Mr. Justice White,
after making the foregoing statement, delivered the opinion of the court.
The various assignments of error relied upon in the brief of counsel for plaintiff in error will be disposed of in the order therein discussed.
First. In several assignments it is claimed' that the Circuit Court of Appeals erred in holding that the trial court properly admitted the evidence of witnesses to the effect that at or about the time of the fire complained of, and about the time of the passing of the locomotive which it was charged occasioned the fire, the witnesses observed other fires at various points not far removed from the place where the cotton was burned and south of and near to the railway track. In the light of the decision of this court in
Grand Trunk Railroad Co.
v.
Richardson,
91 U. S. 454, 470, we thinkthis evidence was competent as haying a tendency to establish that the destruction of the property of the plaintiff was caused by the locomotive in question, and as tending to show negligence in its construction or operation.
Second. In an assignment of error it was contended that the appellate court erred ih holding that the trial court properly admitted testimony to the effect that'certain witnesses did not know of and saw.no opportunity for the cotton to have caught fire except from the locomotive in question. The evidence in the record is in narrative form, and that portion relating to the criticized testimony merely recites that at the time sáid evidence was offered from each witness
“
defendant then and there objected, because the evidence wás of a negative character -and would not be relevant, and further because it was in the nature of a conclusion of the witness to the effect that the fire • had originated from the engine.” Whether the question which elicited the testimony complained of was objectionable cannot be determined from the record, nor does the objection seem to have been addressed to an omission to state the facts which induced the belief that ino other opportunity existed for the cotton to have caught fire than was afforded by the operation of the locomotive. Evidence of the surrounding circumstances
and conditions which by a process of exclusion would have tended to establish that the burning of the cotton could not have been caused other than by the locomotive in question would, we think, have been clearly relevant. As the record stands we think the assignment in question was without merit.
Third. A further contention is that the appellate court erred in permitting a question to be answered despite the objection that
“
the evidence sought to be elicted was not. such as was the subject of expert testimony, bat the endeavor was to substitute a conclusion of the witness for that of the jury, and it was not allowable by a hypothetical question, such as this and the answer thereto, to prove the bad equipment of the engine in the face of the actual testimony that the equipment was all in good order.” The following is the question referred to:
“ Suppose an engine should come along, and in the course of four miles and a quarter should set out say, eight fires, should set fire to the grass in some of these places, set fire to shavings sixty feet from the right of way, set cotton on 'fire, and that live cinders could be seen falling and did fall.and smoked after falling on the ground over the work benches and things and over platforms, would you say there was anything wrong about the operation or construction of that engine, or would you say it was all right; and suppose, instead of being eight fires, there were five under the conditions named to you, wjhat would you say ? ” .
The question was proper. The witness was foreman of the boiler department at the main shops of the defendant, having to do with the building of boilers, and was in special control of the part of the shops which had to do with spark arresters. The hypothetical question was based upon evidence, and if the witness was competent — as the evidence showed he was — to testify whether or not an engine so conducting itself was or was not in good working order or properly operated,- we think the jury should have had the'benefit of his opinion. Inasmuch as there was evidence to the effect that it is impossible, even with the use of the most effective spark arresters, to prevent the escape of sparks, a case was presented justifying the introduction of expert testimony to aid the jury in determining the ultimate
fact whether an engine was in good repair and properly operated which conducted itself as the evidence tended" to show this locomotive did.
Transportation Line
v. Hope, 95 U. S. 297, 298.
Fourth. It is asserted that the appellate court erred in holding that prejudicial error was not committed in permitting the deposition of a witness to be read when the witness was actually in court and his presence was known to the plaintiff. We adopt as our own the language of the Circuit Court of Appeals "on this point:
“ In view of the. fact that the witness was called by the defendant after the deposition had been admitted over the defendant’s objection, and gave fully his explanation of the deposition and his testimony as to the subject to which it related, we conclude that the error committed is not sufficiently grave in its results to require us to reverse the case.” •
Fifth. It is claimed that the appellate court erred in holding that the trial court rightly left it to the jury to determine that if the railway company failed to use the most approved spark arrester, and plaintiff was free from contributory negligence, he could recover. This contention is based upon the assumption that there was no evidence tending to show that the most approved spark arrester was not used. - We do not pause to analyze the evidence on the subject, because we think it not necessary to do so. The proposition, considering it in the light most favorable for the plaintiff in error, is bujt. an abstraction, and assumes that because it may be that at one time.the spark ar-rester was of the most approved pattern it continued to be such, even although it was not in good repair at the time of the fire and such defective condition occasioned the loss complained of. The court instructed that the jury must give a verdict for the railroad if it was found that it “ did use the most approved spark arrester, at the time in good condition, and that- the engine was then and there operated with ordinary care and prudence ; ■” and, in stating the converse of the proposition, said:
“
But if the railroad failed to use the most approved spark ar-rester and apparatus connected with the engine as in ordinary use by properly conducted railways to prevent the escape of
fire, in so far as it could consistently be dohe with the business
}>
which the railroad was carrying on, a verdict should be returned against the railroad, provided it was found that the plaintiff Watson had not contributed to the injury.
