Morris, J.
This is a libel against the steam-ship Colina, of Glasgow, for the value of 41 cattle which died on the voyage from Baltimore to Glasgow, and for damages for the deterioration of the remaining 299. The ship sailed from Baltimore, April 18, 1882, with 340 of libelant’s cattle on board, and on May 5 th arrived at Glasgow. The voyage lasted 17 days. On the twenty-ninth and thirtieth of April quite heavy weather was experienced, during part of which the hatches were put down and the ship rolled considerably, but on the whole the voyage was a favorable one, and not beyond average duration. The iibelant alleges that the death and deterioration of his cattle was solely in consequence of the unfit drinking water supplied them -by the ship. The contract of shipment provides that an ample supply of condensed water is to be supplied by the ship, and the controversy turns upon the single issue of fact, did the shi'p supply suit- . able condensed water for the cattle ? and if not, was that the cause of the loss? The testimony is quite contradictory, but every witness, apparently, who could have any knowledge of the matter in issue has been examined by one side or the other, and the court has been greatly aided by the very thorough manner in which the evidence has been presented, and by the able arguments of counsel. A careful consideration of all the testimony has satisfied me that the libelant is entitled to fecover. I am led to this conclusion by the combined weight of very many different items of proof, some of which I will mention. In. the first place, there is nothing whatever to indicate that the cattle were not good, healthy cattle when shipped. The testimony in behalf of the libelant shows them to have been in fine condition, fat, and suitable for exportation, and there is no testimony to the contrary. Starting on the voyage in this good condition, it is an uneontroverted fact that 41 died from time to time during the voyage, and that all the rest became more or less deteriorated, and that all were still rapidly losing flesh and strength from day to day up to the moment of arrival at Glasgow. This steady deterioration is proved, not only by all the cattle men who had them in charge, but is admitted by Capt. Maxwell, the master of the steam-ship. He says:
“They were thin when landed; not nearly in so good condition as when put oh board. They were all more or less skinny looking, and in as poor condition a.s I have ever seen cattle after a voyage. They showed no signs of the bruises and knocking about of a rough voyage, and had a great craving for drink after they got ashore, unlike ordinary shipments on landing.”
The testimony of the cattle men is that at first the cattle refused to drink the water, and that, to induce them to drink, they gave it to them mixed with bran;^ftaTwhe71'-they come to drink it, it did not quench thirst, and/jihey craved di-i^all the time; that one after [133]*133another they became feverish and weak, their eyes bloodshot, their hair rough and staring, their bowels loose and very offensive, and those which died appeared to become delirious, and died in great agony. These various symptoms of distress, as detailed by the cattle men who observed them, are said by men of long experience in handling cattle, and by surgeons, to bo such as would result from some sort of irritant salt, or other poisonous substance, taken into the stomach. There is no proof to show that such symptoms appear in any disease to which cattle are subject. Then it is testified that those of the cattle, which, in an almost dying condition, were butchered soon after arrival at Glasgow, appeared different from ordinary cattle, their bladders being greatly distended and dork in color, the urine dark, the kidneys fat and soft, and their eyes bloodshot. There are numbers of witnesses to all these facts, many of them persons of independent positions, long established and well known in Glasgow, and it is fair to presume that their testimony, if biased at all, would more likely be colored by a bias in favor of the owners of the steamship, who arc their fellow-townsmen, than in favor of the libelant, ‘an unknown American, residing in Chicago.
As to the difference in its effects between the ordinary drinking water of the ship and the condensed water supplied the cattle there is the testimony with respect to a certain bullock, which, for their amusement, some of the engineers made a pet of and supplied with drinking water because lie refused the other. All the cattle men testify that his condition at the end of the voyage was exceptional, and that he alone showed no signs of the sickness which prevailed among the others, and was the only beast which went off the ship in a.s good condition as when shipped, and that he was lively and active, while the others were dull and sluggish, and difficult to get ashore.
