021, a

client who had retained Fojo to represent her in a personal injury

matter asked Fojo for an update about her settlement check. Fojo

emailed the client a response indicating that he was out of office

2. In addition to being a member of The Florida Bar and the New Hampshire Bar Association, Fojo was also a member of the Massachusetts Bar Association. After Fojo resigned from the practice of law in New Hampshire, a reciprocal disciplinary proceeding was initiated in Massachusetts. On October 18, 2022, the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court issued a judgment imposing a reciprocal sanction, striking Fojo from the roll of attorneys in that state.

-2- and gave no update on the client’s settlement check. The client,

unaware that the defendant’s insurer had already mailed Fojo the

settlement check, reached out again, and Fojo told her: “For

whatever reason, the carrier didn’t issue the check or it wasn’t sent

out. They are going to re-issue the check.” The client later

contacted the defendant’s insurer and discovered that the

settlement check had been issued and cleared months earlier. The

client then filed a grievance with the New Hampshire Attorney

Discipline Office (ADO).

Fojo provided the ADO with partial records and responses to

inquiries. At one point, he made a $12,000 partial payment to the

aggrieved client, but when the ADO subpoenaed records from Fojo’s

IOLTA account, it learned that he had not held sufficient funds in

trust to cover the $12,000 payment to the client. Because a new

IOLTA account only had $100 of Fojo’s own money in it, and

because no other payments had been made to the aggrieved client,

the ADO alleged that Fojo was out of trust by nearly $15,000. The

ADO alleged that Fojo put other clients out of trust by using their

funds to make the $12,000 partial payment to the aggrieved client.

-3- The ADO also discovered that Fojo had paid himself more than

he was entitled to under various fee agreements with clients and

had used clients’ funds to make payments to other clients, putting

him out of trust by tens of thousands of dollars altogether. On

December 17, 2021, the ADO filed a petition for immediate interim

suspension. Four days later, the Supreme Court of New Hampshire

suspended Fojo for violating New Hampshire Supreme Court Rule

50 (Trust Accounts) and New Hampshire Rules of Professional

Conduct 1.3 (Diligence), 1.4 (Client Communications), 1.5 (Fees),

1.15 (Safekeeping Property), 3.3 (Candor Toward the Tribunal),

8.4(a) (violate or attempt to violate the Rules of Professional

Conduct), and 8.4(c) (engage in conduct involving dishonesty, fraud,

deceit, or misrepresentation). Fojo made three requests for

resignation in lieu of discipline. On April 26, 2022, his third

request was accepted, and the Supreme Court of New Hampshire

allowed him to resign his license to practice law in that state in lieu

of discipline (a sanction tantamount to disbarment).

After conducting a hearing on sanctions, the referee in this

case found no due process defects in the New Hampshire

disciplinary proceeding, no paucity of proof, and no grave injustice

-4- that would lead this Court to elect not to be bound by the foreign

judgment. The referee noted that even if there had been defects in

the New Hampshire proceeding, Fojo waived any argument against

such by voluntarily requesting resignation and signing an affidavit

stipulating to the charged misconduct.

Ultimately, the referee recommends that Fojo be found guilty

of the misconduct described in his affidavit and in the Supreme

Court of New Hampshire’s final order. However, the referee

concluded that the Bar’s requested sanction of disbarment was too

severe and recommends a three-year suspension instead. The Bar

now seeks review of the referee’s amended report, challenging the

referee’s recommendation as to sanctions and arguing that Fojo

should be disbarred. Fojo asks us to approve the referee’s amended

report.

ANALYSIS

Referee’s Findings of Fact and Recommendations as to Guilt

Under Rule Regulating The Florida Bar 3-4.6(a),

[a] final adjudication in a disciplinary proceeding by a court or other authorized disciplinary agency of another jurisdiction, state or federal, that a lawyer licensed to practice in that jurisdiction is guilty of misconduct justifying disciplinary action will be considered as

-5- conclusive proof of the misconduct in a disciplinary proceeding under this rule.

