Opinion issued February 6, 2014.
In The
Court of Appeals For The
First District of Texas ———————————— NO. 01-13-00874-CV ———————————— TEXAS WINDSTORM INSURANCE ASSOCIATION AND TEXAS FAIR PLAN ASSOCIATION, Appellants V. ART BOYLE, INDIVIDUALLY AND ON BEHALF OF BOYLE CLAIMS, JEFF KAISER, INDIVIDUALLY AND ON BEHALF OF SPECIALTY GROUP, INC., AND ALL OTHERS SIMILARLY SITUATED, Appellees
On Appeal from the 405th District Court Galveston County, Texas Trial Court Case No. 11-CV-1515
MEMORANDUM OPINION
In this dispute arising between independent insurance adjusters and
windstorm insurance associations, Art Boyle and Jeff Kaiser have sued the Texas Windstorm Insurance Association and the Texas Fair Plan Association in
Galveston County, individually and on behalf of their adjusting companies. In the
trial court, TWIA and TFPA moved to transfer venue to Travis County, their
principal place of business. The trial court denied the motion. On interlocutory
appeal, TWIA and TFPA contend that venue is not proper in Galveston County.
We reverse the trial court’s order and direct it to transfer the case to Travis County.
Background
TWIA provides windstorm and hail insurance in the “seacoast territory” of
Texas. TEX. INS. CODE ANN. § 2210.001 (West Supp. 2013). TFPA provides
windstorm and hail insurance in Texas counties not covered by TWIA. See id.
§ 2211.156 (West 2009). Both associations are headquartered in Travis County.
In 2008, Hurricanes Ike, Gustav, and Dolly damaged many properties insured by
TWIA and TFPA.
Boyle owns Boyle Claims, an adjusting company. He resides in
Connecticut, which is his company’s principal place of business. Kaiser owns
Specialty Group, another adjusting company. He resides in Florida, which is his
company’s principal place of business. Boyle and Kaiser allege that Boyle Claims
and Specialty Group, Inc., entered into contracts with TWIA and TFPA to adjust
insurance claims against TWIA and TFPA arising from hurricane damage. Boyle
and Kaiser further allege that TWIA and TFPA underpaid Boyle Claims and
2 Specialty Group for their services. TWIA and TFPA developed all their contracts
and fee schedules with the adjusters in Travis County. Moreover, they made all
their payment decisions concerning adjusters in Travis County. Boyle Claims
adjusted 167 TWIA claims for damage to property in Galveston County, and 1,476
TWIA claims in all other Texas counties combined. Boyle also avers that he and
his employees “met with” TWIA and TFPA employees in Galveston County.
Specialty Group adjusted 975 TWIA claims for property damage in Galveston
County.
Course of proceedings
Boyle and Kaiser sue for breach of contract and other contract–related
claims. They seek to represent a class of all independent adjusters who were
underpaid by TWIA and TFPA for their claims–adjusting services.
Discussion
As a preliminary matter, we determine whether we have appellate
jurisdiction to review the trial court’s interlocutory order denying TWIA and
TFPA’s motion to transfer venue. Generally, we do not have jurisdiction to review
a trial court’s venue determination. TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN.
§ 15.064(a) (West 2002). In a suit involving more than one plaintiff, however, we
have interlocutory appellate jurisdiction to review a trial court’s determination of
whether “a plaintiff did or did not independently establish proper venue.” Id.
3 § 15.003(b)(1) (West Supp. 2013); Ramirez v. Collier, Shannon, Scott, PLLC, 123
S.W.3d 43, 50 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2003, pet. denied); see also
Shamoun & Norman, LLP v. Yarto Int’l Grp., LP, 398 S.W.3d 272, 286–87 & 286
n.18 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2012, pet. dism’d) (discussing 2003 amendment
to section 15.003 and holding that its specific language trumps more general
language of section 15.064).
Standard of review
We review the trial court’s order de novo; we are expressly precluded by
statute from considering the trial court’s ruling under either an abuse–of–discretion
or substantial–evidence standard. TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN.
§ 15.003(c)(1) (West Supp. 2013); Ramirez, 123 S.W.3d at 50.