There is, too, the chemical analysis of the bottle of water taken ashore by the head cattle man, and which ho swears was a fair sample of the condensed water furnished. If it be true, as he swears, that the sample was a fair and honest one, then the cliomical analysis and the testimony of the veterinary surgeon prove that it was unfit for cattle, and that its use would produce the symptoms in tile cattle and the injuries complained of. It is true that the fact that the-bottle of water taken ashore was a fair sample, rests only on the evidence of the dead cattle man, and, although not in any way impeached the court might hesitate to rest so vital and disputed a fact on the testimony of one man; but, as one of a great many corroborating items of proof, it has its weight. Certainly it is proof that the complaint about the water was not an after-thought, but was present in the minds of these cattle men during the voyage, and seriously considered by them. When complaint was made to the captain, during the voyage, the cattle men testify that he admitted on tasting the water that it was salty. He says that ho found It only brack[134]*134ish or flat, but I think his offer to supply the water from the smaller condenser is proof that he did not then think the objection frivolous. The offer of water from the smaller condenser was declined by the cattle men, and, I think, from necessity, as the testimony of the officers of the ship shows that the cattle men would have been unable to have performed the labor of pumping and carrying the water from this small condenser to the casks in which it was to be cooled.
On behalf of the respondents there are several explanations suggested to account for the unusual, increasing, and fatal sickness among the cattle throughout the voyage; and, first, it is suggested that as the cattle were brought from Chicago to Baltimore in cars and were put directly from the cars on hoard the-steam-ship, they may have been neglected and abused on that journey, and their subsequent ailments be attributable to that. But that journey on the railroad was about the middle of April, a season when they could not be exposed to any extremes of weather, and their .appearance when shipped indicated no abuse or privation of food or water, or failing health from any cause; and if they had been injured on the railroad they would have got better as the effects of it passed off. The contrary was the case r the cattle during the voyage grew weaker and more distressed, and died more rapidly the longer they were on board. And, indeed, the cattle men swear that in their opinion, judging from the increasing severity of the sickness, if the voyage had lasted much longer all would have died.
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Morris, J.
This is a libel against the steam-ship Colina, of Glasgow, for the value of 41 cattle which died on the voyage from Baltimore to Glasgow, and for damages for the deterioration of the remaining 299. The ship sailed from Baltimore, April 18, 1882, with 340 of libelant’s cattle on board, and on May 5 th arrived at Glasgow. The voyage lasted 17 days. On the twenty-ninth and thirtieth of April quite heavy weather was experienced, during part of which the hatches were put down and the ship rolled considerably, but on the whole the voyage was a favorable one, and not beyond average duration. The iibelant alleges that the death and deterioration of his cattle was solely in consequence of the unfit drinking water supplied them -by the ship. The contract of shipment provides that an ample supply of condensed water is to be supplied by the ship, and the controversy turns upon the single issue of fact, did the shi'p supply suit- . able condensed water for the cattle ? and if not, was that the cause of the loss? The testimony is quite contradictory, but every witness, apparently, who could have any knowledge of the matter in issue has been examined by one side or the other, and the court has been greatly aided by the very thorough manner in which the evidence has been presented, and by the able arguments of counsel. A careful consideration of all the testimony has satisfied me that the libelant is entitled to fecover. I am led to this conclusion by the combined weight of very many different items of proof, some of which I will mention. In. the first place, there is nothing whatever to indicate that the cattle were not good, healthy cattle when shipped. The testimony in behalf of the libelant shows them to have been in fine condition, fat, and suitable for exportation, and there is no testimony to the contrary. Starting on the voyage in this good condition, it is an uneontroverted fact that 41 died from time to time during the voyage, and that all the rest became more or less deteriorated, and that all were still rapidly losing flesh and strength from day to day up to the moment of arrival at Glasgow. This steady deterioration is proved, not only by all the cattle men who had them in charge, but is admitted by Capt. Maxwell, the master of the steam-ship. He says:
“They were thin when landed; not nearly in so good condition as when put oh board. They were all more or less skinny looking, and in as poor condition a.s I have ever seen cattle after a voyage. They showed no signs of the bruises and knocking about of a rough voyage, and had a great craving for drink after they got ashore, unlike ordinary shipments on landing.”