Fojo does not seek review or cross-review of the referee’s

amended report, and the Bar only seeks review of the referee’s

recommendation as to discipline. Thus, the only issue before us is

the appropriate sanction. Nevertheless, we conclude that the

referee properly determined that the New Hampshire judgment

constitutes conclusive proof of misconduct for purposes of this

proceeding, and we approve the referee’s findings of fact and

recommendations as to guilt. Fojo is therefore found guilty of the

misconduct described in his affidavit of resignation filed in the

Supreme Court of New Hampshire and in the subsequent order

allowing Fojo to resign from the practice of law in that state.

Referee’s Recommendation as to Sanctions

When we review a referee’s recommendation for attorney

discipline, we look at whether the recommended sanction has “a

reasonable basis in existing case law and the Florida Standards for

Imposing Lawyer Sanctions” in light of the aggravating and

mitigating circumstances of the case. Fla. Bar v. Grieco, 389 So. 3d

1257, 1264 (Fla. 2024). Notably, “[o]ur review of a referee’s

-6- recommendation as to discipline is broader than our review of a

referee’s findings of fact and recommendation as to guilt, for it is

ultimately this Court’s responsibility to determine the appropriate

discipline.” Fla. Bar v. Alters, 260 So. 3d 72, 83 (Fla. 2018); see art.

V, § 15, Fla. Const. In a reciprocal discipline proceeding premised

on an adjudication of guilt in a foreign jurisdiction, we are free to

impose a more severe punishment than that imposed in the sister

state. Fla. Bar v. Hagendorf, 921 So. 2d 611, 614 (Fla. 2006).

1. Florida Standards for Imposing Lawyer Sanctions

The referee found applicable four Standards for Imposing

Lawyer Sanctions: Standard 4.1 (Failure to Preserve the Client’s

Property); Standard 4.6 (Lack of Candor); Standard 5.1 (Failure to

Maintain Personal Integrity); and Standard 7.1 (Deceptive Conduct

or Statements and Unreasonable or Improper Fees).

These four Standards are each made up of subdivisions that

describe whether suspension or disbarment is the proper sanction.

While the referee quoted each Standard generally, the amended

report does not include any findings on whether the found

misconduct falls under the disbarment or suspension subdivision of

each Standard.

-7- Standard 4.1(a) states: “Disbarment is appropriate when a

lawyer intentionally or knowingly converts client property regardless

of injury or potential injury.” Standard 4.1(b) states: “Suspension is

appropriate when a lawyer knows or should know that the lawyer is

dealing improperly with client property and causes injury or

potential injury to a client.”

As the Supreme Court of New Hampshire found, the record

evidence shows that Fojo’s conduct was not merely a series of

unintentional bookkeeping errors. Fojo claimed he was unaware

that his client’s settlement check was issued, blaming his assistant

for what he insisted was a bookkeeping error. But as the referee in

the New Hampshire proceeding stated, if Fojo’s claim were true,

“then there should have been $40,000 held in that account for [the

client], waiting to be disbursed. There was not. Instead, beginning

on the day of the deposit, Fojo proceeded to pay himself $12,000 for

his work on the matter, disbursing nothing to [the client] until the

ADO expressly encouraged him to do so.” Thus, Fojo knew the

settlement check was deposited into his account and paid himself

from that check on the day it was deposited, and he then lied to his

-8- client for months until the trust account was empty. He then made

a partial payment to her using funds held in trust for other clients.

These facts fall within the scope of Standard 4.1(a), for they

show that not only did Fojo intentionally misrepresent the status of

his client’s settlement check, he also intentionally misappropriated

the client’s funds. Thus, Standard 4.1 supports disbarment as the

appropriate sanction in this case.

