IN THE TENTH COURT OF APPEALS
No. 10-12-00262-CV
THE CITY OF COLLEGE STATION, Appellant v.
PATRICIA KAHLDEN, INDIVIDUALLY AND AS REPRESENTATIVE OF THE ESTATE OF LILLIE MAY WILLIAMS BAYLESS, Appellee
From the 272nd District Court Brazos County, Texas Trial Court No. 11-003172-CV-272
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Lillie Bayless was killed in a traffic accident in College Station, Texas. She
stopped behind a College Station police officer, James Elkins. Elkins had stopped his
patrol car in the roadway to remove debris. While Bayless was stopped behind Elkins,
she was struck from the rear by Laura Sue Striegler. Patricia Kahlden, Bayless’
daughter, sued Officer Elkins, the City of College Station, and Striegler. The City filed a
motion for summary judgment alleging sovereign immunity which was denied by the trial court. The City then brought this interlocutory appeal. Because the trial court
erred in denying the City’s motion for summary judgment, we reverse the trial court’s
order denying the City’s motion for summary judgment and remand the case to the trial
court for further proceedings.
TEXAS TORT CLAIMS ACT
In this proceeding, the City is immune from suit unless the Tort Claims Act
expressly waives immunity. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE §§ 101.001-.109 (West 2011
& Supp. 2013). Sovereign immunity protects the State and its various divisions, such as
agencies and boards, from suit and liability, whereas governmental immunity provides
similar protection to the political subdivisions of the state, such as counties, cities, and
school districts. Travis Cent. Appraisal Dist. v. Norman, 342 S.W.3d 54, 57-58 (Tex. 2011)
(citing Wichita Falls State Hosp. v. Taylor, 106 S.W.3d 692, 694 n.3 (Tex. 2003)); Coryell
County v. Harrell, 379 S.W.3d 345, 347 (Tex. App.—Waco 2011, no pet.). Sovereign or
governmental immunity includes two distinct principles, immunity from suit and
immunity from liability. Tex. Dep't of Parks & Wildlife v. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d 217, 224
(Tex. 2004). Although immunity from liability is an affirmative defense, immunity from
suit is not because it deprives a court of subject matter jurisdiction. Id. Thus, the party
suing the governmental entity must establish the State's consent, which may be alleged
either by reference to a statute or to express legislative permission. Texas DOT v. Jones, 8
S.W.3d 636, 638 (Tex. 1999).
The City of College Station v. Kahlden Page 2 THE LAWSUIT
Kahlden initially sued Elkins and Striegler, for negligence, wrongful death, and
survival damages. She sued the City, as Elkins’s employer, under the theory of
respondeat superior, also known as vicarious liability. In the petition, Kahlden alleged
that the City’s immunity was waived pursuant to the Texas Tort Claims Act, section
101.021 of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code. TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE §
101.021 (West 2011).
The City answered and alleged, among other allegations, the applicability of
section 101.055, an emergency action exception to the general waiver of the Tort Claims
Act. Id. § 101.055. Kahlden amended her petition and again alleged that the City’s
immunity was waived pursuant to section 101.021. She also alleged that the
“emergency action” exception found in section 101.055 did not apply to the 101.021
waiver because Elkins’ actions were allegedly not in compliance with laws and
ordinances applicable to emergency action.
SUMMARY JUDGMENT
The City then moved for summary judgment alleging the exceptions of sections
101.055 and 101.062 to the Tort Claims Act were applicable to the underlying incident.
Kahlden amended her petition a second time in which she expanded on a section in the
first amended petition entitled “Texas Tort Claims Act.” In that section, Kahlden again
alleged that because Elkins was negligent in the operation of a motor vehicle, sovereign
The City of College Station v. Kahlden Page 3 immunity was waived pursuant to section 101.021. She further specifically alleged that
the exception pursuant to section 101.055 did not apply because: 1) Elkins was not
responding to an emergency call nor reacting to an emergency situation at the time of
the collision; 2) Elkins acted with conscious indifference or reckless disregard for the
safety of others at the time of the collision; and 3) Elkins’ actions were not in compliance
with all applicable laws and ordinances because Elkins exhibited a reckless disregard
for the safety of others in violation of section 546.005 of the Texas Transportation Code.
