Sawyer, J.
In this case I have examined with great care the voluminous testimony, and considered it in all its bearings.
After examining the record I find that I am compelled to concur with the district judge, and that the decree of the district court must be affirmed. For opinion of district judge, see 6 Sawy. 118.
The facts as I have written them out in the findings are as follows : [The' findings are set out in the statement.]
I shall not attempt to go over and discuss the large mass of testimony in the case at any length. I shall only state some of the salient points. One point is as to the maneuvers of the schooner. I see no reason to doubt, from the testimony of those on board the schooner, as to its movements. The testimony seems to be fair and unprejudiced. There is no direct testimony to the contrary. So far as the testimony is given at all it is concurred in by all those on the schooner—three or more witnesses—as to what took place at and immediately before .the collision. The position of the schooner on the night previous, the object of running off and then running in for the purpose of making the river, would not call for any other changes in ■the movements of the schooner than those shown by the testimony •of those on board to have taken place.
They were running, according to the testimony, upon a course that we should naturally expect them to be running, without any cause for changing the course, unless they had seen the steamer and changed the course for that reason. The testimony of the three witnesses ón the schooner was that they did not see the steamer until the time mentioned in the findings,—that is, until she had got within-about three ships’ lengths of the steamer,—although they were on the lookout, and there was a good lookout. The helmsman himself, as well as the regular lookout, was also on the lookout, because he had instructions to keep a sharp lookout for the shore, and they were on the lookout for the shore. I think there is no doubt about the rate of speed at which the schooner was going, which did not exceed three, knots, and was probably considerably less.
That being so, they were running directly on their proper course until the helmsman first heard the sound of the paddle-wheels of the steamer, which he supposed was the surf breaking upon the shore. He then immediately gave bis wheel one turn to port, fixed [749]*749it in that position with a diamond screw,—the object being to be able to go about quickly should it prove to be necessary,—and ran forward in haste to see whether his suppositions were correct or not. About the same time the lookout himself also heard the sound of tlie steamer’s paddle-wheels. He was on the lookout to see what it was, and he also supposed it was the surf breaking on the shore. This place, as I understand it, is not the track in which the Oregon steamers generally go. They frequently go there when there is particular occasion for it, such as winds or currents; and they seem on this occasion to have been in-shore further than usual, for the purpose of getting the advantage of tho current. The steamer’s approach was not noticed, although there was a lookout, and the helmsman himself was also on the lookout, until after the sound of the paddle-wheels was heard. The helmsman and lookout first discovered the loom of the steamer. Immediately on the discovery the lookout began to halloo, to attract the attention of those on the steamer; and the other man blew the fog-horn and then ran aft to his wheel again. The captain, hearing the noise on deck,—being close by and being partially dressed,—sprang on dock, seized the wheel, and seeing the steamer coming directly head on, put her helm hard a-port; and that is the first maneuver on the schooner after the discovery of the steamer, and it was then too late to avoid the collision by any movement the schooner could make.
On tho question of fog, the testimony of all the parties, both those on deck and those below, was that soon after the 4 o’clock watch came on deck a fog came up. The helmsman said he thereupon passed the fog-horn forward to the lookout to blow, and he testified that the lookout did blow it at intervals, not exceeding five minutes, from that time until the collision. The lookout testifies to the same thing. The cook was on deck, and also testifies to tho same facts. The captain, though below, also testifies to hearing the fog-horn blown; so that unless these four witnesses all testify to what they must absolutely know to be false, there must have been a fog; otherwise, also, there would he no occasion for blowing the horn. They testify that there was a fog, and that the horn did blow at regular short intervals.
There were a good many witnesses on the steamer, being passengers, who testify that there was a fog, and the crew, or quite a number of them, testified that there was a fog came on soon after the accident. Some witnesses, employes on the steamer, though not so many, testified that there was no fog at the time of the collision; but they also testify that the atmosphere was overcast, or dark, and was smoky or hazy, resulting from fires upon the land. Immediately after the collision they began to rig a line on the steamer to enable the lookout, instead of the man at the wheel, to sound the fog-whistle. That indicates that there must have been some fog, or they certainly would not so soon have been rigging that line; and all the tes[750]*750timony is that soon after they started, they being detained from 20 minutes to half an hour., and after they got under way, they ran into ft fog-bank, then blew the whistle by means of this line which had been rigged while they were picking up the passengers who had been on board the schooner.