Applicable law
A plaintiff has the right to maintain suit in a county of proper venue. Wilson
v. Tex. Parks and Wildlife Dep’t, 886 S.W.2d 259, 262 (Tex. 1994). A plaintiff has
the burden to proffer prima facie proof that venue is maintainable in the county of
suit. TEX. R. CIV. P. 87(2)(a), (3)(a); Chiriboga v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co.,
96 S.W.3d 673, 678 (Tex. App.—Austin 2003, no pet.). A plaintiff’s prima facie
proof is not subject to rebuttal, cross–examination, impeachment, or disproof. Ruiz
v. Conoco, Inc., 868 S.W.2d 752, 757 (Tex. 1993). Other evidence in the record,
however, can destroy a plaintiff’s prima facie proof. Id. If a plaintiff fails to
4 establish proper venue, the trial court must transfer venue to the county specified in
the defendant’s motion, provided that the defendant has proffered prima facie
proof that its specified county is one of proper venue. In re Masonite Corp., 997
S.W.2d 194, 197 (Tex. 1999) (orig. proceeding).
To satisfy the general venue rule, a plaintiff must sue (1) “in the county in
which all or a substantial part of the events or omissions giving rise to the claim
occurred;” or (2) “in the county of the defendant’s principal office in this state, if
the defendant is not a natural person.” TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN.
§ 15.002(a)(1), (3) (West 2002). To maintain venue under (1), a plaintiff must
show that its basis for venue is a “substantial part” of the claim at issue.
Chiriboga, 96 S.W.3d at 681.
Analysis
In determining whether a county bears a substantial connection to the suit,
we examine the plaintiff’s claim. Id. at 680. Boyle and Kaiser sue TWIA and
TFPA for breach of contract and other contract–related claims. The elements of a
breach–of–contract claim are: (1) the existence of a valid contract; (2) performance
or tendered performance by the plaintiff; (3) breach of the contract by the
defendant; and (4) damages to the plaintiff resulting from that breach. Wright v.
Christian & Smith, 950 S.W.2d 411, 412 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1997, no
5 pet.) (citing Hussong v. Schwan’s Sales Enters., Inc., 896 S.W.2d 320, 326 (Tex.
App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1995, no writ)).
Boyle and Kaiser link one element of their breach–of–contract claim to
Galveston County: their companies’ performance under the contracts. They allege
that their companies performed under the contracts by adjusting insurance claims
associated with insured properties located in Galveston County.
Section 2211.156 of the Insurance Code precludes TFPA from providing
windstorm and hail insurance coverage in Galveston County because Chapter 2210
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Opinion issued February 6, 2014.
In The
Court of Appeals For The
First District of Texas ———————————— NO. 01-13-00874-CV ———————————— TEXAS WINDSTORM INSURANCE ASSOCIATION AND TEXAS FAIR PLAN ASSOCIATION, Appellants V. ART BOYLE, INDIVIDUALLY AND ON BEHALF OF BOYLE CLAIMS, JEFF KAISER, INDIVIDUALLY AND ON BEHALF OF SPECIALTY GROUP, INC., AND ALL OTHERS SIMILARLY SITUATED, Appellees
On Appeal from the 405th District Court Galveston County, Texas Trial Court Case No. 11-CV-1515
MEMORANDUM OPINION
In this dispute arising between independent insurance adjusters and
windstorm insurance associations, Art Boyle and Jeff Kaiser have sued the Texas Windstorm Insurance Association and the Texas Fair Plan Association in
Galveston County, individually and on behalf of their adjusting companies. In the
trial court, TWIA and TFPA moved to transfer venue to Travis County, their
principal place of business. The trial court denied the motion. On interlocutory
appeal, TWIA and TFPA contend that venue is not proper in Galveston County.
We reverse the trial court’s order and direct it to transfer the case to Travis County.
Background
TWIA provides windstorm and hail insurance in the “seacoast territory” of
Texas. TEX. INS. CODE ANN. § 2210.001 (West Supp. 2013). TFPA provides
windstorm and hail insurance in Texas counties not covered by TWIA. See id.
§ 2211.156 (West 2009). Both associations are headquartered in Travis County.
In 2008, Hurricanes Ike, Gustav, and Dolly damaged many properties insured by
TWIA and TFPA.
Boyle owns Boyle Claims, an adjusting company. He resides in
Connecticut, which is his company’s principal place of business. Kaiser owns
Specialty Group, another adjusting company. He resides in Florida, which is his
company’s principal place of business. Boyle and Kaiser allege that Boyle Claims
and Specialty Group, Inc., entered into contracts with TWIA and TFPA to adjust
insurance claims against TWIA and TFPA arising from hurricane damage. Boyle
and Kaiser further allege that TWIA and TFPA underpaid Boyle Claims and
2 Specialty Group for their services. TWIA and TFPA developed all their contracts
and fee schedules with the adjusters in Travis County. Moreover, they made all
their payment decisions concerning adjusters in Travis County. Boyle Claims
adjusted 167 TWIA claims for damage to property in Galveston County, and 1,476
TWIA claims in all other Texas counties combined. Boyle also avers that he and
his employees “met with” TWIA and TFPA employees in Galveston County.
