The opinion of the court was delivered by
Redfield, J.
This is an action to recover of the defendant the price of spirituous liquors. The contract of sale was closed between the parties at Brandon, in this state. The liquors were to b,e consigned by the plaintiffs, who were merchants in the city of New York, to the defendant, who was an innkeeper at Brandon, to be landed at Orwell, marked “ B., Brandon, Vermont.” The plaintiffs, at the time of making the contract, knew, that the defendant intended to retail the liquors in this state, without a license, and that this was in violation of the statute law of this state. The member of the plaintiff’s firm, who made the contract with the defendant at Brandon, immediately upon returning to New York caused the liquors to be forwarded to the defendant, as agreed. The ques[188]*188tion is, whether, upon these facts, the plaintiffs are entitled to recover the price of the liquors, in the courts of this state.
If this were clearly the case of a sale and delivery in this state, the question would admit of no doubt whatever. But the delivery, for most purposes, is to be regarded as complete in the state of New York, unless the plaintiffs paid the freight, — which does not appear. There is, indeed, a class of English cases, which have attempted to show a distinction between mere revenue laws and those laws, which have for their object the protection of the public morals, or the preservation of good order and fair dealing, — allowing an action to be maintained upon contracts made in contravention of some specific revenue or excise regulation, upon the supposed intention of the legislature not to visit the consequences of a violation of such particular laws upon the offender, beyond the specific penalty provided by the statute. Of this class are Hodgson v. Temple, 5 Taunt. 181; [1 E. C. L. 67] ; Johnson v. Hudson, 11 East. 180; and Brown et al. v. Duncan, 10 B. & C. 93; [21 E. C. L. 29.] Whether this distinction is to be considered as having any just foundation in sound reason and good principle, or whether, in fact, it can be treated as fairly established in the English courts, it is perhaps not important to inquire here. It seems to me very obvious, that no such distinction can be maintained, upon the basis of any fair and sound argument. The case of Brown v. Duncan has certainly been very often questioned by the English courts, and is placed among cases “ doubted,” by Professor'Greenleaf, in his Collection, p. 56, where numerous English cases are referred to, in which that case has been treated as unsound. And the same may, with justice, be said of Johnson v. Hudson. See the opinion of Littledale, J., in Brooker v. Wood, 3 Nev. & M. 96.
But it is impossible for this court to regard the statutes of this state, prohibiting the sale of spirituous liquors, except with licenses, as merely or principally revenue laws. These statutes have been the subject of great study and much experiment, in the legislature, but with no view to increase revenue, but exclusively, almost, for the purpose of more effectually repressing and preventing intemperance and disorder in the community. I do not myself intend to say, of every sale of spirits, or wine, to persons in health, and for their own use, that it is, aside from the statute, reprehensible, or [189]*189immoral, either in the seller or the purchaser. I do not yet feel prepared to say, that such a declaration is clearly consistent with sound sense and wise experience ; but there is no manner of doubt, that the common and unrestricted sale and use of spirits and wine has caused a vast deal of poverty, immorality and crime, so that the ’’"'sifb'je'c't' of its sale and use may be said fairly to come within the legitimate power of the legislature, in regulating the administration of the internal police of the state. And we think, that the penalties and prohibitions of the statutes upon this subject have a primary and principal reference to the quiet and good order of the community, and that revenue was intended to be merely incidental to the main purpose sought to be effected. How much, indeed, it will be found practicable to accomplish, in this way, is a subject for the legislature and the people, and with which courts have really no concern. Every good citizen would hope for the best, and he would have the right to expect not to be subjected to the ostracism of public opinion, if he feared the worst. The indications are now favorable ; and if they were less so, the statutes would require to be fairly enforced, notwithstanding.