Standard 4.6(a) provides: “Disbarment is appropriate when a

lawyer knowingly or intentionally deceives a client with the intent to

benefit the lawyer or another regardless of injury or potential injury

to the client.” Standard 4.6(b) states: “Suspension is appropriate

when a lawyer knowingly deceives a client and causes injury or

potential injury to the client.” Fojo lied to his client about her

settlement check for months to conceal his misappropriation of

funds. This deceitful action benefited Fojo by allowing him to

conceal the misappropriation of funds. Thus, Standard 4.6 also

supports disbarment over suspension.

Standard 5.1(a) states that disbarment is proper when a

lawyer engages in “intentional conduct involving dishonesty, fraud,

deceit, or misrepresentation that seriously adversely reflects on the

-9- lawyer’s fitness to practice.” As Fojo acknowledges,

misappropriation of client funds is well-established as conduct that

seriously adversely reflects on a lawyer’s fitness. See Fla. Bar v.

Johnson, 132 So. 3d 32, 38 (Fla. 2013) (“The Court has repeatedly

stated that misuse or misappropriation of funds held in trust is one

of the most serious offenses a lawyer can commit and that

disbarment is the presumptively appropriate sanction.”). Given

Fojo’s severe misconduct, Standard 5.1 supports disbarment over

suspension.

Finally, Standard 7.1(a) states: “Disbarment is appropriate

when a lawyer intentionally engages in conduct that is a violation of

a duty owed as a professional with the intent to obtain a benefit for

the lawyer or another and causes serious or potentially serious

injury to a client, the public, or the legal system.” Standard 7.1(b)

states: “Suspension is appropriate when a lawyer knowingly

engages in conduct that is a violation of a duty owed as a

professional and causes injury or potential injury to a client, the

public, or the legal system.”

Fojo’s misappropriation of client funds and concealment of his

misconduct could only have been for his own benefit. Even taking

- 10 - him at his word that the aggrieved client was eventually paid in full,

his delay in paying her what she was owed had potential to cause

her (and may in fact have caused her) serious injury, and a licensed

attorney misappropriating a client’s settlement funds also causes

injury to the reputation of the legal system. For these reasons,

Standard 7.1 also supports disbarment.

Ultimately, a review of the applicable Standards indicates that

disbarment is a more appropriate sanction for Fojo’s misconduct.

2. Consideration of Existing Caselaw

The referee considered the following caselaw when assessing

the proper sanction in this case: 3

Fla. Bar v. Alters, 260 So. 3d 72 (Fla. 2018) (disbarment is the presumptively appropriate sanction, under the Standards for Imposing Lawyer Sanctions and existing case law, when a lawyer intentionally misappropriates trust funds);

Fla. Bar v. Rousso, 117 So. 3d 756 (Fla. 2013) (abandonment of professional duty to safeguard client funds, excessive delays in dealing with shortfall in client trust account, and additional acts of misconduct and

3. The referee also considered additional cases not listed here, but those cases were cited for their pronouncements on foreign judgments being proof of guilt in reciprocal discipline proceedings and are not relevant to our consideration of the proper sanction.

- 11 - dishonesty in managing such shortfall warranted disbarment);

Fla. Bar v. Spear, 887 So. 2d 1242 (Fla. 2004) (mitigating circumstances were insufficient to overcome presumptive sanction of disbarment for attorney who converted client funds for unauthorized use);

Fla. Bar v. Massari, 832 So. 2d 701 (Fla. 2002) (disbarment, rather than a two-year suspension, was the appropriate sanction for an attorney’s misconduct in fraudulently obtaining client settlement funds, misappropriating those funds, and committing fraud when attempting to conceal the misconduct);

Fla. Bar v. Eberhart, 631 So. 2d 1098 (Fla. 1994) (resignation from bar in another state warrants disbarment);

Fla. Bar v. Tillman, 682 So. 2d 542 (Fla. 1996) (misappropriation of client funds and misrepresentations to bar warrant disbarment, notwithstanding mitigating circumstances of lack of prior disciplinary history and short period of time in practice).

