IN THE SUPREME COURT OF TEXAS 444444444444 NO . 14-0694 444444444444
TEXAS DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC SAFETY, PETITIONER, v.
MERARDO BONILLA, RESPONDENT
4444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444 ON PETITION FOR REVIEW FROM THE COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE EIGHTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
PER CURIAM
Merardo Bonilla sustained injuries in an automobile accident that occurred when a Texas
Department of Public Safety (DPS) trooper ran a red light while allegedly pursuing a reckless driver.
Bonilla sued DPS, relying on the Texas Tort Claims Act’s sovereign-immunity waiver.1 In a
combined motion for summary judgment and plea to the jurisdiction, DPS claimed it retained
immunity from suit based on (1) the trooper’s official immunity and (2) the emergency-response
exception to the Tort Claims Act’s immunity waiver.2 The trial court denied DPS’s motion and plea.
On interlocutory appeal, the court of appeals affirmed, holding that (1) DPS failed to conclusively
establish the good-faith element of its official-immunity defense, (2) DPS’s summary-judgment
evidence was incompetent to establish good faith because it failed to address whether the trooper
1 See T EX . C IV . P RAC . & R EM . C O D E § 101.021.
2 See id. § 101.055 (excluding certain governmental functions from immunity waiver); Univ. of Hous. v. Clark, 38 S.W .3d 578, 580 (Tex. 2000) (“W hen official immunity shields a governmental employee from liability, sovereign immunity shields the governmental employer from vicarious liability.”). considered alternative courses of action, and (3) Bonilla raised a fact issue regarding applicability
of the emergency-response exception.3 In two appellate issues, DPS contends the court of appeals’
analysis was flawed in several respects.
We have jurisdiction to consider the matter due to a conflict between the court of appeals’
opinion and our precedent establishing the good-faith standard applicable to DPS’s official-immunity
defense.4 Because the court of appeals applied a materially different legal standard, we reverse the
court of appeals’ judgment and remand to that court for further proceedings consistent with this
opinion.
Official immunity is an affirmative defense that protects a governmental employee from
personal liability and, in doing so, preserves a governmental employer’s sovereign immunity from
suit for vicarious liability.5 A governmental employee is entitled to official immunity for the good-
faith performance of discretionary duties within the scope of the employee’s authority.6 The issue
in this case is whether DPS’s summary-judgment evidence conclusively established the “good faith”
element of the defense.
3 ___ S.W .3d ___, No. 08-13-00117-CV, 2014 W L 2451176,*1, *6-8 (Tex. App.— El Paso May 30, 2014).
4 See T EX . G O V ’T C O D E §§ 22.001(a)(2), (e), .225(c); City of San Antonio v. Ytuarte, 229 S.W .3d 318, 319 (Tex. 2007); Clark, 38 S.W .3d at 580-81; Wadewitz v. Montgomery, 951 S.W .2d 464, 466 (Tex. 1997); City of Lancaster v. Chambers, 883 S.W .2d 650, 656 (Tex. 1994).
5 Clark, 38 S.W .3d at 580 (citing Chambers, 883 S.W .2d at 653 and DeWitt v. Harris County, 904 S.W .2d 650, 653 (Tex. 1995)); see also T EX . C IV . P RAC . & R EM . C O D E § 101.021 (governmental unit liable if “the employee would be personally liable to the claimant according to Texas law” or “if the governmental unit would, were it a private person, be liable to the claimant according to Texas law”).
6 Wadewitz, 951 S.W .2d at 466.
2 Good faith is a test of objective legal reasonableness.7 As we have consistently held, a law-
enforcement officer can obtain summary judgment in a pursuit or emergency-response case by
proving that a reasonably prudent officer, under the same or similar circumstances, could have
believed the need for the officer’s actions outweighed a clear risk of harm to the public from those
actions.8 “‘Need’ refers to the urgency of the circumstances requiring police intervention, while
‘risk’ refers to the countervailing public safety concerns.”9
Good faith does not require proof that all reasonably prudent officers would have resolved
the need/risk analysis in the same manner under similar circumstances.10 Correspondingly, evidence
of good faith is not controverted merely because a reasonably prudent officer could have made a
different decision.11 Rather, when the summary-judgment record bears competent evidence of good
faith, that element of the official-immunity defense is established unless the plaintiff shows that no
reasonable person in the officer’s position could have thought the facts justified the officer’s
actions.12
7 Clark, 38 S.W .3d at 580-81; Ytuarte, 229 S.W .3d at 320.
8 See, e.g., Ytuarte, 229 S.W .3d at 321; Clark, 38 S.W .3d at 581; Wadewitz, 951 S.W .2d at 466 & 467; Chambers, 883 S.W .2d at 656; see also Telthorster v. Tennell, 92 S.W .3d 457, 465 (Tex. 2002) (in arrest cases, good faith exists if “a reasonably prudent officer, under the same or similar circumstances, could have believed that his conduct was justified based on the information he possessed when the conduct occurred”).
