NUMBER 13-17-00653-CV
COURT OF APPEALS
THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
CORPUS CHRISTI - EDINBURG
THE CAMERON COUNTY DISTRICT ATTORNEY IN HIS OFFICIAL CAPACITY REPRESENTING THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellant,
v.
JLM GAMES AND GGL VENDOR LEASING LLC, Appellees.
On appeal from the 357th District Court of Cameron County, Texas.
DISSENTING MEMORANDUM OPINION Before Justices Benavides, Perkes, and Wittig1 Dissenting Memorandum Opinion by Justice Wittig
1 Retired Fourteenth Court of Appeals Justice Don Wittig, assigned to this Court by the Chief Justice
of the Supreme Court of Texas pursuant to the government code. See TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 74.003. For the reasons set for below, I respectfully dissent.
I. GAMBLING DEVICES
Pursuant to chapter 47 of the Texas Penal Code, it is illegal to play and bet at a
game played on a gambling device for money or other thing of value. TEX. PENAL CODE
ANN. § 47.02(a)(3). A “gambling device” is defined as
any electronic, electromechanical, or mechanical contrivance . . . that for a consideration affords the player an opportunity to obtain anything of value, the award of which is determined solely or partially by chance, even though accompanied by some skill, whether or not the price is automatically paid by the contrivance.
Id. § 47.01(4) (chapter 41 definitions). However, a “gambling device”
does not include any electronic, electromechanical, or mechanical contrivance designed, made, and adapted solely for bona fide amusement purposes if the contrivance rewards the player exclusively with noncash merchandise prizes, toys, or novelties, or a representation of value redeemable for those items, that have a wholesale value available from a single play of the game or device of not more than 10 times the amount charged to play the game or device once or $5, whichever is less.
Id. § 47.01(4)(B).
II. STANDING AND RIPENESS
A. Applicable Law
Standing is a component of subject matter jurisdiction. Tex. Ass’n of Bus. v. Tex.
Air Control Bd., 852 S.W.2d 440, 444–46 (Tex. 1993). The standing issue relates to the
question of who may bring an action. Patterson v. Planned Parenthood of Hous. & S.E.
Tex., Inc., 971 S.W.2d 439, 442 (Tex. 1998). The general test for standing in Texas is
stated to require that there be a real controversy between the parties that will be
determined by the judicial declaration sought. Tex. Ass’n of Bus., 852 S.W.2d at 446.
Standing requires a personal stake in the controversy. In Interest of B.I.V., 923 S.W.2d
2 573, 574 (Tex. 1996); Hunt v. Bass, 664 S.W.2d 323, 324 (Tex. 1984). The appellate
court reviews the entire record to determine if any evidence supports standing, and it
construes the petition in favor of the plaintiffs. Tex. Ass’n of Bus., 852 S.W.2d at 445–
46.
Ripeness is an element of justiciability, rooted in the prohibition of advisory
opinions by the judiciary. Patterson, 971 S.W.2d 439, 442 (Tex. 1998); see Perry v. Del
Rio, 66 S.W.3d 239, 249–52 (Tex. 2001). The ripeness issue “asks whether the facts
have developed sufficiently so that an injury has occurred or is likely to occur, rather than
being contingent or remote.” Patterson, 971 S.W.2d at 442. It seeks to avoid premature
adjudication, focusing on whether the case involves “uncertain or contingent future events
that may not occur as anticipated, or indeed may not occur at all.” Id.
B. Analysis
In their petition, appellees attached the affidavit of Jimmy Martin, owner of GGL
Vendor Leasing, LLC. In his affidavit, Martin asserted that his area manager informed
him that even if appellants operated machines “in full and legal compliance with all
applicable laws in Texas,” the State would nonetheless “shut down the operation” of such
machines. 2
Therefore, the existence or nature of appellee’s claims is not dependent on
uncertain future events. Under its pleadings and the evidence before us, I would conclude
that injury is likely to occur rather than being contingent or remote, and therefore,
appellees’ claims are ripe for adjudication. See Patterson, 971 S.W.2d at 442; see also
Ryder Integrated Logistics, 453 S.W.3d at 927.