Specialty Group adjusted 975 TWIA claims for property damage in Galveston
County.
Course of proceedings
Boyle and Kaiser sue for breach of contract and other contract–related
claims. They seek to represent a class of all independent adjusters who were
underpaid by TWIA and TFPA for their claims–adjusting services.
Discussion
As a preliminary matter, we determine whether we have appellate
jurisdiction to review the trial court’s interlocutory order denying TWIA and
TFPA’s motion to transfer venue. Generally, we do not have jurisdiction to review
a trial court’s venue determination. TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN.
§ 15.064(a) (West 2002). In a suit involving more than one plaintiff, however, we
have interlocutory appellate jurisdiction to review a trial court’s determination of
whether “a plaintiff did or did not independently establish proper venue.” Id.
3 § 15.003(b)(1) (West Supp. 2013); Ramirez v. Collier, Shannon, Scott, PLLC, 123
S.W.3d 43, 50 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2003, pet. denied); see also
Shamoun & Norman, LLP v. Yarto Int’l Grp., LP, 398 S.W.3d 272, 286–87 & 286
n.18 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2012, pet. dism’d) (discussing 2003 amendment
to section 15.003 and holding that its specific language trumps more general
language of section 15.064).
Standard of review
We review the trial court’s order de novo; we are expressly precluded by
statute from considering the trial court’s ruling under either an abuse–of–discretion
or substantial–evidence standard. TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN.
§ 15.003(c)(1) (West Supp. 2013); Ramirez, 123 S.W.3d at 50.
Applicable law
A plaintiff has the right to maintain suit in a county of proper venue. Wilson
v. Tex. Parks and Wildlife Dep’t, 886 S.W.2d 259, 262 (Tex. 1994). A plaintiff has
the burden to proffer prima facie proof that venue is maintainable in the county of
suit. TEX. R. CIV. P. 87(2)(a), (3)(a); Chiriboga v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co.,
96 S.W.3d 673, 678 (Tex. App.—Austin 2003, no pet.). A plaintiff’s prima facie
proof is not subject to rebuttal, cross–examination, impeachment, or disproof. Ruiz
v. Conoco, Inc., 868 S.W.2d 752, 757 (Tex. 1993). Other evidence in the record,
however, can destroy a plaintiff’s prima facie proof. Id. If a plaintiff fails to
4 establish proper venue, the trial court must transfer venue to the county specified in
the defendant’s motion, provided that the defendant has proffered prima facie
proof that its specified county is one of proper venue. In re Masonite Corp., 997
S.W.2d 194, 197 (Tex. 1999) (orig. proceeding).
To satisfy the general venue rule, a plaintiff must sue (1) “in the county in
which all or a substantial part of the events or omissions giving rise to the claim
occurred;” or (2) “in the county of the defendant’s principal office in this state, if
the defendant is not a natural person.” TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN.
§ 15.002(a)(1), (3) (West 2002). To maintain venue under (1), a plaintiff must
show that its basis for venue is a “substantial part” of the claim at issue.
Chiriboga, 96 S.W.3d at 681.
Analysis
In determining whether a county bears a substantial connection to the suit,
we examine the plaintiff’s claim. Id. at 680. Boyle and Kaiser sue TWIA and
TFPA for breach of contract and other contract–related claims. The elements of a
breach–of–contract claim are: (1) the existence of a valid contract; (2) performance
or tendered performance by the plaintiff; (3) breach of the contract by the
defendant; and (4) damages to the plaintiff resulting from that breach. Wright v.
Christian & Smith, 950 S.W.2d 411, 412 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1997, no
5 pet.) (citing Hussong v. Schwan’s Sales Enters., Inc., 896 S.W.2d 320, 326 (Tex.
App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1995, no writ)).
Boyle and Kaiser link one element of their breach–of–contract claim to
Galveston County: their companies’ performance under the contracts. They allege
that their companies performed under the contracts by adjusting insurance claims
associated with insured properties located in Galveston County.
