Texas and Pacific Railway Co. v. Reeder

170 U.S. 530, 18 S. Ct. 705, 42 L. Ed. 1134, 1898 U.S. LEXIS 1564

• Court: Supreme Court of the United States
• Decided: May 9, 1898
• Docket: 208
• Status: Published

Opinion

Mr. Justice Brown,

after "'stating the case, delivered the opinion of the court.

The several assignments of error in this case all resolve themselves into the two questions whether the defendant railway company was entitled to a peremptory instruction in its favor, or, in case of a refusal of such instruction, whether it was entitled to submit to the jury the question of the contributory negligence of the plaintiff in the mere fact of riding in the stock car.

In this connection defendant relies upon the ninth clause of the contract under which plaintiff was travelling and transporting his stock, which provided that “ the person or persons in charge of live stock covered by this contract shall remain in the caboose car attached to the train while the same is in motion.” This clause was undoubtedly intended to provide a safe place for drovers in attendance upon their stock, although in the' case of emigrants accompanying their outfits it was a common custom to permit them to ride in the car with their outfits.. But, assuming that the plaintiff was bound by this stipulation, it was manifestly obligatory upon him only while the car was in motion, the design evidently being that drovers should be permitted to visit their stock cars and see to their cattle while the train Ayas at rest. Indeed, the contract specially provided'that the plaintiff should “assume all risk and expense of feeding, Avatering, bedding and otherwise caring for the live stock provided for. by this contract, Avhile in yards, pens or elsewhere.” The stipulation Avas doubtless . primarily intended to permit drovers to visit thejr stock cars while the train. Avas stopping at its regular stations, but as there- is no ' such limitation in the contract, Ave think the plaintiff Avas not guilty of contributory negligence in attend- . ing to his cattle Avhenever the train was not in motion, Avhatever may. have been the cause of its stoppage, and Avhether the same occurred at a station or not. The company might doubtless have restricted the right of its drovers to visit their stock Avhile the train Avas stopping at its regular stations, but it-did not choose to do- so, and there evidently was as much necessity in the present case for the plaintiff to care for his stock and to protect it against injury as there Avould have been if the train had been stopping at such a. station.

If the plaintiff, while riding in a caboose, might, Avithin the terms of the contract, have been visiting his'cattle at the time the accident, occurred, then the fact that he Avas actually riding in the same car with' them Avhile the car Avas in motion becomes immaterial, since the propriety of his action in being in'the stock car must be gauged by the fact Avhether the train Avas in motion or not. Had the accident occurred Avhile the plaintiff should have been riding in the caboose,' that is, Avhile the- train was in motion, it Avould have been strong, if not conclusive,- evidence of contributory negligence on his. part.

What then is meant by the train being “ in motion ” ? The jar or sudden jolt which occasioned the injury doubtless presupposes a momentary motion of the car, but that is an extremely limited sense of the word, and one inconsistent with the obvious purpose of the license, since, while stopping at a regular station, freight trains are frequently subject to be moved short distances in order to drop off or take on cars, to be switched on side tracks in order to accommodate passenger trains, or to take on fuel or water. If cars were held to be in motion while making these trifling changes, the privilege of entering a stock car while the train was at rest would be of no practical value. ' The more reasonable interpretation is that by the word “ motion,” as here used, is intended that continuous movement of the cars towards their destination which is commonly understood when we speak of moving trains or trains in motion. Whether the train was really in motion was a question which was submitted to the jury, and we have no criticism to make of the instruction of the court in that particular: “ That if you believe from the evidence that the plaintiff, Alexander Keeder, was riding in the stock car in which his horses and cattle and goods were being transported over defendant’s road, and that while the train was stationary, his cattle being down, and needed his attention, he at the time, in a prudent and careful manner, attempted to or did give the horses and cattle the attention or assistance which they needed, and that the plaintiff was injured at that time by a sudden and unusual hard jerk or jolt or bumping of the cars in which he was riding, through and by the negligence of the defendant company or its operatives, you will find for the plaintiff, and assess actual damages as hereinafter instructed.”

Evidently the action of the plaintiff upon the occasion ini question was entitled to some liberality of construction and' was dictated by a manifest prudence for the care of his stock.. In his deposition he states:

“ My car was next to the caboose and received the full force of the jerk and threw several of my cows down and the horses on top of them ; the jar broke the halters that held the horses; I saw they were being killed by the repeated jerks and I climbed in the trough (I was afraid to get- in where they were in any other way) and held on to the side of the car; while in that position they uncoupled the train and took a part of it up the grade, leaving.my car stationary for a time; I then managed to get the stock all up and was still holding on to the side of the car and up in the feed trough, when the engine came back against the train without my knowing that it was coming with such force as to throw me out of the trough, but I held on to the side of the-car, knowing that if I got under my stock I would be killed. The car jerked my arm out of place in the-shoulder joint. Soon afterwards I called the conductor and he came to my assistance. . . . The engine came back against the car with great force and then plunged forward taking up the slack, and jerked the car I was in with such force as to hurt me, as already stated. I was up in the feed trough and was just going to get down when the jerk came, and was entirely unexpected to me.”

When on the stand the plaintiff testified:

“ Just before I was injured the jar knocked three cows down, and two of the horses fell on top of them, and when the car stopped I got down in front to get them up again, and after I got them up I was going back to take the seat again, and when I was about a foot from the end a jar came and knocked me óff my feet, and I grabbed hold of some iron, and that swung me back this way until they got started all right, and after they got started on the run, and then I got down and got on my feet again;-as soon as they stopped again I called to the conductor and brakemen.”

The truth seems to be that the train was not provided with ■sufficient traction power, and that a stronger or additional locomotive should have been employed. If the train was not in motion -when the accident occurred, we think that, in view of the obviously negligent ci nduct of the defendant, motives of humanity as- well as of prudence may have required of the .plaintiff more than ordinary care in looking after and protecting his stock.

The company was evidently not entitled to an instruction that plaintiff, by riding in the stock car while the train was in-motion, was guilty of contributory negligence, or even to go to the jury on that point. The real question was whether the train was actually in motion when the injury was received, and, if there was any error at all in submitting that question to the jury, it was not one of which the defendant was entitled to complain.

There was no error in the action of the Court of Appeals, and its judgment is, therefore,

Affirmed.

Me. Justice White dissented.