The testimony of the cattle men is that at first the cattle refused to drink the water, and that, to induce them to drink, they gave it to them mixed with bran;^ftaTwhe71'-they come to drink it, it did not quench thirst, and/jihey craved di-i^all the time; that one after [133]*133another they became feverish and weak, their eyes bloodshot, their hair rough and staring, their bowels loose and very offensive, and those which died appeared to become delirious, and died in great agony. These various symptoms of distress, as detailed by the cattle men who observed them, are said by men of long experience in handling cattle, and by surgeons, to bo such as would result from some sort of irritant salt, or other poisonous substance, taken into the stomach. There is no proof to show that such symptoms appear in any disease to which cattle are subject. Then it is testified that those of the cattle, which, in an almost dying condition, were butchered soon after arrival at Glasgow, appeared different from ordinary cattle, their bladders being greatly distended and dork in color, the urine dark, the kidneys fat and soft, and their eyes bloodshot. There are numbers of witnesses to all these facts, many of them persons of independent positions, long established and well known in Glasgow, and it is fair to presume that their testimony, if biased at all, would more likely be colored by a bias in favor of the owners of the steamship, who arc their fellow-townsmen, than in favor of the libelant, ‘an unknown American, residing in Chicago.
As to the difference in its effects between the ordinary drinking water of the ship and the condensed water supplied the cattle there is the testimony with respect to a certain bullock, which, for their amusement, some of the engineers made a pet of and supplied with drinking water because lie refused the other. All the cattle men testify that his condition at the end of the voyage was exceptional, and that he alone showed no signs of the sickness which prevailed among the others, and was the only beast which went off the ship in a.s good condition as when shipped, and that he was lively and active, while the others were dull and sluggish, and difficult to get ashore.
There is, too, the chemical analysis of the bottle of water taken ashore by the head cattle man, and which ho swears was a fair sample of the condensed water furnished. If it be true, as he swears, that the sample was a fair and honest one, then the cliomical analysis and the testimony of the veterinary surgeon prove that it was unfit for cattle, and that its use would produce the symptoms in tile cattle and the injuries complained of. It is true that the fact that the-bottle of water taken ashore was a fair sample, rests only on the evidence of the dead cattle man, and, although not in any way impeached the court might hesitate to rest so vital and disputed a fact on the testimony of one man; but, as one of a great many corroborating items of proof, it has its weight. Certainly it is proof that the complaint about the water was not an after-thought, but was present in the minds of these cattle men during the voyage, and seriously considered by them. When complaint was made to the captain, during the voyage, the cattle men testify that he admitted on tasting the water that it was salty. He says that ho found It only brack[134]*134ish or flat, but I think his offer to supply the water from the smaller condenser is proof that he did not then think the objection frivolous. The offer of water from the smaller condenser was declined by the cattle men, and, I think, from necessity, as the testimony of the officers of the ship shows that the cattle men would have been unable to have performed the labor of pumping and carrying the water from this small condenser to the casks in which it was to be cooled.
On behalf of the respondents there are several explanations suggested to account for the unusual, increasing, and fatal sickness among the cattle throughout the voyage; and, first, it is suggested that as the cattle were brought from Chicago to Baltimore in cars and were put directly from the cars on hoard the-steam-ship, they may have been neglected and abused on that journey, and their subsequent ailments be attributable to that. But that journey on the railroad was about the middle of April, a season when they could not be exposed to any extremes of weather, and their .appearance when shipped indicated no abuse or privation of food or water, or failing health from any cause; and if they had been injured on the railroad they would have got better as the effects of it passed off. The contrary was the case r the cattle during the voyage grew weaker and more distressed, and died more rapidly the longer they were on board. And, indeed, the cattle men swear that in their opinion, judging from the increasing severity of the sickness, if the voyage had lasted much longer all would have died.