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Mr. Justice White,
after making the foregoing statement, delivered the opinion of the court.
The various assignments of error relied upon in the brief of counsel for plaintiff in error will be disposed of in the order therein discussed.
First. In several assignments it is claimed' that the Circuit Court of Appeals erred in holding that the trial court properly admitted the evidence of witnesses to the effect that at or about the time of the fire complained of, and about the time of the passing of the locomotive which it was charged occasioned the fire, the witnesses observed other fires at various points not far removed from the place where the cotton was burned and south of and near to the railway track. In the light of the decision of this court in
Grand Trunk Railroad Co.
v.
Richardson,
91 U. S. 454, 470, we thinkthis evidence was competent as haying a tendency to establish that the destruction of the property of the plaintiff was caused by the locomotive in question, and as tending to show negligence in its construction or operation.
Second. In an assignment of error it was contended that the appellate court erred ih holding that the trial court properly admitted testimony to the effect that'certain witnesses did not know of and saw.no opportunity for the cotton to have caught fire except from the locomotive in question. The evidence in the record is in narrative form, and that portion relating to the criticized testimony merely recites that at the time sáid evidence was offered from each witness
“
defendant then and there objected, because the evidence wás of a negative character -and would not be relevant, and further because it was in the nature of a conclusion of the witness to the effect that the fire • had originated from the engine.” Whether the question which elicited the testimony complained of was objectionable cannot be determined from the record, nor does the objection seem to have been addressed to an omission to state the facts which induced the belief that ino other opportunity existed for the cotton to have caught fire than was afforded by the operation of the locomotive. Evidence of the surrounding circumstances
and conditions which by a process of exclusion would have tended to establish that the burning of the cotton could not have been caused other than by the locomotive in question would, we think, have been clearly relevant. As the record stands we think the assignment in question was without merit.
Third. A further contention is that the appellate court erred in permitting a question to be answered despite the objection that
“
the evidence sought to be elicted was not. such as was the subject of expert testimony, bat the endeavor was to substitute a conclusion of the witness for that of the jury, and it was not allowable by a hypothetical question, such as this and the answer thereto, to prove the bad equipment of the engine in the face of the actual testimony that the equipment was all in good order.” The following is the question referred to:
“ Suppose an engine should come along, and in the course of four miles and a quarter should set out say, eight fires, should set fire to the grass in some of these places, set fire to shavings sixty feet from the right of way, set cotton on 'fire, and that live cinders could be seen falling and did fall.and smoked after falling on the ground over the work benches and things and over platforms, would you say there was anything wrong about the operation or construction of that engine, or would you say it was all right; and suppose, instead of being eight fires, there were five under the conditions named to you, wjhat would you say ? ” .
The question was proper. The witness was foreman of the boiler department at the main shops of the defendant, having to do with the building of boilers, and was in special control of the part of the shops which had to do with spark arresters. The hypothetical question was based upon evidence, and if the witness was competent — as the evidence showed he was — to testify whether or not an engine so conducting itself was or was not in good working order or properly operated,- we think the jury should have had the'benefit of his opinion. Inasmuch as there was evidence to the effect that it is impossible, even with the use of the most effective spark arresters, to prevent the escape of sparks, a case was presented justifying the introduction of expert testimony to aid the jury in determining the ultimate
fact whether an engine was in good repair and properly operated which conducted itself as the evidence tended" to show this locomotive did.
Transportation Line
v. Hope, 95 U. S. 297, 298.