2 The State did not object to this evidence during the plea to the jurisdiction proceedings.
3 Moreover, construing appellees’ pleadings liberally, I would conclude that
appellees have a personal stake in the controversy. In Interest of B.I.V., 923 S.W.2d at
574; Hunt, 664 S.W.2d at 324. Appellees allege that they have purchased specialized
machines to comply with chapter 47 and that the State is preventing them from using
those lawful machines by its threat to confiscate them without determining whether the
machines are illegal eight-liners. See Stop the Ordinances Please v. City of New
Braunfels, 306 S.W.3d 919, 928 (Tex. App.—Austin 2010, no pet.) (explaining that by
alleging an ordinance restricted the use of their property, the plaintiffs “demonstrated the
required actual, concrete, and particularized infringement of their legally protected
interests necessary for standing”). Thus, a real controversy exists between the parties
that will be determined by the judicial declaration sought. Tex. Ass’n of Bus., 852 S.W.2d
at 446. I would overrule the State’s first and second issues.
III. JURISDICTION OF CIVIL COURT OVER CRIMINAL STATUTE
Next, by its third issue, the State contends that the trial court lacked jurisdiction
over appellee’s claims because appellees are seeking civil review of a criminal matter.
Specifically, the State argues that appellees failed to invoke the civil court’s jurisdiction
over this criminal matter because appellees did not attack the constitutionality of chapter
47 and establish that they suffered an irreparable injury to vested property rights. 3 See
State v. Morales, 869 S.W.2d 941, 942 (Tex. 1994) (establishing when a civil court has
jurisdiction over the constitutionality of a criminal statute); see also Passel v. Fort Worth
Indep. Sch. Dist., 440 S.W.2d 61, 63 (Tex. 1969) (“It is well settled that courts of equity
3 As noted above the trial court in this case has both criminal and civil jurisdiction. This matter was
not briefed by the parties, and I therefore do not address the significance, if any.
4 will not interfere with the ordinary enforcement of a criminal statute unless the statute is
unconstitutional, and its enforcement will result in irreparable injury to vested property
rights.”). Appellees respond that they are requesting declaratory and injunctive relief on
the basis that the statute “as applied” to them is unconstitutional and that the State is
violating their vested property rights as protected by Article I sections 9, 17, and 19 of the
Texas Bill of Rights. See id.
Texas has a bifurcated system of civil and criminal jurisdiction, and generally, a
civil court cannot enjoin the enforcement of penal statutes or make declarations of “rights,
status or other legal relationships arising under a penal statute.” Morales, 869 S.W.2d at
948 (internal quotations omitted). It has been long recognized in Texas that ordinarily
criminal courts determine the meaning and validity of a penal statute or ordinance. Id. at
945. However, a civil court of equity has jurisdiction to declare a penal statute
unconstitutional and enjoin its enforcement when
(1) there is evidence that the statute at issue is unconstitutionally applied by a rule, policy, or other noncriminal means subject to a civil court’s equity powers and irreparable injury to property or personal rights is threatened, or (2) the enforcement of an unconstitutional statute threatens irreparable injury to property rights.
Id. at 942.
Thus, Morales, establishes a civil court’s equitable power to enjoin the
enforcement of a statute that is unconstitutional as applied versus a facially
unconstitutional statute. See id.; Combs v. STP Nuclear Operating Co., 239 S.W.3d 264,
272 n.8 (Tex. App.—Austin 2007, pet. denied) (citing Michael C. Dorf, Facial Challenges
to State and Federal Statutes, 46 Stan. L.Rev. 235, 236 (1994)); see also City of Dallas
5 v. Nickles & Dimes, Inc., No. 05-95-01507-CV, 1997 WL 284613, at *2 (Tex. App.—Dallas
May 30, 1997, no writ) (mem. op.) (recognizing that Morales establishes and allows an
as-applied constitutional challenge in a civil court of equity). When an as-applied
challenge is made, the party “need only show that the statute is unconstitutional because
of the manner in which it was applied in a particular case.” Combs, 239 S.W.3d at 272
n.8 (citing Tex. Workers’ Comp. Com’n v. Garcia, 893 S.W.2d 504, 518 n. 16 (Tex. 1995).