. A contract, then, which has for its object, or which contemplates, Jr any act prohibited by express statute, or the commission of which ** incurs a penalty, is as much illegal and void, as if the statute in ex-7 press terms so declared. Hence all spirits sold here, in violation of v-the license laws, can never form the basis of a recovery in our courts. But in a case precisely like that of Holman v. Johnson, 1 Cowp. 341, where the sale and delivery were both made in another state, and the seller did nothing to promote the illegal object, except what was necessary to pursue his own lawful business, in the foreign state, although he might have known the illegal purpose contemplated by the vendee, I should have no doubt an action would lie in our courts. It might fairly be said, that the mere knowledge of the illegal purpose of the vendee is something which the vendor could not avoid ; and, at the same time, something which he could not regard without prejudice, and unjust prejudice, to his own lawful business, and that out of regard to the law of a foreign state, which, properly speaking, could have no extra-territorial force. It would be, then, wholly consistent with the most scrupulous regard to duty and morality, for one to make such sale in the lawful pur[190]*190suit of his own business, in his own country, and this is all that the case of Holman v. Johnson decides. But that reasoning will not apply to the case of a sale made here. And that is a case, which comes up to the utmost limit of sound doctrine. And so it has been considered in the English courts. Biggs v. Lawrence, 3 T. R. 454. That is the case where the vendor of brandy, in ftrtuMwg packed it in ankers, in preparation for smuggling, and it was held, he could not recover the price, because he was thus implicated in the unlawful purpose. What is done abroad, beyond the mere business of the vendor, and specially to promote the illegal design of the vendee, is justly referable to the place where the unlawful design was to be accomplished, and so is a violation of the law of that state, although transacted in the foreign country. This is made very obvious from the simple illustration of principals and accessories in crime. It has been held, that one, who never came within the state, may even be the principal, in a case of uttering forged paper, by merely putting it off, through the instrumentality of the post-office. So, too, it has always been held, that one, who, in one county, commits or aids in the commission of crime in another county, is an accessory to the crime in the other county, and may be tried and punished there; and if he commit the crime through'*1* the instrumentality of an innocent agent, he is a principal in the crime in the county where it is committed, although never present there.
The rule upon this subject is, we think, correctly laid down in Langton v. Hughes, 1 M. & S. 593.
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The opinion of the court was delivered by
Redfield, J.
This is an action to recover of the defendant the price of spirituous liquors. The contract of sale was closed between the parties at Brandon, in this state. The liquors were to b,e consigned by the plaintiffs, who were merchants in the city of New York, to the defendant, who was an innkeeper at Brandon, to be landed at Orwell, marked “ B., Brandon, Vermont.” The plaintiffs, at the time of making the contract, knew, that the defendant intended to retail the liquors in this state, without a license, and that this was in violation of the statute law of this state. The member of the plaintiff’s firm, who made the contract with the defendant at Brandon, immediately upon returning to New York caused the liquors to be forwarded to the defendant, as agreed. The ques[188]*188tion is, whether, upon these facts, the plaintiffs are entitled to recover the price of the liquors, in the courts of this state.
If this were clearly the case of a sale and delivery in this state, the question would admit of no doubt whatever. But the delivery, for most purposes, is to be regarded as complete in the state of New York, unless the plaintiffs paid the freight, — which does not appear. There is, indeed, a class of English cases, which have attempted to show a distinction between mere revenue laws and those laws, which have for their object the protection of the public morals, or the preservation of good order and fair dealing, — allowing an action to be maintained upon contracts made in contravention of some specific revenue or excise regulation, upon the supposed intention of the legislature not to visit the consequences of a violation of such particular laws upon the offender, beyond the specific penalty provided by the statute. Of this class are Hodgson v. Temple, 5 Taunt. 181; [1 E. C. L. 67] ; Johnson v. Hudson, 11 East. 180; and Brown et al. v. Duncan, 10 B. & C. 93; [21 E. C. L. 29.] Whether this distinction is to be considered as having any just foundation in sound reason and good principle, or whether, in fact, it can be treated as fairly established in the English courts, it is perhaps not important to inquire here. It seems to me very obvious, that no such distinction can be maintained, upon the basis of any fair and sound argument. The case of Brown v. Duncan has certainly been very often questioned by the English courts, and is placed among cases “ doubted,” by Professor'Greenleaf, in his Collection, p. 56, where numerous English cases are referred to, in which that case has been treated as unsound. And the same may, with justice, be said of Johnson v. Hudson. See the opinion of Littledale, J., in Brooker v. Wood, 3 Nev. & M. 96.