Kahlden further alleged that the exception under section 101.062 was inapplicable
because at the time of the collision, Elkins was not providing 9-1-1 service or
responding to a 9-1-1 emergency call.
Thus, we have the following allegations of the applicable common law doctrine,
statutory waiver, exceptions, and limitations:
1. General common law rule of sovereign immunity (Wichita Falls State Hosp. v. Taylor, 106 S.W.3d 692, 694 n.3 (Tex. 2003));
2. The general tort claims act (TCA) waiver, 101.0211;
1 A governmental unit in the state is liable for:
(1) property damage, personal injury, and death proximately caused by the wrongful act or omission or the negligence of an employee acting within his scope of employment if:
(A) the property damage, personal injury, or death arises from the operation or use of a motor-driven vehicle or motor-driven equipment; and
(B) the employee would be personally liable to the claimant according to Texas law; and
The City of College Station v. Kahlden Page 4 3. An exception to the TCA 101.021 waiver, 101.0552;
4. A limitation to the application of the exception of 101.055 in the Transportation Code section 546.0053;
5. Another exception to the TCA 101.021 waiver, 101.0624;
6. A limitation within the 101.062 exception that excludes its application under certain circumstances.
In one issue on appeal, the City argues that the trial court erred in denying its
motion for summary judgment on the issue of subject matter jurisdiction because the
(2) personal injury and death so caused by a condition or use of tangible personal or real property if the governmental unit would, were it a private person, be liable to the claimant according to Texas law.
TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 101.021 (West 2011).
2 This chapter does not apply to a claim arising: *** (2) from the action of an employee while responding to an emergency call or reacting to an emergency situation if the action is in compliance with the laws and ordinances applicable to emergency action, or in the absence of such a law or ordinance, if the action is not taken with conscious indifference or reckless disregard for the safety of others[.]
TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 101.055(2) (West 2011).
3 This chapter does not relieve the operator of an authorized emergency vehicle from: (1) the duty to operate the vehicle with appropriate regard for the safety of all persons; or (2) the consequences of reckless disregard for the safety of others.
TEX. TRANSP. CODE ANN. § 546.005 (West 2011).
4(a) In this section, "9-1-1 service" and "public agency" have the meanings assigned those terms by Section 771.001, Health and Safety Code.
(b) This chapter applies to a claim against a public agency that arises from an action of an employee of the public agency or a volunteer under direction of the public agency and that involves providing 9-1-1 service or responding to a 9-1-1 emergency call only if the action violates a statute or ordinance applicable to the action.
TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 101.062 (West 2011).
The City of College Station v. Kahlden Page 5 material facts are undisputed and demonstrate that the City retains its immunity to the
claims asserted by Kahlden.
Standard of Review
The procedural posture in which a case is presented sometimes limits the form
and nature of relief we can grant as well as the standard and scope of review. Because
the City filed a motion for summary judgment and not a motion under section 101.106
of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code for election of remedies or a plea to the
jurisdiction, we are limited to reviewing the trial court’s ruling on the motion for
summary judgment; and the objections to and rulings on the summary judgment
evidence control what evidence we may consider. The only exception to this general
rule is when the governmental entity or its employee can assert a lack of jurisdiction for
the first time on appeal; an instance where we are not reviewing anything the trial court
did but rather are determining whether the trial court has jurisdiction at all, so long as
the appellant has otherwise properly invoked this Court’s jurisdiction. See Univ. of Tex.