As-applied challenges must be brought on a case-by-case basis because they are fact
specific. Id. “[W]hen a court finds a statute unconstitutional as applied to a particular set
of facts, the statute may be constitutionally enforced under different facts.” Id. A party
challenging the statute facially “bears a heavy burden of showing that the statute is
unconstitutional in all of its applications.” Id. (citing States v. Salerno, 481 U.S. 739, 745
(1987); Tex. Workers’ Comp. Comm’n, 893 S.W.2d at 518 n.16).
B. Discussion
The Morales court explained that “courts of equity will not interfere with the ordinary
enforcement of a criminal statute unless the statute is unconstitutional and its
enforcement will result in irreparable harm.” Morales, 869 S.W.2d at 945. The Morales
court noted that in Passel, “the plaintiffs did not seek a naked declaration of [a] penal
statute’s unconstitutionality,” and instead “sought a declaration of the invalidity of the
statute and an injunction against enforcement. . .” of a rule and there was no threat or
even contemplation of prosecution. Id.
In Passel, the minor plaintiffs sought a declaration that a penal statute unconstitutionally denied rights of free association, and an injunction to prevent school officials from denying them admission to public schools because of membership in certain student clubs. Passel, 440 S.W.2d at 62. No injunctive relief was sought against the statute itself, Article 301d,9 which prohibited certain clubs in all public schools of the state below college
6 level. Passel, 440 S.W.2d at 64. Rather, injunctive relief was sought solely to “prevent administrative enforcement of an administrative regulation adopted for the purpose of implementing the statute.” Id.
Morales, 869 S.W.2d at 945–46. In Passel, the Texas Supreme Court concluded that
under those circumstances, the trial court had jurisdiction. Id. at 946.
The Passel court determined that if true the plaintiffs’ contention constituted “an unwarranted interference with the constitutionally protected right of free and private association.” Passel, 440 S.W.2d 61, 64 (Tex. 1969). The court explained that “criminal courts cannot determine the meaning and validity of the statute unless a prosecution is instituted,” and therefore, the plaintiffs had “no way to attack the rule except by administrative appeal or a civil action.” Id. The court stated that “civil courts are not powerless to grant relief under these circumstances,” and held that the trial court had “jurisdiction to construe and determine the constitutionality of the criminal statute in this proceeding.” Id.
Morales, 869 S.W.2d at 946.
Here, like the plaintiffs in Passel, appellees did not request to enjoin prosecution
of the statute itself or seek a declaration that their machines are not illegal, nor do they
seek a naked declaration as to the constitutionality of a criminal statute. Instead,
appellees seek injunctive and declaratory relief to prevent the State’s unconstitutional
“enforcement of the rules, regulations, policies and procedures” used to confiscate
machines appellees claim are not prohibited by chapter 47—machines that the State
threatened to confiscate even if they are “in full and legal compliance with all applicable
laws in Texas.” See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 47.01(4) (defining what is and is not a
gambling device); Mission Consol. Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Flores, 39 S.W.3d 674, 676 (Tex.
App.—Corpus Christi–Edinburg 2001, no pet.) (explaining that the appellate court must
take the factual allegations in the plaintiff’s pleadings as true).
Construed liberally, appellees’ pleadings affirmatively attack the constitutionality of
the State’s application of chapter 47 under the Texas Constitution as applied to them.
7 See City of Elsa, 226 S.W.3d at 392 (“[A] plaintiff whose constitutional rights have been
violated may sue the state for equitable relief.”); see also Passel, 440 S.W.2d at 64
(explaining that although prosecution was neither threatened or even contemplated, the
plaintiff’s immediate complaint was within the courts equity jurisdiction and remediable by
the court’s equity jurisdiction); Combs, 239 S.W.3d at 272 n.8. Appellees are not seeking
to invalidate chapter 47 on its face or seek a ruling that chapter 47 is unconstitutional in
all its applications. See Combs, 239 S.W.3d at 272 n.8.
Moreover, in Morales, which forms the basis of the State’s argument here, the
plaintiffs sought to enjoin criminal prosecution under that statute and a declaration of their
“rights, status, or other legal relationship” under the Texas sodomy laws and that the
sodomy law was unconstitutional. 869 S.W.2d at 943. The Morales court’s entire analysis
and holding “was thus carefully limited to whether a court exercising civil jurisdiction could
declare a criminal statute unconstitutional or enjoin its prosecution.” See Tex. Alcoholic
Beverage Com’n v. Am. Legion Knebel Post 82, No. 03-11-00703-CV, 2014 WL 2094195,
at *6 (Tex. App.—Austin May 16, 2014, no pet.) (mem. op.) (citing Morales, 869 S.W.2d
at 943).
