HANFORD, District Judge.
On a summary hearing at an early stage of the litigation between these parties, this court rendered a decision in writing exonerating the ship Celtic Monarch from re[1007]*1007spoiisibility, and now for the sake of brevity in the statement of the case, and because the opinion expressed therein is applicable to the case in its present condition, in so far as the Celtic Monarch is concerned, I will now quote that decision in extenso:
‘'This is a suit in rein against two vessels, viz., tlie steam tug Sen Lion and the British ship Celtic Monarch, jointly charged with liability for the destruction of the steamboat Mainlander by reason of negligence in the navigation of said tug and ship, resulting in a collision.
"The claimant of the Celtic Monarch has filed ail answer to the amended libel, and the case has been brought on for a summary hearing, pursuant to a mandate, under local admiralty rule 35, requiring the libelant to show cause why the case should not be dismissed as to the ship, for manifest want of equity. The purpose of rule 35 is to avoid tedious and expensive litigation in cases in which it. may be practicable to show, by indisputable proof, that the libelant has no just grounds for proceeding in rem, or to arrest a defendant in a suit in personam. I think that this is such a case as the rule contemplates, and that it may he finally disposed of in this, summary proceeding resembling a motion for judgment on the pleadings in an action at law.
“The Celtic Monarch, with a full cargo on board, was being towed from Tacoma to the sea by the Sea Lion. The Mainlander was on her regular run from Bellingham to Seattle, and the collision occurred near West Point, in a dense fog. When informed of the near proximity of the Sea Lion by the fog signals, the Mainlander’s captain first stopped her engines, and then reversed, and the -Mainlander was backing when the Sea Lion struck her on the port side of her bow, cutting into her so deeply that she tilled and sank in less than half an hour. The Celtic Monarch did not at any time come in contact with the Mainlander, but by prompt obedience to a signal from the tug, her helm was put hard astarboard, and she passed clear of both steamers, and thereby avoided doing damage which might have caused a more serious disaster.
“In the pleadings no specific fact is alleged constituting a fault on the part, of the Celtic Monarch. The amended libel pleads negligence only in general terms, and as a general conclusion that the ship was in fault, for starting on a voyage when the weather was foggy, and by negligence in steering and handling the vessels, and that the towline was not; tile proper length, without specifying whether it was too long or too short. The affirmative matter in the answer must be considered as true so far ns the same is not in conflict with the allegations of the amended libel, and from all that is alleged, and not disputed, 1 must consider that it is a fact that the steam tug had the Celtic Monarch in charge, and that the officers of the ship did not have control of the tug's movements. Therefore the ship cannot be held liable for the accident unless, by reason of the fact that the tug was for the time being employed by the master or owners of the ship, the rule of respondeat superior may lie applied. Conceding that it was negligence on the part of the master of the ship to proceed in the fog with an improper towline, neither the ship nor her master nor her owners are liable, unless the negligence specified was the direct or proximate cause of the injury. There is no rule of law which enjoins suspension of commerce during foggy weather, and in attorn]ding to go to sea the Celtic Monarch was not guilty of & legal wrong, nor guilty of a legal wrong if the towline was either too long or too short, because neither the towline nor the ship was the instrument which inflicted the injury. If by reason of tin; towline the captain of the tug acted imprudently in maintaining an improper speed, his imprudence was the proximate cause of the accident, and the use of the towline was at most a remote cause.
“I have studied, the cases cited by counsel on both sides, >and it is my opinion that the rule to be drawn from all of them is that a ship is not liable as a guilty thing for an injury inflieted by a towboat not under control of the ship’s officers, when the ship herself is not the instrument by which the injury was done, and there is no defect in the construction or equipment of the ship, and no fault in her own maneuvering contributing to the injury, and in such a case a suit, in rem against the ship cannot be maintained to recover damages.
“Let a decree be entered, dismissing the case as to the Celtic Monarch, with costs.”
[1008]*1008That decision' was reversed by the Circuit Court of Appeals. See 138 Fed. 711, 71 C. C. A. 127. In deference to the decision of the Circuit Court of Appeals, the libelant has been given an opportunity to establish by proof the general, indefinite, and vague charges against the Celtic Monarch contained in its amended libel, but has failed to produce a scintilla of evidence tending to prove any act or omission on the part of the master, crew, or the ship itself, which in the slightest degree contributed to produce the disaster or to enhance the loss suffered by the libelant. It is unnecessary to reiterate what has been said in the foregoing opinion expressing the views of the court with respect to the rights and duties of ships in foggy weather and as to the irrelevancy of facts alleged which in no way contributed to the happening of the cause of damage.