We agree with the referee that these cases are analogous and

informative. However, they do not support the referee’s

recommendation, for in each of the cases cited by the referee, the

respondent attorney was disbarred, not suspended. In one of the

cited cases, Eberhart, 631 So. 2d at 1098-99, we held that

resignation in another state warrants disbarment in Florida, yet the

referee made no attempt to distinguish that case. Accordingly, the

- 12 - existing caselaw indicates that disbarment, not suspension, is the

appropriate discipline for this case.

3. Aggravating and Mitigating Factors

A referee’s findings of mitigation and aggravation “carry a

presumption of correctness and will be upheld unless clearly

erroneous or without support in the record.” Fla. Bar v. Scheinberg,

129 So. 3d 315, 319 (Fla. 2013) (quoting Fla. Bar v. Germain, 957

So. 2d 613, 621 (Fla. 2007)). The party challenging a referee’s

finding of aggravation or mitigation must establish that there is a

lack of evidence in the record to support the referee’s findings or

that the record clearly contradicts the referee’s conclusions. Fla.

Bar v. Horton, 332 So. 3d 943, 949 (Fla. 2019).

Here, the referee found the existence of the following

aggravators under Standard 3.2(b): (2) dishonest or selfish motive;

(3) pattern of misconduct; (4) multiple offenses; (7) refusal to

acknowledge the wrongful nature of the conduct; and (9)

substantial experience in the practice of law. The referee found a

single mitigator under Standard 3.3(b), (1) absence of a prior

disciplinary record.

- 13 - The Bar does not challenge the found aggravation and

mitigation; it simply argues that the serious aggravation and

minimal mitigation found by the referee offer no reason to depart

from the presumptive sanction of disbarment. To the extent Fojo

would have us find additional mitigation or declare that the referee

erred in finding aggravation, he waived that argument by not filing a

notice to seek review or cross-review of the referee’s amended

As we have recognized before, resignation in another state

warrants disbarment as a reciprocal sanction. We agree with the

Bar that the aggravating factors found in this case are significant

and that the mitigation is insufficient to overcome the presumptive

sanction of disbarment.

Ultimately, every factor we consider when we make an

assessment on the appropriate discipline indicates that disbarment

is the correct sanction for this case.

CONCLUSION

We hereby approve the referee’s findings of fact and

recommendations as to guilt, but we disapprove the referee’s

recommended sanction. Instead, Fojo is disbarred from the practice

- 14 - of law in Florida. The disbarment will be effective 30 days from the

filing of this opinion so that Fojo can close out his practice and

protect the interests of existing clients. If Fojo notifies this Court in

writing that he is no longer practicing and does not need the 30

days to protect existing clients, the Court will enter an order

making the disbarment effective immediately. Fojo shall fully

comply with rule 3-5.1(h) and, if applicable, rule 3-6.1. Further, he

shall accept no new business from the date this opinion is filed.

Judgment is entered for The Florida Bar, 651 East Jefferson

Street, Tallahassee, Florida 32399-2300, for recovery of costs from

Robert Michael Fojo in the amount of $1,898.24, for which sum let

execution issue.

It is so ordered.

MUÑIZ, C.J., and CANADY, LABARGA, COURIEL, GROSSHANS, FRANCIS, and SASSO, JJ., concur.

THE FILING OF A MOTION FOR REHEARING SHALL NOT ALTER THE EFFECTIVE DATE OF THIS DISBARMENT.

Original Proceeding – The Florida Bar

Joshua E. Doyle, Executive Director, Patricia Ann Toro Savitz, Staff Counsel, Mark Lugo Mason, Bar Counsel, and Shaneé L. Hinson, Bar Counsel, The Florida Bar, Tallahassee, Florida,

for Complainant

- 15 - Robert M. Fojo, Nashua, New Hampshire,

for Respondent

- 16 -