Southwestern Med. Ctr. v. Loutzenhiser, 140 S.W.3d 351, 358 (Tex. 2004) (“Not only may an
issue of subject matter jurisdiction ‘be raised for the first time on appeal by the parties
or by the court’, a court is obliged to ascertain that subject matter jurisdiction exists
regardless of whether the parties have questioned it.” (footnote omitted)). Thus,
contrary to the City’s argument in its brief, because the City filed a motion for summary
judgment rather than a plea to the jurisdiction, we review the trial court’s decision to
The City of College Station v. Kahlden Page 6 grant or deny the motion pursuant to established standards of review of a motion for
summary judgment.5
The summary judgment movant bears the burden to show that there is no
genuine issue of material fact and that it is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. TEX.
R. CIV. P. 166a(c). In reviewing a traditional motion for summary judgment, as it
appears the City filed, we must consider whether reasonable and fair-minded jurors
could differ in their conclusions in light of all of the evidence presented. See Goodyear
Tire & Rubber Co. v. Mayes, 236 S.W.3d 754, 755 (Tex. 2007). We review the motion and
the evidence de novo, taking as true all evidence favorable to the nonmovant, and
indulging every reasonable inference and resolving any doubts in the nonmovant's
favor. Id. at 756; Valence Operating Co. v. Dorsett, 164 S.W.3d 656, 661 (Tex. 2005). Once a
defendant establishes its right to summary judgment as a matter of law, the burden
shifts to the plaintiff to present evidence raising a genuine issue of material fact, thereby
precluding summary judgment. City of Houston v. Clear Creek Basin Auth., 589 S.W.2d
671, 678 (Tex. 1979); Talford v. Columbia Med. Ctr. at Lancaster Subsidiary, L.P., 198 S.W.3d
462, 464 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2006, no pet.); Bosque Trading Enters. v. Business Loan Ctr.,
LLC, No. 10-11-00016-CV, 2012 Tex. App. LEXIS 8595, *10 (Tex. App.—Waco Oct. 11,
2012, no pet.) (mem. op.).
5However, to some extent, the standard is the same since the Supreme Court has held that a review of the denial of a plea to the jurisdiction “generally mirrors” that of a motion for summary judgment. Tex. Dep't of Parks & Wildlife v. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d 217, 228 (Tex. 2004). Thus, unless the summary judgment rules provide a procedural hurdle that a plea to the jurisdiction does not, the standards are, in this instance, substantially the same.
The City of College Station v. Kahlden Page 7 The Motion
The City did not concede in its motion for summary judgment that its immunity
was waived by section 101.021 of the Tort Claims Act for injuries or death proximately
caused by an act, omission, or negligence of an employee if the injuries or death arose
from the use of a motor driven vehicle. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 101.021
(West 2011). Rather, it argued that even if immunity was waived by section 101.021 of
the Act, the exceptions to the Act listed in sections 101.051-.066 of the Civil Practice and
Remedies Code, specifically sections 101.055 and 101.062, govern the underlying
incident and immunity is not waived. Id. §§ 101.055 and 101.062. In essence, the City
asserts that these two statutes act as exceptions to the section 101.021 waiver of
sovereign immunity.
Section 101.055
The City argued in its motion for summary judgment that it retained immunity
because Elkins was reacting to an emergency situation as set forth in section 101.055 of
the Tort Claims Act. As it applies to this proceeding, section 101.055 provides:
This chapter [the Tort Claims Act] does not apply to a claim arising: *** (2) from the action of an employee while responding to an emergency call or reacting to an emergency situation if the action is in compliance with the laws and ordinances applicable to emergency action, or in the absence of such a law or ordinance, if the action is not taken with conscious indifference or reckless disregard for the safety of others[.]
Id. at § 101.055(2) (bracketed information and emphasis added).
The City of College Station v. Kahlden Page 8 Emergency Situation
The City argues that the evidence it presented with its motion showed as a
matter of law that Elkins was reacting to an emergency situation to remove debris from
the road. Kahlden objected to some of the City’s evidence, and that objection was
sustained. Our recitation of the evidence does not include, and therefore, in accordance
with summary judgment procedure, our opinion and judgment do not rely upon, that
excluded evidence.