The court again directs that a decree be entered, dismissing the suit against the Celtic Monarch, with costs.
The owner of the Celtic Monarch commenced an independent suit in rem against the tug Sea Lion, to recover compensation for the delay and expenses incidental to the prosecution of the suit against the ship, in its libel claiming that it was free from blame and that the pecuniary loss complained of was consequential to the collision between the two steamers for which the ship was not liable.
The alleged cause of action is a tort to which the Sea Lion, her owrier, master, and crew, have no direct connection, being the personal act. of the owner of the Mainlander, subsequent to the collision between the two steamers, and not a marine tort, for which a suit in rem can be maintained under maritime law. Therefore the court directs that a decree be entered, dismissing the case, with costs.
The owner of the Sea Lion and a tugboat company which employed her to tow the Celtic Monarch have joined in a petition for a limitation of liability and also contesting- liability, alleging that the collision was a result of errors on the part of the Mainlander, and that the Sea Lion was in all respects seaworthy and completely manned and equipped for the service in which she was employed, and was entirely free from any fault contributing to the collision, and that any fault on the part of the Sea Lion which may be established was an error of navigation and without the knowledge or privity of the petitioners.
The court finds that mutual faults on the part of both steamers produced the collision.
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HANFORD, District Judge.
On a summary hearing at an early stage of the litigation between these parties, this court rendered a decision in writing exonerating the ship Celtic Monarch from re[1007]*1007spoiisibility, and now for the sake of brevity in the statement of the case, and because the opinion expressed therein is applicable to the case in its present condition, in so far as the Celtic Monarch is concerned, I will now quote that decision in extenso:
‘'This is a suit in rein against two vessels, viz., tlie steam tug Sen Lion and the British ship Celtic Monarch, jointly charged with liability for the destruction of the steamboat Mainlander by reason of negligence in the navigation of said tug and ship, resulting in a collision.
"The claimant of the Celtic Monarch has filed ail answer to the amended libel, and the case has been brought on for a summary hearing, pursuant to a mandate, under local admiralty rule 35, requiring the libelant to show cause why the case should not be dismissed as to the ship, for manifest want of equity. The purpose of rule 35 is to avoid tedious and expensive litigation in cases in which it. may be practicable to show, by indisputable proof, that the libelant has no just grounds for proceeding in rem, or to arrest a defendant in a suit in personam. I think that this is such a case as the rule contemplates, and that it may he finally disposed of in this, summary proceeding resembling a motion for judgment on the pleadings in an action at law.
“The Celtic Monarch, with a full cargo on board, was being towed from Tacoma to the sea by the Sea Lion. The Mainlander was on her regular run from Bellingham to Seattle, and the collision occurred near West Point, in a dense fog. When informed of the near proximity of the Sea Lion by the fog signals, the Mainlander’s captain first stopped her engines, and then reversed, and the -Mainlander was backing when the Sea Lion struck her on the port side of her bow, cutting into her so deeply that she tilled and sank in less than half an hour. The Celtic Monarch did not at any time come in contact with the Mainlander, but by prompt obedience to a signal from the tug, her helm was put hard astarboard, and she passed clear of both steamers, and thereby avoided doing damage which might have caused a more serious disaster.
“In the pleadings no specific fact is alleged constituting a fault on the part, of the Celtic Monarch. The amended libel pleads negligence only in general terms, and as a general conclusion that the ship was in fault, for starting on a voyage when the weather was foggy, and by negligence in steering and handling the vessels, and that the towline was not; tile proper length, without specifying whether it was too long or too short. The affirmative matter in the answer must be considered as true so far ns the same is not in conflict with the allegations of the amended libel, and from all that is alleged, and not disputed, 1 must consider that it is a fact that the steam tug had the Celtic Monarch in charge, and that the officers of the ship did not have control of the tug's movements. Therefore the ship cannot be held liable for the accident unless, by reason of the fact that the tug was for the time being employed by the master or owners of the ship, the rule of respondeat superior may lie applied. Conceding that it was negligence on the part of the master of the ship to proceed in the fog with an improper towline, neither the ship nor her master nor her owners are liable, unless the negligence specified was the direct or proximate cause of the injury. There is no rule of law which enjoins suspension of commerce during foggy weather, and in attorn]ding to go to sea the Celtic Monarch was not guilty of & legal wrong, nor guilty of a legal wrong if the towline was either too long or too short, because neither the towline nor the ship was the instrument which inflicted the injury. If by reason of tin; towline the captain of the tug acted imprudently in maintaining an improper speed, his imprudence was the proximate cause of the accident, and the use of the towline was at most a remote cause.