9 Ytuarte, 229 S.W .3d at 320.
10 See Chambers, 883 S.W .2d at 657.
11 Id.
12 Id.
3 The court of appeals held that DPS failed to conclusively establish the good-faith element
of its derivative immunity defense because “[u]nder the facts adduced by Bonilla, . . . a reasonably
prudent police officer could determine that the need to stop the speeding truck in order to prevent
an accident was outweighed by a more immediate risk of causing an accident himself” under the
particular circumstances in this case.13 The court afforded decisive weight to evidence that a
reasonably prudent officer could have made a different decision. But that is not the correct
evaluative standard. “The relevant test . . . is not whether the officers assessed the needs and risks
differently, but whether no reasonable prudent officer could have assessed the need and risks as the
[law-enforcement officer] did in this case.”14
Viewed properly, the good-faith standard is analogous to an abuse-of-discretion standard that
protects “‘all but the plainly incompetent or those who knowingly violate the law.’”15 It is “not
equivalent to a general negligence test, which addresses what a reasonable person would have done”;
thus, “[e]vidence of negligence alone will not controvert competent evidence of good faith.”16
Similarly, evidence that a reasonable law-enforcement officer could have resolved the need/risk
analysis differently does not overcome competent evidence of good faith. The appropriate focus is
what a reasonable officer could have believed,17 and the determinative inquiry is whether any
13 2014 W L 2451176, at *7.
14 Ytuarte, 229 S.W .3d at 321.
15 Id. (quoting Chambers, 883 S.W .2d at 656 & 657 n.7).
16 Wadewitz, 951 S.W .2d at 467 n.1.
17 Id.
4 reasonably prudent officer possessed of the same information could have determined the trooper’s
actions were justified.18
Although the court of appeals framed the good-faith test inaccurately in this case, remand for
reconsideration would be fruitless if the court were correct that DPS’s summary-judgment evidence
is fatally deficient. The court of appeals determined, in an alternative holding, that DPS’s summary-
judgment evidence was not competent to establish good faith because it failed to address whether
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IN THE SUPREME COURT OF TEXAS 444444444444 NO . 14-0694 444444444444
TEXAS DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC SAFETY, PETITIONER, v.
MERARDO BONILLA, RESPONDENT
4444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444 ON PETITION FOR REVIEW FROM THE COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE EIGHTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
PER CURIAM
Merardo Bonilla sustained injuries in an automobile accident that occurred when a Texas
Department of Public Safety (DPS) trooper ran a red light while allegedly pursuing a reckless driver.
Bonilla sued DPS, relying on the Texas Tort Claims Act’s sovereign-immunity waiver.1 In a
combined motion for summary judgment and plea to the jurisdiction, DPS claimed it retained
immunity from suit based on (1) the trooper’s official immunity and (2) the emergency-response
exception to the Tort Claims Act’s immunity waiver.2 The trial court denied DPS’s motion and plea.
On interlocutory appeal, the court of appeals affirmed, holding that (1) DPS failed to conclusively
establish the good-faith element of its official-immunity defense, (2) DPS’s summary-judgment
evidence was incompetent to establish good faith because it failed to address whether the trooper
1 See T EX . C IV . P RAC . & R EM . C O D E § 101.021.
2 See id. § 101.055 (excluding certain governmental functions from immunity waiver); Univ. of Hous. v. Clark, 38 S.W .3d 578, 580 (Tex. 2000) (“W hen official immunity shields a governmental employee from liability, sovereign immunity shields the governmental employer from vicarious liability.”). considered alternative courses of action, and (3) Bonilla raised a fact issue regarding applicability
of the emergency-response exception.3 In two appellate issues, DPS contends the court of appeals’
analysis was flawed in several respects.
We have jurisdiction to consider the matter due to a conflict between the court of appeals’
opinion and our precedent establishing the good-faith standard applicable to DPS’s official-immunity
defense.4 Because the court of appeals applied a materially different legal standard, we reverse the
court of appeals’ judgment and remand to that court for further proceedings consistent with this
opinion.
Official immunity is an affirmative defense that protects a governmental employee from
personal liability and, in doing so, preserves a governmental employer’s sovereign immunity from
suit for vicarious liability.5 A governmental employee is entitled to official immunity for the good-
faith performance of discretionary duties within the scope of the employee’s authority.6 The issue
in this case is whether DPS’s summary-judgment evidence conclusively established the “good faith”
element of the defense.
3 ___ S.W .3d ___, No. 08-13-00117-CV, 2014 W L 2451176,*1, *6-8 (Tex. App.— El Paso May 30, 2014).
