In The Court of Appeals Sixth Appellate District of Texas at Texarkana
No. 06-13-00215-CR
TERRY LOUIS SPELLING, Appellant
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
On Appeal from the 5th District Court Cass County, Texas Trial Court No. CCL-M-08-0322
Before Morriss, C.J., Carter and Moseley, JJ. Memorandum Opinion by Justice Moseley MEMORANDUM OPINION Terry Louis Spelling was convicted of the misdemeanor offense of possession of
marihuana and sentenced to ninety days in the county jail. 1 See TEX. HEALTH & SAFETY CODE
ANN. § 481.121 (West 2010). His appeal challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to support
the jury’s finding of guilt. We find the evidence sufficient and affirm the trial court’s judgment
and sentence.
Officer Cory Sartor of the Atlanta Police Department conducted a traffic stop of Spelling.
Spelling got out of his truck to talk to Sartor, and Sartor noticed the odor of alcohol coming from
Spelling’s breath and person. Spelling opened the pickup door and got back in; when he did this,
Sartor saw what appeared to be a hand-rolled cigarette with a green, leafy substance coming out
of the end. This “cigarette” was in the door’s side pocket. Based on his training, education, and
experience, including the smell of the cigarette, Sartor believed it was a marihuana cigarette.
Sartor said he had no doubt the substance in the cigarette was marihuana. Sartor placed Spelling
under arrest for possession of marihuana, whereupon Spelling told Sartor there was more
marihuana under the vehicle’s seat. Sartor found under the vehicle seat a plastic bag containing
marihuana. Sartor was familiar with the difference between two and three ounces of the drug
and testified that the bag contained “under two ounces, by quite a bit”; the amount in the package
was “commonly referred to as, like a nickel bag is what the street term for it would be.”
1 In the same proceeding, Spelling was also tried for felony driving while intoxicated, but the jury could not reach a unanimous verdict on that charge, and the State moved to dismiss it.
2 At Spelling’s trial, his wife testified that on the night in question, Spelling had gone out
without her. According to the wife, before he left, “he had a joint on the table and . . . . it was
gone, so [she] figured he had took it with him.”
In evaluating legal sufficiency2 of the evidence, we review all the evidence in the light
most favorable to the trial court’s judgment to determine whether any rational jury could have
found the essential elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. Brooks v. State, 323
S.W.3d 893, 912 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010) (citing Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979));
Hartsfield v. State, 305 S.W.3d 859, 863 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2010, pet. ref’d). We examine
legal sufficiency under the direction of Brooks, while giving deference to the responsibility of
the jury “to fairly resolve conflicts in testimony, to weigh the evidence, and to draw reasonable
inferences from basic facts to ultimate facts.” Hooper v. State, 214 S.W.3d 9, 13 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2007) (citing Jackson, 443 U.S. at 318–19).
Sufficiency of the evidence is measured by the elements of the offense as defined by a
hypothetically correct jury charge. Malik v. State, 953 S.W.2d 234, 240 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997).
The hypothetically correct jury charge “sets out the law, is authorized by the indictment, does not
unnecessarily increase the State’s burden of proof or unnecessarily restrict the State’s theories of
liability, and adequately describes the particular offense for which the defendant was tried.” Id.
Here, the State was required to prove that Spelling knowingly or intentionally possessed a
2 In his brief, Spelling also makes claim of factually insufficient evidence. In Brooks, the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals found “no meaningful distinction between the Jackson v. Virginia legal-sufficiency standard and the Clewis [v. State, 922 S.W.2d 126 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996)] factual-sufficiency standard, and these two standards have become indistinguishable.” Brooks, 323 S.W.3d at 902. Accordingly, we no longer perform factual sufficiency reviews. See Hutchings v. State, 333 S.W.3d 917, 919 n.2 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2011, pet. ref’d). 3 useable quantity of marihuana in an amount of two ounces or less. See TEX. HEALTH & SAFETY
CODE ANN. § 481.121(b)(1).
“To prove unlawful possession of a controlled substance, the State must prove that:
(1) the accused exercised control, management, or care over the substance; and (2) the accused
knew the matter possessed was contraband.” Poindexter v. State, 153 S.W.3d 402, 405 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2005). Mere presence at a location where drugs are found is insufficient, by itself, to
establish actual care, custody, or control of those drugs. Evans v. State, 202 S.W.3d 158, 162
(Tex. Crim. App. 2006).
A nonexclusive list of factors that can be sufficient, either singularly or in combination,
to establish a defendant’s possession of contraband include: (1) presence when a search is
conducted, (2) whether the contraband was in plain view, (3) proximity to and the accessibility
of the contraband, (4) whether he was under the influence of narcotics when arrested,
(5) whether he possessed other contraband or narcotics when arrested, (6) whether he made
incriminating statements when arrested, (7) whether he attempted to flee, (8) whether he made
furtive gestures, (9) whether there was an odor of contraband, (10) whether other contraband or
drug paraphernalia was present, (11) whether he owned or had the right to possess the place
where the drugs were found, (12) whether the place where the drugs were found was enclosed,
(13) whether he was found with a large amount of cash, (14) whether his conduct indicated a
consciousness of guilt, (15) the quantity of the contraband, and (16) whether he was observed in
a suspicious area under suspicious circumstances. Id. at 162 n.12; Hargrove v. State, 211
S.W.3d 379, 385–86 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2006, pets. (2) ref’d); Muckleroy v. State, 206
4 S.W.3d 746, 748 n.4 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2006, pet. ref’d); Olivarez v. State, 171 S.W.3d
283, 291 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2005, no pet.); Kyte v. State, 944 S.W.2d 29, 31 (Tex.