I question whether Morales even governs. See City of Argyle v. Pierce, 258
S.W.3d 674, 681 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2008, pet. dism’d) (concluding that Morales did
not apply because the appellees were not challenging the constitutionality or the
enforceability of an ordinance and instead were seeking a declaration that their conduct
did not constitute a violation of the ordinance). For example, in Morales, the plaintiffs
acknowledged that their behavior was illegal under the sodomy statute. And here,
accepting appellees’ allegations as true, appellees’ machines are not used in a manner
8 that is prohibited by chapter 47and are permitted under § 47.01(4)(B). See TEX. PENAL
CODE ANN. § 47.01(4) (defining what is and is not a gambling device); Mission Consol.
Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Flores, 39 S.W.3d 674, 676 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi–Edinburg
2001, no pet.) (explaining that an appellate court must take the factual allegations in the
plaintiff’s pleadings as true). In addition, the State is threatening to confiscate the
machines even if appellees do not use the machines in a manner that constitutes illegal
gambling pursuant to chapter 47. Again, accepting the truth of appellees’ pleading, the
machines themselves are not prohibited by the statute; instead, it is the manner of the
machines’ use that is prohibited, and appellees’ machines are not being used as gambling
devices as defined in chapter 47. Mission Consol. Indep. Sch. Dist., 39 S.W.3d at 676.
Thus, appellees are seeking a declaration that the State is violating its constitutional rights
by threatening to confiscate property that they are not prohibited from using or owning.
See City of Argyle, 258 S.W.3d at 681. Nonetheless, under the precedent as set out in
Passel, I would conclude that appellees have pleaded facts establishing that the statute
is unconstitutional as applied to them by the State’s rule, policy, or other noncriminal
means, which is subject to a civil court’s equity powers. See Passel, 440 S.W.2d at 64;
see also Morales, 869 S.W.2d at 942.
Next, the State asserts in one sentence in a footnote that appellees have not met
their burden of demonstrating the trial court’s jurisdiction because appellees failed to
establish an irreparable injury to a vested property right. See Morales, 869 S.W.2d at
945. The State does not provide any substantive argument with citation to appropriate
authority explaining which prong they challenge—whether appellees failed to establish
an irreparable injury or to show they have a vested property right. See TEX. R. APP. P.
9 38.1(i). Nonetheless, I would construe the State’s brief as arguing that appellees have
not shown that they have a vested property right to use the machines in a certain way
without restriction. 4 See Sterling v. San Antonio Police Dep’t, 94 S.W.3d 790, 794 (Tex.
App.—San Antonio 2002, no pet.) (concluding that the appellant did not have a vested
property right to use gambling devices); City of Corpus Christi v. Maldonado, 398 S.W.3d
266, 270 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi-Edinburg–Edinburg 2011, no pet.) (concluding that
the merchants had a vested property right in their pipes). I disagree with the State that
appellees have not shown they have a vested property right and with its premise that
appellees are arguing that they have a vested right to use the machines without
restriction. Appellees are not attempting to use the machines as gambling devices as
defined by chapter 47. They are attempting to use the machines in a legal manner as
allowed by chapter 47. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 47.01(4)(B).
“Property rights are created and defined by state law,” and “include actual ownership of real estate, chattels, and money.” “A right is ‘vested’ when it ‘has some definitive, rather than merely potential existence.’” But this right does not automatically translate to a “vested property right” to use said property a particular way or in a particular location, although these activities may be aspects of broader personal rights or liberties.
City of New Braunfels v. Stop the Ordinances Please, 520 S.W.3d 208, 214 (Tex. App.—
Austin 2017, pet. denied) (internal citations omitted).
Even if a plaintiff has a vested right in the property he owns, he does not have a
vested right to use the property in any way he wishes. See Stop the Ordinances Please,
306 S.W.3d at 931. For example, in Stop the Ordinances Please, the plaintiff had a
vested right in ownership of a cooler, but he did not have a vested right to carry a cooler
4 I would not address whether appellees established that the will suffer an irreparable injury as it is
not adequately briefed. See TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1(i).