The City presented evidence that a motorist called 9-1-1 to report that there was
something in a “bag” in the exit ramp which she and another driver had just run over
because they could not avoid it. A motorist behind the caller had to swerve “real fast”
to get around the bag. The motorist thought the bag would cause problems because it
was located on a part of the roadway where some vehicles are entering the roadway
and other vehicles are exiting the roadway; in essence what was both an acceleration
ramp for persons entering the highway and a deceleration ramp for persons exiting the
highway.
The call was then dispatched by being announced over the police radio and
Elkins volunteered to take the call. Upon his initial arrival at the reported location, he
could not find the “bag” but discovered that drivers were swerving to avoid a pair of
boots on the (north bound) entrance/exit ramp of Highway 6 between Harvey Road and
University Drive. An accident almost occurred in Elkins’ presence involving two
The City of College Station v. Kahlden Page 9 vehicles trying to swerve around the debris, a pair of boots. He determined the debris,
and the reaction of drivers to the debris, created an emergency situation. But because
he could not safely stop when he first spotted the debris, he looped around on
University Drive to then be able to return and re-approach where the debris was
located. To make this second approach, Elkins took the Harvey Road exit, went under
the Highway 6 overpass on Harvey Road, and came back onto the entrance ramp from
Harvey Road onto Highway 6. Elkins slowed his patrol car and activated his amber
directional lights to notify traffic behind him that he was slowing down to block the
lane. As he neared the debris, he activated his overhead emergency lights and came to
a complete stop. His overhead emergency lights were on for approximately twenty
seconds prior to Elkins completely stopping and putting his vehicle into “park.” Before
Elkins exited his patrol car, his vehicle was struck from behind by Bayless’s vehicle
which was shoved forward when it was struck from behind by Striegler.
In response to the City’s motion, Kahlden asserted that the situation to which
Elkins was responding was not an emergency. Citing the memorandum opinion of
Jefferson County v. Hudson, No. 09-11-00168-CV, 2011 Tex. App. LEXIS 6986 (Tex. App.—
Beaumont Aug. 25, 2011, no pet.) (mem. op.) as authority, Kahlden asserted that, in this
type of case, a jury must resolve the fact issue of whether an emergency situation exists
by considering both the government employee’s subjective belief as well as whether a
reasonably prudent officer could have believed these circumstances called for
The City of College Station v. Kahlden Page 10 immediate action. Kahlden argued that there was a disputed fact issue that Elkins did
not subjectively believe “the two boots” created an emergency situation and that
objectively, no reasonably prudent officer could have believed “the two boots” created
an emergency situation.
In Jefferson County, the County filed a plea to the jurisdiction asserting that its
officer was responding to an emergency situation; the plaintiffs filed a partial motion
for summary judgment. The trial court granted the plaintiffs’ motion for summary
judgment and denied the plea to the jurisdiction. In two issues, the County claimed the
trial court erred in denying its plea to the jurisdiction and in ruling as a matter of law
that no emergency existed. After discussing the standard for reviewing a plea to the
jurisdiction, what happens when the governmental unit raises the emergency situation
exception, the facts submitted, and that “emergency situation” is not defined, the court
simply concludes:
There is at least a fact question at this stage, precluding the summary judgment the trial court granted for the plaintiffs, as to whether a reasonably prudent officer could have believed these circumstances called for immediate action.
Jefferson County v. Hudson, No. 09-11-00168-CV, 2011 Tex. App. LEXIS 6986, *10 (Tex.
App.—Beaumont Aug. 25, 2011, no pet.) (mem. op.).6 There is no reference to a
6We note that the Court in Jefferson County was only addressing the granting of a summary judgment which held that Hudson had negated an “emergency situation” as a matter of law. It was not a question, as in this case, of whether the government had established its immunity by its summary judgment evidence.