I think the great weight of testimony is that there was either a fog or smoke or haze, one or the other, or both, along the track of the schooner, which would be very likely to obscure the view of the steamer’s lights. The testimony on board of the schooner is that they first saw the loom of the steamer before seeing the light, and very soon after that they first saw the light at .the mast-head. The lookout of the steamer also testified' that he first saw the schooner from a mile and a half to two miles off, and before seeing her lights. I have taken a mile and a half as the distance. He says he first saw the schooner, and soon after he saw the green light, when he got within about a mile, so that he saw the schooner first. Several credible witnesses—and among others was the captain, who is certainly a reliable witness and an experienced man—said , that in a fog of that kind, or omoke, he would be likely to see the loom of a vessel before seeing the lights. That may be so, but at all events I should suppose that without a mist or smoke or fog, when it is simply dark, the lights of the vessel could be seen before an object which is also black or dark. My conclusion, therefore, is that there was considerable fog, mist, or smoke; probably both. The testimony indicates that there were fog-banks from time to time. I find, therefore, from those general facts that the course of the schooner was as I have stated in the findings, and that there was a fog or mist or smoke, or both, sufficient to obscure the view of an approaching vessel and excuse the schooner for not seeing the steamer in time. It is very manifest that after the steamer’s approach was seen,' and when the first maneuver on the schooner was made, it was too late to avoid a collision by any action on board the schooner.
The statute requires the court to make findings of, fact.
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Sawyer, J.
In this case I have examined with great care the voluminous testimony, and considered it in all its bearings.
After examining the record I find that I am compelled to concur with the district judge, and that the decree of the district court must be affirmed. For opinion of district judge, see 6 Sawy. 118.
The facts as I have written them out in the findings are as follows : [The' findings are set out in the statement.]
I shall not attempt to go over and discuss the large mass of testimony in the case at any length. I shall only state some of the salient points. One point is as to the maneuvers of the schooner. I see no reason to doubt, from the testimony of those on board the schooner, as to its movements. The testimony seems to be fair and unprejudiced. There is no direct testimony to the contrary. So far as the testimony is given at all it is concurred in by all those on the schooner—three or more witnesses—as to what took place at and immediately before .the collision. The position of the schooner on the night previous, the object of running off and then running in for the purpose of making the river, would not call for any other changes in ■the movements of the schooner than those shown by the testimony •of those on board to have taken place.
They were running, according to the testimony, upon a course that we should naturally expect them to be running, without any cause for changing the course, unless they had seen the steamer and changed the course for that reason. The testimony of the three witnesses ón the schooner was that they did not see the steamer until the time mentioned in the findings,—that is, until she had got within-about three ships’ lengths of the steamer,—although they were on the lookout, and there was a good lookout. The helmsman himself, as well as the regular lookout, was also on the lookout, because he had instructions to keep a sharp lookout for the shore, and they were on the lookout for the shore. I think there is no doubt about the rate of speed at which the schooner was going, which did not exceed three, knots, and was probably considerably less.
That being so, they were running directly on their proper course until the helmsman first heard the sound of the paddle-wheels of the steamer, which he supposed was the surf breaking upon the shore. He then immediately gave bis wheel one turn to port, fixed [749]*749it in that position with a diamond screw,—the object being to be able to go about quickly should it prove to be necessary,—and ran forward in haste to see whether his suppositions were correct or not. About the same time the lookout himself also heard the sound of tlie steamer’s paddle-wheels. He was on the lookout to see what it was, and he also supposed it was the surf breaking on the shore. This place, as I understand it, is not the track in which the Oregon steamers generally go. They frequently go there when there is particular occasion for it, such as winds or currents; and they seem on this occasion to have been in-shore further than usual, for the purpose of getting the advantage of tho current. The steamer’s approach was not noticed, although there was a lookout, and the helmsman himself was also on the lookout, until after the sound of the paddle-wheels was heard. The helmsman and lookout first discovered the loom of the steamer. Immediately on the discovery the lookout began to halloo, to attract the attention of those on the steamer; and the other man blew the fog-horn and then ran aft to his wheel again. The captain, hearing the noise on deck,—being close by and being partially dressed,—sprang on dock, seized the wheel, and seeing the steamer coming directly head on, put her helm hard a-port; and that is the first maneuver on the schooner after the discovery of the steamer, and it was then too late to avoid the collision by any movement the schooner could make.