4 See T EX . G O V ’T C O D E §§ 22.001(a)(2), (e), .225(c); City of San Antonio v. Ytuarte, 229 S.W .3d 318, 319 (Tex. 2007); Clark, 38 S.W .3d at 580-81; Wadewitz v. Montgomery, 951 S.W .2d 464, 466 (Tex. 1997); City of Lancaster v. Chambers, 883 S.W .2d 650, 656 (Tex. 1994).
5 Clark, 38 S.W .3d at 580 (citing Chambers, 883 S.W .2d at 653 and DeWitt v. Harris County, 904 S.W .2d 650, 653 (Tex. 1995)); see also T EX . C IV . P RAC . & R EM . C O D E § 101.021 (governmental unit liable if “the employee would be personally liable to the claimant according to Texas law” or “if the governmental unit would, were it a private person, be liable to the claimant according to Texas law”).
6 Wadewitz, 951 S.W .2d at 466.
2 Good faith is a test of objective legal reasonableness.7 As we have consistently held, a law-
enforcement officer can obtain summary judgment in a pursuit or emergency-response case by
proving that a reasonably prudent officer, under the same or similar circumstances, could have
believed the need for the officer’s actions outweighed a clear risk of harm to the public from those
actions.8 “‘Need’ refers to the urgency of the circumstances requiring police intervention, while
‘risk’ refers to the countervailing public safety concerns.”9
Good faith does not require proof that all reasonably prudent officers would have resolved
the need/risk analysis in the same manner under similar circumstances.10 Correspondingly, evidence
of good faith is not controverted merely because a reasonably prudent officer could have made a
different decision.11 Rather, when the summary-judgment record bears competent evidence of good
faith, that element of the official-immunity defense is established unless the plaintiff shows that no
reasonable person in the officer’s position could have thought the facts justified the officer’s
actions.12
7 Clark, 38 S.W .3d at 580-81; Ytuarte, 229 S.W .3d at 320.
8 See, e.g., Ytuarte, 229 S.W .3d at 321; Clark, 38 S.W .3d at 581; Wadewitz, 951 S.W .2d at 466 & 467; Chambers, 883 S.W .2d at 656; see also Telthorster v. Tennell, 92 S.W .3d 457, 465 (Tex. 2002) (in arrest cases, good faith exists if “a reasonably prudent officer, under the same or similar circumstances, could have believed that his conduct was justified based on the information he possessed when the conduct occurred”).
9 Ytuarte, 229 S.W .3d at 320.
10 See Chambers, 883 S.W .2d at 657.
11 Id.
12 Id.
3 The court of appeals held that DPS failed to conclusively establish the good-faith element
of its derivative immunity defense because “[u]nder the facts adduced by Bonilla, . . . a reasonably
prudent police officer could determine that the need to stop the speeding truck in order to prevent
an accident was outweighed by a more immediate risk of causing an accident himself” under the
particular circumstances in this case.13 The court afforded decisive weight to evidence that a
reasonably prudent officer could have made a different decision. But that is not the correct
evaluative standard. “The relevant test . . . is not whether the officers assessed the needs and risks
differently, but whether no reasonable prudent officer could have assessed the need and risks as the
[law-enforcement officer] did in this case.”14
Viewed properly, the good-faith standard is analogous to an abuse-of-discretion standard that
protects “‘all but the plainly incompetent or those who knowingly violate the law.’”15 It is “not
equivalent to a general negligence test, which addresses what a reasonable person would have done”;
thus, “[e]vidence of negligence alone will not controvert competent evidence of good faith.”16
Similarly, evidence that a reasonable law-enforcement officer could have resolved the need/risk
analysis differently does not overcome competent evidence of good faith. The appropriate focus is
what a reasonable officer could have believed,17 and the determinative inquiry is whether any
13 2014 W L 2451176, at *7.
14 Ytuarte, 229 S.W .3d at 321.
15 Id. (quoting Chambers, 883 S.W .2d at 656 & 657 n.7).
16 Wadewitz, 951 S.W .2d at 467 n.1.
17 Id.
4 reasonably prudent officer possessed of the same information could have determined the trooper’s
actions were justified.18
Although the court of appeals framed the good-faith test inaccurately in this case, remand for
reconsideration would be fruitless if the court were correct that DPS’s summary-judgment evidence
is fatally deficient. The court of appeals determined, in an alternative holding, that DPS’s summary-
judgment evidence was not competent to establish good faith because it failed to address whether
the trooper considered alternative courses of action as an essential part of the need/risk balancing
inquiry.19
Evidence of an officer’s good faith must be substantiated with facts showing the officer
assessed both the need to apprehend the suspect and the risk of harm to the public.20 Summary-
judgment proof does not provide a “suitable basis” for determining good faith if it fails to address
several factors we have identified as bearing on the need/risk analysis, including the availability of
any alternative action.21 Good faith is not necessarily negated if the summary-judgment evidence
18 Chambers, 883 S.W .2d at 657.
19 2014 W L 2451176, at *8.