The City of College Station v. Kahlden Page 11 subjective test, i.e, what the officer believed; only an objective test. Nowhere does the
court cite any cases for the proposition that a reasonably prudent officer standard, the
objective test, applies or that it is the entire test. Further, none of the cases cited by the
court use that standard. We decline to follow the implied holding that the objective test
is the only standard.
The word “emergency” is not defined in the Act. Because it is not defined in the
statute, we give it its ordinary meaning. TEX. GOV'T CODE ANN. § 312.002 (West 2013);
City of San Antonio v. Hartman, 201 S.W.3d 667, 672 (Tex. 2006). The word, emergency,
has been defined as “an unforeseen combination of circumstances or the resulting state
that calls for immediate action.” Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, available at
http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/emergency.
As the Texas Supreme Court has said in construing another exception to the Tort
Claims Act, we must construe the statute according to what it says, not according to
what we think, or a party thinks, it should have said. See City of San Antonio v. Hartman,
201 S.W.3d 667, 673 (Tex. 2006). The statute is designed to limit the government’s
liability when it is reacting to an emergency situation, which necessarily includes
prioritizing some risks over others. Id. And because the Act first creates and then limits
governmental liability where it would not otherwise exist, we cannot construe section
101.055 to exclude “emergencies” the Legislature might have intended to include as a
limitation of the waiver of sovereign immunity. See id. There will be cases, such as this
The City of College Station v. Kahlden Page 12 one, in which the existence of an "emergency" might be challenged as “unclear;” but we
cannot re-write this section to make its boundaries more distinct. Id.
Kahlden presented her expert’s testimony by affidavit who opined that no
reasonably prudent officer would have stopped to retrieve the boots.7 But we have held
that this is not the standard to use in determining whether an emergency situation
existed. The undisputed evidence is that Elkins saw a near collision because of the
boots. He considered this an emergency situation, and, using precautionary measures,
Elkins stopped to remove the boots. Elkins thus determined that the situation required
immediate action and he took action that was consistent with his determination that this
was an emergency. He was taking action in response to it.
As we note in footnote 7, the affidavit of Kahlden’s expert is conclusory in a
number of aspects. The expert may take issue with the discretionary decisions made by
Elkins about the way to remove the debris that would best balance all the associated
risks including the risk that the evasive actions drivers were making could result in a
collision before any other action could be taken versus the reduction of the duration of
the risk if Elkins was immediately able to remove the debris acting as an impediment to
the free flow of traffic. Upon Elkins’s first approach, he made the determination he
could not safely stop. He circled and, using emergency lights, stopped the flow of
7 Kahlden’s expert’s testimony is conclusory and is not to be relied upon. See Anderson v. Snider, 808 S.W.2d 54, 55 (Tex.1991). This also shows the fundamental problem with the expert’s testimony. It is not “the boots” that is the emergency situation; it is how the drivers were reacting when they came upon the debris in the roadway.
The City of College Station v. Kahlden Page 13 traffic so that the debris could be quickly removed. Little did Elkins know, or could
have reasonably anticipated, that Striegler would completely overlook the large SUV
that was slowing and that ultimately came to a stop in front of her. Rather than
showing recklessness, all the evidence presented, other than the conclusory affidavit of
Kahlden’s expert, shows that Elkins acted in response to an emergency situation to
safeguard the public and took reasonable efforts in the execution thereof and did so
with due regard and deliberation in doing so for the safety of others.
Thus, we hold that the City established that Elkins was reacting to an emergency
situation.
Compliance with Laws and Ordinances
The City also argues that the evidence it presented with its motion showed as a
matter of law that Elkins’ action of stopping on the roadway to remove the debris was
in compliance with laws applicable to emergency action.
In its motion for summary judgment, the City asserted that section 546.001 of the
Texas Transportation Code authorized Elkins to stop on the roadway to remove the
debris. See TEX. TRANSP. CODE ANN. § 546.001 (West 2011). The operator of an
authorized emergency vehicle is permitted to “park or stand, irrespective of another
provision of this subtitle.” Id. (1). Section 546.001 applies when the operator is
directing or diverting traffic for public safety purposes. Id. § 546.002(b)(4) (West Supp.