10 of a particular size; therefore, because the ordinance banned coolers of a certain size,
the plaintiff did not prove that he had a vested right to use the banned cooler. See id. In
this case, however, appellees are attempting to utilize machines that they allege have not
been banned by chapter 47; they allege that the State has threatened to confiscate
machines that are not prohibited by chapter 47—machines that they claim are being used
in a legal manner and that cannot be confiscated by the State under any law. The State
provided no evidence to the trial court showing that appellees’ machines are illegal or
being used in an illegal manner. Thus, I would conclude that appellees have met their
burden of establishing that they have a vested right to use the machines for jurisdictional
purposes. See id.; Ryder lntegrated Logistics, lnc., 453 S.W.3d at 927; see also City of
Corpus Christi, 398 S.W.3d at 270 (“A seller does have a vested property right in the
possession of legal, physical items of inventory that it owns.”).
Moreover, in City of Laredo v. Laredo Merchants Association, the plaintiffs, who
were vendors, sought equitable relief from a civil court regarding a city ordinance which
prohibited the use of plastic bags. 550 S.W.3d 586, 591 (Tex. 2018). The Texas
Supreme Court held that it had jurisdiction. Id. at 592 n.28. The court explained that “civil
courts have jurisdiction to enjoin or declare void an unconstitutional penal ordinance when
‘there is the threat of irreparable injury to vested property rights,’” and “where the
ordinance prohibits the complaining vendors from using noncompliant bags and, if they
do, imposes a substantial per-violation fine that effectively precludes small local
businesses from testing the ban’s constitutionality in defense to a criminal prosecution.”
Id.
Thus, like the plaintiffs in City of Laredo, the statute at issue here prohibits
11 appellees from using their machines or face the threat of criminal prosecution even if the
machines are not illegal gambling devices. Id. at 592. Therefore, because the statute
allows the State to confiscate these machines without any set rules or procedures to
ensure that the machines are in fact illegal, appellees may not use them. Irreparable
harm has been “deemed met in situations where the government’s enforcement of the
penal law in question entails irremediable physical destruction or damage to real or
personal property that would occur before the challenge could be litigated in a criminal
proceeding.” Stop the Ordinances Please, 520 S.W.3d at 216. Thus, because appellees
are unable to use their machines, they are precluded from testing the ban’s
constitutionality in defense to a criminal prosecution, and if appellees do use the
machines, the State has threatened to confiscate those machines, even if they are not
prohibited. See City of Laredo, 550 S.W.3d 586, 592; Stop the Ordinances Please, 520
S.W.3d at 216.
Therefore, I would conclude that appellees have met their burden of alleging facts
that affirmatively demonstrate the trial court’s jurisdiction to hear this case under Morales.
Tex. Dep’t of Transp., 74 S.W.3d at 867; Morales, 869 S.W.2d at 942; see also City of
Dallas, 1997 WL 284613, at *3 (“[A] trial court can have jurisdiction to enjoin the
noncriminal enforcement of a facially constitutional criminal statute, but lacks jurisdiction
to enjoin the criminal enforcement of a facially constitutional statute. . . .”). I would
overrule the State’s third issue.
IV. GOVERNMENTAL IMMUNITY
Lastly, the State argues that it is protected by governmental immunity. “[I]f the
Legislature requires that the State be joined in a lawsuit for which immunity would
12 otherwise attach, the Legislature has intentionally waived the State’s sovereign
immunity.” Wichita Falls State Hosp. v. Taylor, 106 S.W.3d 692, 697–98 (Tex. 2003).
The Texas Declaratory Judgment Act expressly provides that persons may challenge
ordinances or statutes, and that governmental entities must be joined or notified. Tex.
Educ. Agency v. Leeper, 893 S.W.2d 432, 446 (Tex. 1994). Governmental entities joined
as parties may be bound by a court’s declaration on their ordinances or statutes. Id.
Here, appellees are seeking equitable and declaratory relief under the TDJA
questioning the validity of a statute, and therefore, pursuant to the TDJA, the State must
be joined in this lawsuit. See id. Accordingly, the Legislature has intentionally waived the
State’s sovereign immunity in this case, and the trial court has jurisdiction over the case.
See id. I would overrule the State’s fourth issue, and I would affirm the judgment.
DON WITTIG Justice
Delivered and filed the 14th day of November, 2019.