App.—Texarkana 1997, no pet.); see Jones v. State, 963 S.W.2d 826, 830 (Tex. App.—
Texarkana 1998, pet. ref’d). The number of links is not dispositive; rather, we look to the
“logical force of all of the evidence, direct and circumstantial.” Evans, 202 S.W.3d at 162. In
this case, most of the factors set out above do not apply.
Spelling was alone in the truck, and there was no indication that anyone else owned the
marihuana or had recently been in possession of it. According to Sartor, the marihuana cigarette,
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In The Court of Appeals Sixth Appellate District of Texas at Texarkana
No. 06-13-00215-CR
TERRY LOUIS SPELLING, Appellant
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
On Appeal from the 5th District Court Cass County, Texas Trial Court No. CCL-M-08-0322
Before Morriss, C.J., Carter and Moseley, JJ. Memorandum Opinion by Justice Moseley MEMORANDUM OPINION Terry Louis Spelling was convicted of the misdemeanor offense of possession of
marihuana and sentenced to ninety days in the county jail. 1 See TEX. HEALTH & SAFETY CODE
ANN. § 481.121 (West 2010). His appeal challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to support
the jury’s finding of guilt. We find the evidence sufficient and affirm the trial court’s judgment
and sentence.
Officer Cory Sartor of the Atlanta Police Department conducted a traffic stop of Spelling.
Spelling got out of his truck to talk to Sartor, and Sartor noticed the odor of alcohol coming from
Spelling’s breath and person. Spelling opened the pickup door and got back in; when he did this,
Sartor saw what appeared to be a hand-rolled cigarette with a green, leafy substance coming out
of the end. This “cigarette” was in the door’s side pocket. Based on his training, education, and
experience, including the smell of the cigarette, Sartor believed it was a marihuana cigarette.
Sartor said he had no doubt the substance in the cigarette was marihuana. Sartor placed Spelling
under arrest for possession of marihuana, whereupon Spelling told Sartor there was more
marihuana under the vehicle’s seat. Sartor found under the vehicle seat a plastic bag containing
marihuana. Sartor was familiar with the difference between two and three ounces of the drug
and testified that the bag contained “under two ounces, by quite a bit”; the amount in the package
was “commonly referred to as, like a nickel bag is what the street term for it would be.”
1 In the same proceeding, Spelling was also tried for felony driving while intoxicated, but the jury could not reach a unanimous verdict on that charge, and the State moved to dismiss it.
2 At Spelling’s trial, his wife testified that on the night in question, Spelling had gone out
without her. According to the wife, before he left, “he had a joint on the table and . . . . it was
gone, so [she] figured he had took it with him.”
In evaluating legal sufficiency2 of the evidence, we review all the evidence in the light
most favorable to the trial court’s judgment to determine whether any rational jury could have
found the essential elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. Brooks v. State, 323
S.W.3d 893, 912 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010) (citing Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979));
Hartsfield v. State, 305 S.W.3d 859, 863 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2010, pet. ref’d). We examine
legal sufficiency under the direction of Brooks, while giving deference to the responsibility of
the jury “to fairly resolve conflicts in testimony, to weigh the evidence, and to draw reasonable
inferences from basic facts to ultimate facts.” Hooper v. State, 214 S.W.3d 9, 13 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2007) (citing Jackson, 443 U.S. at 318–19).
Sufficiency of the evidence is measured by the elements of the offense as defined by a
hypothetically correct jury charge. Malik v. State, 953 S.W.2d 234, 240 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997).
The hypothetically correct jury charge “sets out the law, is authorized by the indictment, does not
unnecessarily increase the State’s burden of proof or unnecessarily restrict the State’s theories of
liability, and adequately describes the particular offense for which the defendant was tried.” Id.
Here, the State was required to prove that Spelling knowingly or intentionally possessed a
2 In his brief, Spelling also makes claim of factually insufficient evidence. In Brooks, the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals found “no meaningful distinction between the Jackson v. Virginia legal-sufficiency standard and the Clewis [v. State, 922 S.W.2d 126 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996)] factual-sufficiency standard, and these two standards have become indistinguishable.” Brooks, 323 S.W.3d at 902. Accordingly, we no longer perform factual sufficiency reviews. See Hutchings v. State, 333 S.W.3d 917, 919 n.2 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2011, pet. ref’d). 3 useable quantity of marihuana in an amount of two ounces or less. See TEX. HEALTH & SAFETY
CODE ANN. § 481.121(b)(1).