20 Clark, 38 S.W .3d at 581.
21 See Wadewitz, 951 S.W .2d at 467 (elaborating on the good-faith test’s need and risk elements and identifying several factors implicated by those inquiries); see also Clark, 38 S.W .3d at 581, 583, 587-88 (explaining that a law- enforcement officer’s summary-judgment proof does not offer a suitable basis for determining good faith unless it sufficiently addresses all the Wadewitz need/risk factors).
5 reveals that the officer had a viable alternative, but the evidence must nevertheless show the officer
assessed the availability of any alternative course of action.22
To establish good faith in this case, DPS relied almost exclusively on the trooper’s account
of the incident, as reflected in his affidavit, deposition testimony, and incident report.23 The trooper
testified that he observed a vehicle speed past him, weaving in and out of traffic. Although the
trooper had decided to stop the vehicle, he explained that he did not immediately do so because there
was no improved shoulder and he believed the location was unsafe to make a traffic stop. Very
shortly thereafter, however, the vehicle failed to yield at a red light. The trooper testified that he
believed the driver posed a risk of harm to the public but, at that point, he did not have sufficient
time to call in the license-plate number to identify the driver of the vehicle. The trooper therefore
decided to pursue the vehicle through the intersection and, according to him, did so only after
slowing at the intersection and activating his emergency overhead lights. He stated that he did not
have time to activate his emergency siren before he collided with Bonilla.
The court of appeals held that DPS’s summary-judgment evidence was not competent to
prove good faith because it did not “establish[] that [the trooper] considered whether any alternative
22 Clark, 38 S.W .3d at 588 (“The availability of alternatives to pursuit is just one factor of the need/risk balancing test and the existence of alternatives to pursuit does not alone determine good faith.”); cf. id. at 583 (“W e recognize that, depending on the [exigent] circumstances, an officer may not be able to thoroughly analyze each need or risk factor, and that this alone should not prevent the officer from establishing good faith.”).
23 Bonilla disputes the trooper’s version of events in several material respects, but Bonilla’s controverting evidence is not germane to the competence of DPS’s evidence in the first instance.
6 course of action was available to stop the speeding truck.”24 We disagree with the court’s
characterization of the evidence.
Magic words are not required to establish that a law-enforcement officer considered the
need/risk balancing factors.25 Summary judgment on official immunity requires that a movant
establish facts upon which the court could base its legal conclusion, but no particular words are
required.26 In University of Houston v. Clark, we concluded that an officer’s affidavit testimony
adequately addressed alternatives to pursuit by stating:
“[T]he suspect [in a physical altercation on university property] had not been identified before he fled the foot patrol officers[, and] [t]he manner in which the suspect operated his vehicle and the high rate of speed at which he traveled . . . posed a danger to the public.”27
Another officer’s affidavit was likewise sufficient to address alternatives by averring:
“[I] followed the suspect at a distance and was not able to get close enough to the suspect vehicle to obtain its license plate number. I had expected the suspect vehicle to stop when the driver observed my overhead lights and siren behind him,” but he did not.28
Though not elaborately discussed in DPS’s summary-judgment proof, we conclude DPS’s
evidence is not significantly different from the evidence in Clark that we found adequate to address
24 2014 W L 2451176, at *8.
25 Wadewitz, 951 S.W .2d at 467 (delineating factors that must be assessed in determining good faith in an emergency-response action); see also Clark, 38 S.W .3d at 586 (consideration of Wadewitz factors required to evaluate good faith in pursuit case).
26 Clark, 38 S.W .3d at 586.
27 Id. at 585.
28 Id. at 586.
7 the alternative-options element of the need/risk analysis. DPS’s summary-judgment evidence
detailed the specific circumstances giving rise to pursuit and emphasized the potential danger to the
public due to the subject vehicle’s erratic and unsafe activity. Although not explicitly addressing
alternatives to pursuit, the trooper implicitly discounted the viability of other alternatives based on
his stated belief that immediate action was necessary and his inability to identify the driver at that
time. The fact that the trooper did not expressly identify “alternatives” that may have been
considered does not render the evidence deficient. The court of appeals erred in holding otherwise.
Having determined that the court of appeals applied an inaccurate good-faith standard and
erroneously concluded that DPS failed to adduce evidence addressing alternatives to pursuit, we
reverse the court’s judgment and, without hearing oral argument, remand the cause to that court for
reconsideration. See TEX . R. APP . P. 59.1. DPS’s second issue, which challenges denial of its plea
to the jurisdiction based on the Tort Claims Act’s emergency exception, presents no meritorious
issue for our review.
OPINION DELIVERED: December 4, 2015