On tho question of fog, the testimony of all the parties, both those on deck and those below, was that soon after the 4 o’clock watch came on deck a fog came up. The helmsman said he thereupon passed the fog-horn forward to the lookout to blow, and he testified that the lookout did blow it at intervals, not exceeding five minutes, from that time until the collision. The lookout testifies to the same thing. The cook was on deck, and also testifies to tho same facts. The captain, though below, also testifies to hearing the fog-horn blown; so that unless these four witnesses all testify to what they must absolutely know to be false, there must have been a fog; otherwise, also, there would he no occasion for blowing the horn. They testify that there was a fog, and that the horn did blow at regular short intervals.
There were a good many witnesses on the steamer, being passengers, who testify that there was a fog, and the crew, or quite a number of them, testified that there was a fog came on soon after the accident. Some witnesses, employes on the steamer, though not so many, testified that there was no fog at the time of the collision; but they also testify that the atmosphere was overcast, or dark, and was smoky or hazy, resulting from fires upon the land. Immediately after the collision they began to rig a line on the steamer to enable the lookout, instead of the man at the wheel, to sound the fog-whistle. That indicates that there must have been some fog, or they certainly would not so soon have been rigging that line; and all the tes[750]*750timony is that soon after they started, they being detained from 20 minutes to half an hour., and after they got under way, they ran into ft fog-bank, then blew the whistle by means of this line which had been rigged while they were picking up the passengers who had been on board the schooner.
I think the great weight of testimony is that there was either a fog or smoke or haze, one or the other, or both, along the track of the schooner, which would be very likely to obscure the view of the steamer’s lights. The testimony on board of the schooner is that they first saw the loom of the steamer before seeing the light, and very soon after that they first saw the light at .the mast-head. The lookout of the steamer also testified' that he first saw the schooner from a mile and a half to two miles off, and before seeing her lights. I have taken a mile and a half as the distance. He says he first saw the schooner, and soon after he saw the green light, when he got within about a mile, so that he saw the schooner first. Several credible witnesses—and among others was the captain, who is certainly a reliable witness and an experienced man—said , that in a fog of that kind, or omoke, he would be likely to see the loom of a vessel before seeing the lights. That may be so, but at all events I should suppose that without a mist or smoke or fog, when it is simply dark, the lights of the vessel could be seen before an object which is also black or dark. My conclusion, therefore, is that there was considerable fog, mist, or smoke; probably both. The testimony indicates that there were fog-banks from time to time. I find, therefore, from those general facts that the course of the schooner was as I have stated in the findings, and that there was a fog or mist or smoke, or both, sufficient to obscure the view of an approaching vessel and excuse the schooner for not seeing the steamer in time. It is very manifest that after the steamer’s approach was seen,' and when the first maneuver on the schooner was made, it was too late to avoid a collision by any action on board the schooner.
The statute requires the court to make findings of, fact. In an admiralty or equity case there is difficulty sometimes in stating specifically in brief terms the facts. It is somewhat difficult to specify satisfactorily the ultimate facts, or even to determine what they are, without argument; and I state them rather in the alternative, giving the claimant the benefit of the strongest statement of facts in his favor as made by Mr. Douglas, the mate, who was in fact the only one who testifies to anything on behalf of the steamer, as to the leading material facts, except so far as he is confirmed by the man who was looking out of. the port. He testified to seeing the green light, and that he soon afterwards saw the red light from the deck. If Douglas saw the schooner a mile and a half or two miles off, as he says he did, the schooner being then a point off his starboard bow, he, having full control of the steamer’s movements, certainly ought to have been able to avoid a collision; and it was inexcusable negli[751]*751gence not to have done so. Considering the rate of speed at which they were going, and the distance and time, I do not see, if he is correct in his statement of facts, how it was possible for the schooner to get in the track of the steamer so as to come into collision, even if it had made the attempt.