“To prove unlawful possession of a controlled substance, the State must prove that:
(1) the accused exercised control, management, or care over the substance; and (2) the accused
knew the matter possessed was contraband.” Poindexter v. State, 153 S.W.3d 402, 405 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2005). Mere presence at a location where drugs are found is insufficient, by itself, to
establish actual care, custody, or control of those drugs. Evans v. State, 202 S.W.3d 158, 162
(Tex. Crim. App. 2006).
A nonexclusive list of factors that can be sufficient, either singularly or in combination,
to establish a defendant’s possession of contraband include: (1) presence when a search is
conducted, (2) whether the contraband was in plain view, (3) proximity to and the accessibility
of the contraband, (4) whether he was under the influence of narcotics when arrested,
(5) whether he possessed other contraband or narcotics when arrested, (6) whether he made
incriminating statements when arrested, (7) whether he attempted to flee, (8) whether he made
furtive gestures, (9) whether there was an odor of contraband, (10) whether other contraband or
drug paraphernalia was present, (11) whether he owned or had the right to possess the place
where the drugs were found, (12) whether the place where the drugs were found was enclosed,
(13) whether he was found with a large amount of cash, (14) whether his conduct indicated a
consciousness of guilt, (15) the quantity of the contraband, and (16) whether he was observed in
a suspicious area under suspicious circumstances. Id. at 162 n.12; Hargrove v. State, 211
S.W.3d 379, 385–86 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2006, pets. (2) ref’d); Muckleroy v. State, 206
4 S.W.3d 746, 748 n.4 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2006, pet. ref’d); Olivarez v. State, 171 S.W.3d
283, 291 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2005, no pet.); Kyte v. State, 944 S.W.2d 29, 31 (Tex.
App.—Texarkana 1997, no pet.); see Jones v. State, 963 S.W.2d 826, 830 (Tex. App.—
Texarkana 1998, pet. ref’d). The number of links is not dispositive; rather, we look to the
“logical force of all of the evidence, direct and circumstantial.” Evans, 202 S.W.3d at 162. In
this case, most of the factors set out above do not apply.
Spelling was alone in the truck, and there was no indication that anyone else owned the
marihuana or had recently been in possession of it. According to Sartor, the marihuana cigarette,
which was in plain view, was still warm, indicating to him that it had recently been smoked.
Spelling told Sartor the location of the bag of marihuana. Sartor said he had training and
experience from which he had no doubt the cigarette was marihuana. Expert testimony is not
necessary to identify the odor of marihuana smoke. Osbourn v. State, 92 S.W.3d 531, 537 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2002). In reaching that holding, the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals cited several
cases where lay witnesses had identified unburned marihuana. 3 Experienced law enforcement
officers may also be qualified to testify that a green leafy plant substance is marihuana.
Houlihan v. State, 551 S.W.2d 719, 724 (Tex. Crim. App. 1977); see also In re Z.R., 01-11-
00715-CV, 2013 Tex. App. LEXIS 11097, at *2, *11 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Aug. 29,
2013, pet. denied) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (two police officers qualified to
offer testimony identifying leafy substance as marihuana). The evidence was sufficient to 3 See, e.g., Chaires v. State, 480 S.W.2d 196, 197 (Tex. Crim. App. 1972) (airline baggage agent smelled odor of marihuana in appellant’s suitcase, opened suitcase, and identified grassy substance as marihuana); Hattersley v. State, 487 S.W.2d 354, 355 (Tex. Crim. App. 1972) (airline employee determined by sight and smell that suitcase contained marihuana); Sorensen v. State, 478 S.W.2d 532, 533 (Tex. Crim. App. 1972) (appellant’s mother testified she recognized odor of marihuana when found in son’s room). 5 support the jury’s findings that the substance in Spelling’s possession was marihuana and that he
knowingly possessed same.
Sartor also testified that his training and experience enabled him to discern the difference
between two and three ounces of marihuana by sight and touch alone. He testified that the
amount found in Spelling’s truck was less than two ounces. 4 Both portions of marihuana—the
cigarette and the bag—were admitted into evidence. Based on Sartor’s description of the
marihuana, including that the cigarette was warm and that it appeared to have adequate volume
to roll into a cigarette, a reasonable jury could have found these to be useable amounts. See
Holmes v. State, 962 S.W.2d 663, 670–71 (Tex. App.—Waco 1998, pet. ref’d, untimely filed).
The evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to the jury’s verdict, was sufficient for a
rational jury to find beyond a reasonable doubt that Spelling knowingly or intentionally
possessed a useable amount of marihuana in a quantity of two ounces or less. We overrule
Spelling’s point of error.
4 From his testimony, it appears Sartor was referring at that point only to the marihuana in the plastic bag, not including the cigarette. Any error in calculation here, though, would only inure to Spelling’s benefit. That is to say, if the bag and the cigarette together had amounted to more than two ounces, Spelling could have been charged with a class A misdemeanor, possession of four ounces or less but more than two ounces, rather than the class B misdemeanor for which he was convicted. Cf. TEX. HEALTH & SAFETY CODE ANN. § 481.121(b)(1)–(2). 6 We affirm the trial court’s judgment and sentence.
Bailey C. Moseley Justice
Date Submitted: May 20, 2014 Date Decided: June 11, 2014
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