“I have studied, the cases cited by counsel on both sides, >and it is my opinion that the rule to be drawn from all of them is that a ship is not liable as a guilty thing for an injury inflieted by a towboat not under control of the ship’s officers, when the ship herself is not the instrument by which the injury was done, and there is no defect in the construction or equipment of the ship, and no fault in her own maneuvering contributing to the injury, and in such a case a suit, in rem against the ship cannot be maintained to recover damages.
“Let a decree be entered, dismissing the case as to the Celtic Monarch, with costs.”
[1008]*1008That decision' was reversed by the Circuit Court of Appeals. See 138 Fed. 711, 71 C. C. A. 127. In deference to the decision of the Circuit Court of Appeals, the libelant has been given an opportunity to establish by proof the general, indefinite, and vague charges against the Celtic Monarch contained in its amended libel, but has failed to produce a scintilla of evidence tending to prove any act or omission on the part of the master, crew, or the ship itself, which in the slightest degree contributed to produce the disaster or to enhance the loss suffered by the libelant. It is unnecessary to reiterate what has been said in the foregoing opinion expressing the views of the court with respect to the rights and duties of ships in foggy weather and as to the irrelevancy of facts alleged which in no way contributed to the happening of the cause of damage.
The court again directs that a decree be entered, dismissing the suit against the Celtic Monarch, with costs.
The owner of the Celtic Monarch commenced an independent suit in rem against the tug Sea Lion, to recover compensation for the delay and expenses incidental to the prosecution of the suit against the ship, in its libel claiming that it was free from blame and that the pecuniary loss complained of was consequential to the collision between the two steamers for which the ship was not liable.
The alleged cause of action is a tort to which the Sea Lion, her owrier, master, and crew, have no direct connection, being the personal act. of the owner of the Mainlander, subsequent to the collision between the two steamers, and not a marine tort, for which a suit in rem can be maintained under maritime law. Therefore the court directs that a decree be entered, dismissing the case, with costs.
The owner of the Sea Lion and a tugboat company which employed her to tow the Celtic Monarch have joined in a petition for a limitation of liability and also contesting- liability, alleging that the collision was a result of errors on the part of the Mainlander, and that the Sea Lion was in all respects seaworthy and completely manned and equipped for the service in which she was employed, and was entirely free from any fault contributing to the collision, and that any fault on the part of the Sea Lion which may be established was an error of navigation and without the knowledge or privity of the petitioners.
The court finds that mutual faults on the part of both steamers produced the collision. The Mainlander was clearly in fault for running at an excessive rate of speed in the dense fog prevailing, after she was informed of the approach and nearness of the Sea Lion burdened with her tow, and for porting her helm when the other vessel was not in sight and her exact position and course unknown, and for failure to give the alarm signal in response to the Sea Lion’s passing signal, which indicated nonconcurrence in the minds of the commanding officers of the two vessels; the Mainlander’s pilot intending a port to port passing and the other signaling to pass on the starboard hand. The master of the Sea Lion committed an inexcusable error in ássuming that the Mainlander was steering the usual and proper course for á steamer entering Seattle harbor from the northward. It is unlawful, in the 'navigation of a steam vessel, to assume that an approaching steamer is being steered upon any particular course, when she is in[1009]*1009visible by reason of prevailing fog, and continue onward without reducing speed after a failure of the approaching steamer to respond to a passing signal. The passing signal given by the Sea Lion was not a contributing cause of the collision; but the captain’s error in assuming that he knew the course steered by the Mainlander undoubtedly caused him to neglect observance of the rules which required him to reduce speed and to sound an alarm, when the Mainlander’s failure to answer his signal should have warned him of imminent danger.
The captain’s error in assuming to locate the exact position of the Mainlander and determine her course, and his neglect to sound an alarm as required by the mies, and in continuing to run at full speed until the instant of the collision, are the faults chargeable to the Sea Lion; but the petitioners, being free from connivance or personal participation therein, are entitled to exemption from liability for any amount of damages in excess of the value of the tug.
The Sea Lion has been appraised at $22,000, and that amount is all there is available to compensate for the loss of the Mainlander, which was more than four times that amount. Except the owner of the Celtic Monarch, other parties have not intervened to claim a distribution of the fund. Therefore a decree will be entered in favor of the owner of the Mainlander for $22,000 and costs.