He, Douglas, says it was a mile and a half off when he first saw the schooner, a point off his starboard bow. A mile distant is the nearest point that he locates the schooner at the time he first saw the green light; and immediately upon seeing the green light he put his helm a-starboard, whereupon the steamer went off two points more to port, which would make three points. It seems to me if that was the position of these vessels, and the steamer continued in that course, whatsoever course the schooner could have possibly taken she could not have brought herself into collision with the steamer even if she had tried to do so. The witness, Douglas, testifies that one point off would carry the vessels a quarter of a mile apart, and that two points more would carry them at least a mile apart. If the steamer then ran on that course, which he says she was, going at the rate of eight miles an hour by steam, accelerated one mile by the current, and the schooner’s speed not exceeding three miles per hour, before the schooner could possibly intersect the line of the steamer’s course at any point, it seems to me that the steamer would have been a mile or two past, or at least a long distance past, the point of intersection. Had the schooner turned and run directly at right angles she would have had a mile to sail to intersect the steamer’s path. While she was running that mile the steamer would have run three, and been two miles past, as they were but a mile apart at the start. Had the schooner run in any other direction she would have had more than a mile to run to intersect the steamer’s track, and the steamer would have been still further off. Some allowance must doubtless be made for the time it would take the steamer to change her course after putting the helm a-starboard, but not enough to render a collision possible. There is some confusion in the testimony of Douglas. It is very remarkable, too, that the man at the wheel did not seo the steamer, although it was not his business to act as lookout, because his attention was called to it twice,—first, when he was directed to put his helm to starboard the first time, when the vessel was at least a mile off, and then again when the two lights came into view and the steamer was three-fourths of a mile off. At that time the mate walked back—left his post and walked back abaft the wheel-house—and told the man at the wheel that he had lost the lights of that vessel, and to be careful and be upon the lookout. Even after that warning, when he would he very likely to look out, the man at the wheel did not see the schooner; and he never saw it until the last order was given to put his helm hard a-starboard, signal the engineer to stop the steamer, and blow his whistle to alarm the passengers; and then the steamer [752]*752tras "coming difcéctly down close on the port bow of the schooner, 'l'ne officer in charge certainly should either have put his helm long before he did hard a-starboard, or he should have ported his helm when he saw the schooner was changing its course, and, in either event, he had ample time to escape a collision. If he had ordered the helm a-port when he saw the green light and the red, or hard a-starboard, or stopped or slowed down the steamer, as he might have done, he would have gone clear. If he had done either when she was three-fourths of a mile off, as he could have done when he saw the green light disappear and the red light come into view, or both lights come into-view) and then both lights disappear, the collision would not have occurred. •
I am taking this testimony as Douglas gave it, and as corroborated bjr the man at the port below; and that is the most favorable position according to his own statement. If it was smoky or hazy or foggy, or'both, then he was at fault in running at full speed without blowing- his whistle from time to time. The whistle was never blown, while the vessel was all the time going at full speed. While I do not propose to say that Douglas’ testimony is willfully false, yet the inclination in my mind is to think that in his confusion—as'he evidently was confused, and so states in his testimony—the probability is that he did not see. the schooner so soon as he sujiposes, or until he was close upon her, (that is the most favorable view that could be taken, according to the probabilities,) and that then it was too late, by that maneuver at least, to avoid the collision. He saw the red light, and he should have ported his helm, in the condition he was in, instead of putting it starboard. He could have done his best, at least, to check the speed of the steamer in time; and if he did not see it in consequence of fog or smoke, which is highly probable, then he was in fault in running at full speed, and in not blowing his whistle from time to time to give notice to any approaching vessel. If he saw the schooner changing her course three-quarters of a mile off, as he says he did, he certainly should have blown his whistle and done something at once more vigorous and decisive to avert the accident.
I can come to no other conclusion than that the collision was the result of fault in the navigation of the steamer.
I have also examined the testimony to see if there is any reasonable ground for dividing the loss, but I find none.
I see no good reason for reaching a conclusion different from tliat attained by the district court as to the value of the schooner. The libel alleges the loss sustained by the libelant Bott to be $440, and prays a decree for that amount. A larger amount is, therefore, not within the issues or the prayer for relief. The decree will be limited to that amount