The City of College Station v. Kahlden Page 14 2013). When stopping for the purpose of directing or diverting traffic for public safety
purposes, the operator shall use audible or visual signals. Id. § 546.003 (West 2011).
The undisputed evidence established that Elkins was in an emergency vehicle
and that he was “parked” or “standing” when the collision occurred. It is also
undisputed that Elkins was using visual signals to direct or divert traffic around his
location for public safety purposes. Like “emergency,” the phrase, “public safety
purpose” is not defined. But, just as the near miss collision to avoid the debris
established that Elkins was reacting to an emergency situation, it also establishes that
Elkins’ stop and use of directional lights to remove the debris from the roadway was
done for “public safety purposes.” Thus, the City established by its undisputed
evidence that the action taken by Elkins, that is, to stop in the roadway while activating
amber directional signals, was in compliance with the laws applicable to emergency
action, specifically sections 546.001-003 of the Texas Transportation Code.
Kahlden did not dispute that sections 546.001-003 were laws applicable to the
emergency action. Kahlden focused, instead, on whether a fact issue existed to prove
Elkins was reckless. In a combined argument against the applicability of either section
101.055 or 101.062, Kahlden argued that even if the officer was responding to an
emergency call or reacting to an emergency situation, the jury still must decide whether
the officer was reckless or violated a statute.
The City of College Station v. Kahlden Page 15 Kahlden argues that section 546.005 of the Texas Transportation Code, the Duty
of Care provision, applied and that because Elkins operated the city vehicle with
reckless disregard for the safety of others, neither section 101.062 nor 101.055 applied or
that at least she had presented evidence that created a question about a material fact,
whether Officer Elkins was reckless, that had to be determined by a fact finder. TEX.
TRANSP. CODE ANN. § 546.005 (West 2011). Section 546.005 provides:
This chapter does not relieve the operator of an authorized emergency vehicle from: (1) the duty to operate the vehicle with appropriate regard for the safety of all persons; or (2) the consequences of reckless disregard for the safety of others.
Id.
Proof of lack of recklessness, however, is only necessary under section 101.055 if
there is no other law or ordinance applicable to the emergency action. TEX. CIV. PRAC. &
REM. CODE ANN. § 101.055(2) (West 2011) (“…or in the absence of such a law or
ordinance, if the action is not taken with conscious indifference or reckless disregard for
the safety of others[.]”). As we stated, Kahlden did not dispute that sections 546.001-003
were laws applicable to the emergency action.
Further, if the City was required to prove lack of recklessness under section
456.005 of the Texas Transportation Code regardless of whether there was another law
or ordinance applicable to the emergency action with which Elkins complied, the
second part of section 101.055(2) would be rendered meaningless. Courts are to avoid
The City of College Station v. Kahlden Page 16 interpreting statutes in such a way that renders provisions meaningless. See Kerrville
State Hosp. v. Fernandez, 28 S.W.3d 1, 8-9 (Tex. 2000). Thus, because the City established
by its undisputed evidence that the action taken by Elkins was in compliance with the
laws applicable to emergency action, it was not required to prove that Elkins was not
reckless pursuant to section 546.005 of the Texas Transportation Code.
CONCLUSION
The City proved that Elkins was reacting to an emergency situation and his
action was in compliance with the laws applicable to the emergency action taken. Thus,
the City proved an exception to the general waiver provision of the Tort Claims Act.
Because the City proved the exception stated in section 101.055, we need not discuss
whether it also proved the application of the exception stated in section 101.062.
Accordingly, the trial court erred in denying the City’s motion for summary
judgment. The trial court’s order is reversed, and this case is remanded for further
proceedings.
TOM GRAY Chief Justice
Before Chief Justice Gray, Justice Davis, and Justice Scoggins Reversed and remanded Opinion delivered and filed March 27, 2014 [CV06]
The City of College Station v. Kahlden Page 17