In The Court of Appeals Sixth Appellate District of Texas at Texarkana
No. 06-16-00194-CR
TERRY RIDGE, Appellant
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
On Appeal from the 124th District Court Gregg County, Texas Trial Court No. 45129-B
Before Morriss, C.J., Moseley and Burgess, JJ. Memorandum Opinion by Justice Moseley MEMORANDUM OPINION Terry Ridge was convicted of possession of less than one gram of a controlled substance1
and sentenced to twelve months’ confinement in state jail. On appeal, he contends that the
evidence is legally insufficient to support his conviction. Finding sufficient evidence, we affirm
the trial court’s judgment.
I. Factual Background
In August 2015, Officer DeeAnn Brown of the Kilgore Police Department stopped at a
Circle K convenience store to get a drink. While in the store, she noticed two men, Ridge and
James Howell, acting strangely. The men appeared disoriented as they stood at the fountain drink
dispenser. Brown saw them repeatedly overfill their cups with ice and soda and then “walk up to
the counter to pay for their drinks, spilling the drinks all over the counter, attempting to wipe it
up.” She watched the men leave the store and walk to a vehicle parked at one of the gas pumps.
Ridge lit a cigarette while attempting to pump gas into the car. At that point, she approached the
men and had them step away from the vehicle.
Brown testified that Ridge “was acting real nervous” and that he attempted to get back into
the vehicle several times. Corporal Andre Phillips and Officer Jarod Sears, who arrived on the
scene in response to Brown’s call for backup, administered field-sobriety tests to the two men.
Brown and Phillips testified that Ridge was unsteady on his feet and had red, glassy eyes,
indicating that he could be intoxicated. Phillips noticed that Ridge also had difficulty keeping his
1 See TEX. HEALTH & SAFETY CODE ANN. § 481.115 (West 2010).
2 eyes open. However, Phillips did not smell alcohol on Ridge’s breath, and he passed the
horizontal-gaze nystagmus test.
Ridge told Phillips that he suffered from back pain, and he showed the officers a
prescription bottle bearing his name. He also told Phillips that Howell may have stolen some of
his pain medication and placed it in a white container in the vehicle. Ridge acknowledged that the
car belonged to a friend of his, “but he had care, custody[,] and control” of it, and he gave the
officers permission to search it. Sears searched the car, and he discovered a towel stuffed between
the passenger and driver seats. Wrapped up in the towel was a small white container containing
several pills identical to those prescribed to Ridge as well as a substance later determined to be
methamphetamine. Ridge was arrested, charged, and subsequently convicted of possessing less
than one gram of a controlled substance (namely methamphetamine), a state jail felony. See TEX.
HEALTH & SAFETY CODE ANN. § 481.115.
II. There is Legally Sufficient Evidence that Ridge Possessed the Contraband
In his sole point of error, Ridge contends that the evidence supporting his conviction is
legally insufficient2 because the substance was found in a borrowed vehicle “between seats . . .
where another had access, and no fingerprinting was attempted on the container in which the illegal
substance was found.”
2 Ridge also argues that the evidence is factually insufficient to sustain the verdict. While Ridge acknowledges that Brooks v. State, 323 S.W.3d 893, 895 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010) (plurality op.), abolished factual sufficiency reviews in criminal cases, he contends that the issue was reexamined in the Court of Criminal Appeals’ unpublished case, Walker v. State, Nos. PD-1429-14, PD-1430-14, 2016 WL 6092523 (Tex. Crim. App. Oct. 19, 2016) (not designated for publication). However, the Court of Criminal Appeals decided Walker without addressing whether the Brooks opinion should be overruled. Id. at *2 n.1. Therefore, Brooks remains the controlling precedent, and we do not address factual sufficiency claims. 3 In evaluating legal sufficiency, we review all the evidence in the light most favorable to
the trial court’s judgment to determine whether any rational jury could have found the essential
elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. Brooks, 323 S.W.3d at 912 (citing Jackson v.
Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979)); Hartsfield v. State, 305 S.W.3d 859, 863 (Tex. App.—
Texarkana 2010, pet. ref’d). Our rigorous legal sufficiency review focuses on the quality of the
evidence presented. Brooks, 323 S.W.3d at 917–18 (Cochran, J., concurring). We examine legal
sufficiency under the direction of the Brooks opinion, while giving deference to the responsibility
of the jury “to fairly resolve conflicts in testimony, to weigh the evidence, and to draw reasonable
inferences from basic facts to ultimate facts.” Hooper v. State, 214 S.W.3d 9, 13 (Tex. Crim. App.
2007) (citing Jackson, 443 U.S. at 318–19); Clayton v. State, 235 S.W.3d 772, 778 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2007).
Legal sufficiency of the evidence is measured by the elements of the offense as defined by
a hypothetically correct jury charge. Malik v. State, 953 S.W.2d 234, 240 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997).
The “hypothetically correct” jury charge is “one that accurately sets out the law, is authorized by
the indictment, does not unnecessarily increase the State’s burden of proof or unnecessarily restrict
the State’s theories of liability, and adequately describes the particular offense for which the
defendant was tried.” Id.