Another explanation offered, and one which is supported by the ■ testimony of the officers of the ship, is that the cattle men neglected the cattle on the voyage; that they did not feed and water them regularly, and allowed them when they got down to lie without, assisting them to get up, so that the lying down prevented their passing urine, and that this caused the disorders of the bladder and kidneys, which resulted in their death. While I do not question that such retention of the urine would have caused most of the symptoms of distress and disease they exhibited, I am disposed to think that this complaint about the neglect .of the cattle men is an after-thought. The captain could not have thought it to be a fact at the end of the voyage, for he gave a written certificate to the head cattle man that he “had been most attentive to his duties in tending the cattle during the whole passage, and that he was a most competent person for taking charge of cattle on board'ship.” The cattle men generally were men of experience in their duties, and had made frequent Atlantic voyages in charge of cattle. Another answer to this theory, that it was neglect that brought on the injuries, is that all the cattle suffered in the same way, although not to the same extent,—some resisting the disorder better than others, but all being appreciably affected. It -can hardly be supposed that on a favorable voyage, with little rough weather, all the cattle got down. They are placed in narrow stalls to keep them [135]*135ou their feet, and do not get down unless they are sick and too weak to stand, or are thrown down by the violent rolling of the ship and the breaking of the stalls.
It is said by the ship’s officers that the two men who had charge of the cattle on the forward part of the upper deck were the only ones properly attentive to their duties, and that this explains why only one beast died in that part of the ship. These two men themselves, however, testify that all the cattle men helped each other to got cattle up when they were down, and that they gave only the same attention to their cattle that others did, and that they tasted the water repeatedly and found it very salty; that their cattle refused to drink it at first, as did the others; and, while os many cattle did not die in that part of the ship, they did all show more or less of the same symptoms, the same distress and thirst, and were deteriorated in the same way.
Another suggestion is that, by the carelessness of the cattle men, the casks containing the condensed water were left uncovered, and spray and sea-wmter was washed into them in the rolling of the ship. As there was a large number of these casks in different parts of the ship, and many of them below in the belween-decks, this theory is too improbable to be accepted, and if true must have happened, more or less, on every voyage, and certainly should have been remedied by the shipowners by differently placing the casks.
A consideration of the testimony, as a whole, has brought me to - the conclusion that the water was unsuitable for cattle, and that it caused the deaths and deterioration by which the libelant has suffered the losses complained of; and I adhere to this finding of fact, nothwithsianding the positive testimony that the same apparatus on other voyages, both before and after the one in question, supplied condensed water for quite as large cargoes of cattle -which were carried by the same steam-ship without their suffering any injury. The fact that the water was bad, and that the cattle suffered from it on this voyage, is, in my judgment, established, and the libelant is not to lose his remedy because he cannot explain why it was bad.
As to the amount of the pecuniary loss which resulted from the deterioration of the cattle there is decided conflict of testimony. I have not found this question free from difficulty, and have been obliged to deal with it in some spirit of compromise. The cattle were not injured all to the same extent, and they would seem to have improved in appearance and strength after landing, and before the sale, and the sale seems to have been well mauaged in the interest of the libelant. Comparing the sales with the reported market prices, the cattle which survived seem to have sold hotter than was expected, and the loss to have been not so great as was estimated by those who judged by the appearance of the cattle as they came off the ship. I allow 30 shillings a head for the deterioration on all that were sold. For those that died I allow the average price brought by those that were sold. I have not allowed the additional sum for de[136]*136terioration on those that cliecl, because in all probability these were not the best beasts; and as to these, all further risks of the voyage, and all further expense of attending their keep and sale, ended with their death, and was saved the libelant.
The amount of the decree will therefore be:
STATEMENT.
Cattle consigned to A. & T. Herman, and stowed between-decks, total - - - -
Por 25 died, at £24 each, - £600
Por depreciation on 154 arrived, at 30 shillings each, • 231
£831
Cattle consigned to Young & McQuade, carried on main
deck, total, - 161
Por 16 died, £23 each, ------ £368
Less one carcass, ----- 16
- 352
Por depreciation on 145 arrived, at 30 shillings each, - ' 217.10
£569.10
Tiernan’s, ------ 831
Young & McQuade, ------ 569.10
£1,400.10
At current rate of exchange, say $4.89.
(No interest.)