Section 2211.156 of the Insurance Code precludes TFPA from providing
windstorm and hail insurance coverage in Galveston County because Chapter 2210
provides that TWIA exclusively covers windstorm and eligible risks there. See
TEX. INS. CODE ANN. § 2211.156 (West 2009). Under Chapter 2210, TWIA
provides windstorm and hail insurance in the “seacoast territory” of Texas. Id. §
2210.001 (West Supp. 2013). “Seacoast territory” includes Galveston County. Id.
§ 2210.003(4)(F), (10) (West 2009). Galveston County does not bear a substantial
connection to the claims against TFPA. See Chiriboga, 96 S.W.3d at 681.
With respect to TWIA, Gary Robinson, a TWIA employee, avers that Boyle
Claims adjusted 167 claims in Galveston County arising from Hurricane Ike.
Boyle Claims adjusted 1,476 TWIA claims in other Texas counties arising from
Hurricane Ike. Boyle Claims did not adjust any TWIA claims arising from
Hurricanes Gustav or Dolly. Less than 11% of Boyle Claims’ adjusting services
involved Galveston County property. The only other venue fact that Boyle avers is
6 that he and his employees met with TWIA employees in Galveston County, but he
does not aver that these meetings related to his claims against TWIA in this suit.
Because the percentage of claims adjusted in Galveston County is low and none of
the other elements of Boyle’s cause of action arose there, Boyle’s prima facie
allegation that a substantial part of the facts giving rise to his contract–related
claims occurred in Galveston County fails. See Ruiz, 868 S.W.2d at 757.
Kaiser avers that his company, Specialty Group, adjusted 975 claims for
TWIA in Galveston County. Kaiser does not submit the number of other claims
Specialty Group adjusted for TWIA in other Texas counties. Though Kaiser has
demonstrated that Specialty Group adjusted more claims in Galveston County than
Boyle, without any allegation that the contracts at issue in this case were executed
or breached in Galveston County, and without evidence of the overall number of
claims adjusted under the contracts, the record lacks support for a finding that a
“substantial part” of his contract–related causes of action arose in Galveston
County, as required by the venue statute. TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN.
§ 15.002(a)(1) (West 2002); see also Masonite, 997 S.W.2d at 197.
Boyle and Kaiser rely on three cases to contend that a substantial part of
their claims arose in Galveston County. Boyle and Kaiser first cite Siemens Corp.
v. Bartek, No. 03-04-00613-CV, 2006 WL 1126219, at *6 (Tex. App.—Austin
Apr. 28, 2006, no pet.) (mem. op.). Bartek, however, is distinguishable. There, the
7 plaintiffs were the defendant’s employees and performed their work solely in their
selected county of venue. Id. Moreover, they received telephone calls, emails, and
letters in that county from the defendant in connection with their claim. Id. Here,
Boyle, Kaiser, and their companies are not Texas residents and, at most, partially
performed in Galveston County; Boyle and Kaiser do not allege that they received
communications in Galveston County from TWIA related to their contract claims.
Boyle and Kaiser next cite Duran v. Entrust, Inc., No. 01-08-00589-CV,
2010 WL 1241093, at *7 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Mar. 25, 2010, pet.
denied) (mem. op.). Duran is also distinguishable. There, the plaintiffs
substantially performed, and the defendant breached the contract in the plaintiffs’
selected county of venue. Id. Here, TWIA allegedly breached the contracts by
underpayment in Travis County, not in Galveston County.
Boyle and Kaiser finally cite Brown v. Health & Med. Practice Assocs., Inc.,
No. 09-13-00192-CV, 2013 WL 5658605, at *4 (Tex. App.—Beaumont Oct. 17,
2013, no pet.) (mem. op.). But in Brown, the defendants did not contest that a
substantial part of the plaintiff’s performance occurred in the plaintiff’s selected
county of venue. Id. TWIA, in contrast, denied that a substantial part of Boyle
Claims and Specialty Group’s performance under the adjusting contracts occurred
in Galveston County and proffered an affidavit that a substantial part of the claims
did not arise in Galveston County. In response, Boyle and Kaiser proffered no
8 evidence that their companies’ performance in Galveston County is substantial
relative to their overall claims for breach of contract.
Conclusion
We hold that venue in Galveston County is not proper. Because TWIA and
TFPA maintain their headquarters in Travis County, it is a county of proper venue.
See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 15.002(a)(3) (West 2002). Accordingly,
we reverse and direct the trial court to transfer the case to Travis County. See
Masonite, 997 S.W.2d at 197.
Jane Bland Justice
Panel consists of Justices Keyes, Bland, and Brown.