A person commits the offense of possession of a controlled substance if he knowingly or
intentionally possesses less than one gram of a controlled substance, such as methamphetamine.
TEX. HEALTH & SAFETY CODE ANN. § 481.115(a), (b). “Possession” is defined as “actual care,
custody, control, or management.” TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 1.07(a)(39) (West Supp. 2016). To
4 prove unlawful possession of a controlled substance, the State must establish beyond a reasonable
doubt that “(1) the accused exercised control, management, or care over the substance; and (2) the
accused knew the matter possessed was contraband.” Poindexter v. State, 153 S.W.3d 402, 405
(Tex. Crim. App. 2005). The elements of possession may be proved through either direct or
circumstantial evidence, but the evidence must establish that the accused’s connection with the
substance was more than fortuitous. Id. at 405–06.
To show more than a mere fortuitous connection, the evidence must affirmatively link the
accused to the contraband by a showing that indicates the accused’s knowledge and control of the
contraband. Waldon v. State, 579 S.W.2d 499, 501 (Tex. Crim. App. [Panel Op.] 1979). Mere
presence of the accused at the scene of the offense is not enough to establish possession; the
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In The Court of Appeals Sixth Appellate District of Texas at Texarkana
No. 06-16-00194-CR
TERRY RIDGE, Appellant
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
On Appeal from the 124th District Court Gregg County, Texas Trial Court No. 45129-B
Before Morriss, C.J., Moseley and Burgess, JJ. Memorandum Opinion by Justice Moseley MEMORANDUM OPINION Terry Ridge was convicted of possession of less than one gram of a controlled substance1
and sentenced to twelve months’ confinement in state jail. On appeal, he contends that the
evidence is legally insufficient to support his conviction. Finding sufficient evidence, we affirm
the trial court’s judgment.
I. Factual Background
In August 2015, Officer DeeAnn Brown of the Kilgore Police Department stopped at a
Circle K convenience store to get a drink. While in the store, she noticed two men, Ridge and
James Howell, acting strangely. The men appeared disoriented as they stood at the fountain drink
dispenser. Brown saw them repeatedly overfill their cups with ice and soda and then “walk up to
the counter to pay for their drinks, spilling the drinks all over the counter, attempting to wipe it
up.” She watched the men leave the store and walk to a vehicle parked at one of the gas pumps.
Ridge lit a cigarette while attempting to pump gas into the car. At that point, she approached the
men and had them step away from the vehicle.
Brown testified that Ridge “was acting real nervous” and that he attempted to get back into
the vehicle several times. Corporal Andre Phillips and Officer Jarod Sears, who arrived on the
scene in response to Brown’s call for backup, administered field-sobriety tests to the two men.
Brown and Phillips testified that Ridge was unsteady on his feet and had red, glassy eyes,
indicating that he could be intoxicated. Phillips noticed that Ridge also had difficulty keeping his
1 See TEX. HEALTH & SAFETY CODE ANN. § 481.115 (West 2010).
2 eyes open. However, Phillips did not smell alcohol on Ridge’s breath, and he passed the
horizontal-gaze nystagmus test.
Ridge told Phillips that he suffered from back pain, and he showed the officers a
prescription bottle bearing his name. He also told Phillips that Howell may have stolen some of
his pain medication and placed it in a white container in the vehicle. Ridge acknowledged that the
car belonged to a friend of his, “but he had care, custody[,] and control” of it, and he gave the
officers permission to search it. Sears searched the car, and he discovered a towel stuffed between
the passenger and driver seats. Wrapped up in the towel was a small white container containing
several pills identical to those prescribed to Ridge as well as a substance later determined to be
methamphetamine. Ridge was arrested, charged, and subsequently convicted of possessing less
than one gram of a controlled substance (namely methamphetamine), a state jail felony. See TEX.
HEALTH & SAFETY CODE ANN. § 481.115.
II. There is Legally Sufficient Evidence that Ridge Possessed the Contraband
In his sole point of error, Ridge contends that the evidence supporting his conviction is
legally insufficient2 because the substance was found in a borrowed vehicle “between seats . . .
where another had access, and no fingerprinting was attempted on the container in which the illegal
substance was found.”
2 Ridge also argues that the evidence is factually insufficient to sustain the verdict. While Ridge acknowledges that Brooks v. State, 323 S.W.3d 893, 895 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010) (plurality op.), abolished factual sufficiency reviews in criminal cases, he contends that the issue was reexamined in the Court of Criminal Appeals’ unpublished case, Walker v. State, Nos. PD-1429-14, PD-1430-14, 2016 WL 6092523 (Tex. Crim. App. Oct. 19, 2016) (not designated for publication). However, the Court of Criminal Appeals decided Walker without addressing whether the Brooks opinion should be overruled. Id. at *2 n.1. Therefore, Brooks remains the controlling precedent, and we do not address factual sufficiency claims. 3 In evaluating legal sufficiency, we review all the evidence in the light most favorable to
the trial court’s judgment to determine whether any rational jury could have found the essential
elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. Brooks, 323 S.W.3d at 912 (citing Jackson v.
Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979)); Hartsfield v. State, 305 S.W.3d 859, 863 (Tex. App.—
Texarkana 2010, pet. ref’d). Our rigorous legal sufficiency review focuses on the quality of the
evidence presented. Brooks, 323 S.W.3d at 917–18 (Cochran, J., concurring). We examine legal
sufficiency under the direction of the Brooks opinion, while giving deference to the responsibility
of the jury “to fairly resolve conflicts in testimony, to weigh the evidence, and to draw reasonable
inferences from basic facts to ultimate facts.” Hooper v. State, 214 S.W.3d 9, 13 (Tex. Crim. App.
2007) (citing Jackson, 443 U.S. at 318–19); Clayton v. State, 235 S.W.3d 772, 778 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2007).
Legal sufficiency of the evidence is measured by the elements of the offense as defined by
a hypothetically correct jury charge. Malik v. State, 953 S.W.2d 234, 240 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997).
The “hypothetically correct” jury charge is “one that accurately sets out the law, is authorized by
the indictment, does not unnecessarily increase the State’s burden of proof or unnecessarily restrict
the State’s theories of liability, and adequately describes the particular offense for which the
defendant was tried.” Id.
A person commits the offense of possession of a controlled substance if he knowingly or
intentionally possesses less than one gram of a controlled substance, such as methamphetamine.
TEX. HEALTH & SAFETY CODE ANN. § 481.115(a), (b). “Possession” is defined as “actual care,
custody, control, or management.” TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 1.07(a)(39) (West Supp. 2016). To
4 prove unlawful possession of a controlled substance, the State must establish beyond a reasonable
doubt that “(1) the accused exercised control, management, or care over the substance; and (2) the
accused knew the matter possessed was contraband.” Poindexter v. State, 153 S.W.3d 402, 405
(Tex. Crim. App. 2005). The elements of possession may be proved through either direct or
circumstantial evidence, but the evidence must establish that the accused’s connection with the
substance was more than fortuitous. Id. at 405–06.
To show more than a mere fortuitous connection, the evidence must affirmatively link the
accused to the contraband by a showing that indicates the accused’s knowledge and control of the
contraband. Waldon v. State, 579 S.W.2d 499, 501 (Tex. Crim. App. [Panel Op.] 1979). Mere
presence of the accused at the scene of the offense is not enough to establish possession; the
accused must exercise dominion and control over the thing allegedly possessed. Menchaca v.
State, 901 S.W.2d 640, 651 (Tex. App.—El Paso 1995, pet. ref’d) (citing McGoldrick v. State,
682 S.W.2d 573, 578 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985)). When the accused is not in exclusive control of
the place where the contraband was discovered, the State must show additional facts and
circumstances that affirmatively link him to the contraband and “generate[] a reasonable inference
that the accused knew of the contraband’s existence and exercised control over it.” Haggerty v.
State, 429 S.W.3d 1, 5–6 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2013, pet. ref’d). Some affirmative
links that courts look to include, but are not limited to, (1) the defendant’s presence when the
search was executed, (2) the defendant’s proximity and access to the contraband, (3) whether the
defendant appeared intoxicated as result of the use of the contraband, (4) whether the place where
drugs were found was enclosed, and (5) whether the defendant owned or had a right to possess the
5 location where the drugs were found. Id. Despite the long list of possible links, “there is no set
formula of facts that necessitate a finding of an affirmative link sufficient to support an inference
of knowing possession. Rather, affirmative links are established by a totality of the
circumstances.” Hyett v. State, 58 S.W.3d 826, 830 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2001, pet.
ref’d) (citation omitted).
Having reviewed the record in light of these standards, we conclude that the “logical force
of all the evidence” is sufficient to affirmatively link Ridge to the contraband. See Evans v. State,
202 S.W.3d 158, 162 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). Here, even though Ridge did not own the car in
which the contraband was found, he had control of and access to the vehicle because he admitted
that he borrowed the car, he was seen pumping gas into it, and he granted the police officers
permission to search it. Ridge was present when the search occurred and had access to the
contraband. See Haggerty, 429 S.W.3d at 5–6. Because Ridge was acting strangely, was unsteady
on his feet, and had red, glassy eyes, the officers believed he was intoxicated. Before the vehicle
was searched, Ridge told the officers that he believed Howell had stolen some of his medication
and “had it in a white container . . . in the vehicle.” The contraband was found in a hidden container
matching Ridge’s description, and the container also held prescription pills identical to those
legally possessed by Ridge. Even though the container was not dusted for fingerprints, such
evidence is not necessary to sustain a finding of guilt in this case. Ridge being affirmatively linked
to the contraband, and having viewed the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, we
conclude that the court’s finding of guilt is supported by legally sufficient evidence. Accordingly,
we overrule this point of error.
6 We affirm the trial court’s judgment.
Bailey C. Moseley Justice
Date Submitted: April 17, 2017 Date Decided: May 25, 2017
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