Fourth. It is asserted that the appellate court erred in holding that prejudicial error was not committed in permitting the deposition of a witness to be read when the witness was actually in court and his presence was known to the plaintiff. We adopt as our own the language of the Circuit Court of Appeals "on this point:
“ In view of the. fact that the witness was called by the defendant after the deposition had been admitted over the defendant’s objection, and gave fully his explanation of the deposition and his testimony as to the subject to which it related, we conclude that the error committed is not sufficiently grave in its results to require us to reverse the case.” •
Fifth. It is claimed that the appellate court erred in holding that the trial court rightly left it to the jury to determine that if the railway company failed to use the most approved spark arrester, and plaintiff was free from contributory negligence, he could recover. This contention is based upon the assumption that there was no evidence tending to show that the most approved spark arrester was not used. - We do not pause to analyze the evidence on the subject, because we think it not necessary to do so. The proposition, considering it in the light most favorable for the plaintiff in error, is bujt. an abstraction, and assumes that because it may be that at one time.the spark ar-rester was of the most approved pattern it continued to be such, even although it was not in good repair at the time of the fire and such defective condition occasioned the loss complained of. The court instructed that the jury must give a verdict for the railroad if it was found that it “ did use the most approved spark arrester, at the time in good condition, and that- the engine was then and there operated with ordinary care and prudence ; ■” and, in stating the converse of the proposition, said:
“
But if the railroad failed to use the most approved spark ar-rester and apparatus connected with the engine as in ordinary use by properly conducted railways to prevent the escape of
fire, in so far as it could consistently be dohe with the business
}>
which the railroad was carrying on, a verdict should be returned against the railroad, provided it was found that the plaintiff Watson had not contributed to the injury. This charge as a whole we think is not amenable to the objection that it left' to the jury to consider the original construction of the spark ar-rester, irrespective of its condition at the time of the fire. The expression,
“
as ordinarily used by properly conducted railways,” of necessity implied that the apparatus must have been kept in proper condition for use. To construe to the contrary' would presuppose that conflicting measures of liability were given to the jury by the court when it pointed out the opposing views which the jury were authorized to deduce from the proof. Thus rightly construing the charge, there was beyond peradventure . evidence to be weighed by the jury in determining whether the spark arrester was or was not in satisfactory working order at the time the cotton wás set on fire. Several witnesses testified that the engine emitted considerable fire and cinders, and the evidence upon which the hypothetical question quoted in subdivision third of this opinion was based clearly rebuts the assumption that there was not evidence of circumstances to be considered by the jury in connection with the evidence introduced by the defendant of the condition of the engine, spark arrester, etc., as disclosed by an inspection thereof. • So, also, the answer to the hypothetical question clearly contained matter pertinent for the consideration of the jury in determining whether the engine was properly equipped and operated. The witness said:
“ An engine that will do as you have stated is doing something unusual, very unusual. If there was dry and combustible material close to the track a spark from the ash pan might drop among it and set fire. What you said might have occurred, but it would be very unusual. I could not say that there would be anything wrong in the operation of the engine, but there might have been something deranged about the ash pan, is the only way I could account for it. If the engine did set out sparks in the manner stated by you, I cannot believe that the engine wan in quite perfect condition.”
Sixth. A further assignment of error is to the effect that the appellate' court erred in holding that error was not committed in refusing to charge the jury that plaintiff in placing his cotton upon the platform assumed the risks which were to be anticipated from engines properly equipped with appliances for preventing the escape of sparks and properly operated, and in saying to them that contributory negligence and assumed risk amount to the same thing. But the court charged the jury that even though the cotton was set on fire by sparks communicated from the engine, yet if the defendant used the most approved spark arrester and the engine was operated with ordinary care and prudence, the plaintiff could not recover. As the court also fully instructed the jury as to what would have constituted contributory negligence on the part of Watson as respected the storing of his cotton on the platform, and informed the jury that recovery could not be had if there was such contributory negligence, it is quite clear that the jury could not have been misled by the failure of the trial court to point out the distinction between assumed risk and contributory negligence. It is not perceived, for instance, how the jury could have been aided in reaching a conclusion if, in addition to being informed that the plaintiff could not recover if the railway company was not negligent in respect to the equipment and operation of the engine, they were told that the plaintiff “ assumed the risks which were to be anticipated from engines properly equipped with appliances for preventing the escape of sparks, and properly operated.”
Seventh. The remaining assignment of error is to the effect that error was committed by the appellate court in affirming the judgment despite the fact that the trial court refused to admit in evidence the stipulations and exemptions from liability for loss caused by fire contained in the lease under which the lessee held possession and occupancy of the storage platform on which the cotton in question was when destroyed by fire. As Watson w;as not in privity with the lessee — and it is conceded he had no knowledge of such stipulations when he stored his property on the platform — there was no tenable ground on which to contend that he was-in anywise bound by the stipulations in question.
Judgment affirmed.