But it is impossible for this court to regard the statutes of this state, prohibiting the sale of spirituous liquors, except with licenses, as merely or principally revenue laws. These statutes have been the subject of great study and much experiment, in the legislature, but with no view to increase revenue, but exclusively, almost, for the purpose of more effectually repressing and preventing intemperance and disorder in the community. I do not myself intend to say, of every sale of spirits, or wine, to persons in health, and for their own use, that it is, aside from the statute, reprehensible, or [189]*189immoral, either in the seller or the purchaser. I do not yet feel prepared to say, that such a declaration is clearly consistent with sound sense and wise experience ; but there is no manner of doubt, that the common and unrestricted sale and use of spirits and wine has caused a vast deal of poverty, immorality and crime, so that the ’’"'sifb'je'c't' of its sale and use may be said fairly to come within the legitimate power of the legislature, in regulating the administration of the internal police of the state. And we think, that the penalties and prohibitions of the statutes upon this subject have a primary and principal reference to the quiet and good order of the community, and that revenue was intended to be merely incidental to the main purpose sought to be effected. How much, indeed, it will be found practicable to accomplish, in this way, is a subject for the legislature and the people, and with which courts have really no concern. Every good citizen would hope for the best, and he would have the right to expect not to be subjected to the ostracism of public opinion, if he feared the worst. The indications are now favorable ; and if they were less so, the statutes would require to be fairly enforced, notwithstanding.
. A contract, then, which has for its object, or which contemplates, Jr any act prohibited by express statute, or the commission of which ** incurs a penalty, is as much illegal and void, as if the statute in ex-7 press terms so declared. Hence all spirits sold here, in violation of v-the license laws, can never form the basis of a recovery in our courts. But in a case precisely like that of Holman v. Johnson, 1 Cowp. 341, where the sale and delivery were both made in another state, and the seller did nothing to promote the illegal object, except what was necessary to pursue his own lawful business, in the foreign state, although he might have known the illegal purpose contemplated by the vendee, I should have no doubt an action would lie in our courts. It might fairly be said, that the mere knowledge of the illegal purpose of the vendee is something which the vendor could not avoid ; and, at the same time, something which he could not regard without prejudice, and unjust prejudice, to his own lawful business, and that out of regard to the law of a foreign state, which, properly speaking, could have no extra-territorial force. It would be, then, wholly consistent with the most scrupulous regard to duty and morality, for one to make such sale in the lawful pur[190]*190suit of his own business, in his own country, and this is all that the case of Holman v. Johnson decides. But that reasoning will not apply to the case of a sale made here. And that is a case, which comes up to the utmost limit of sound doctrine. And so it has been considered in the English courts. Biggs v. Lawrence, 3 T. R. 454. That is the case where the vendor of brandy, in ftrtuMwg packed it in ankers, in preparation for smuggling, and it was held, he could not recover the price, because he was thus implicated in the unlawful purpose. What is done abroad, beyond the mere business of the vendor, and specially to promote the illegal design of the vendee, is justly referable to the place where the unlawful design was to be accomplished, and so is a violation of the law of that state, although transacted in the foreign country. This is made very obvious from the simple illustration of principals and accessories in crime. It has been held, that one, who never came within the state, may even be the principal, in a case of uttering forged paper, by merely putting it off, through the instrumentality of the post-office. So, too, it has always been held, that one, who, in one county, commits or aids in the commission of crime in another county, is an accessory to the crime in the other county, and may be tried and punished there; and if he commit the crime through'*1* the instrumentality of an innocent agent, he is a principal in the crime in the county where it is committed, although never present there.
The rule upon this subject is, we think, correctly laid down in Langton v. Hughes, 1 M. & S. 593. Lord Ellenborougii says, Without multiplying instances of this sort, it may be taken, as a received rule of law, that what is done in contravention of an act of parliament cannot be made the subject-matter of an action.” That was the case of drugs sold to a brewer, with the knowledge that they were intended to be used in brewing, contrary to the provisions of the statute. For this, merely, the seller was considered a participator in the illegal purpose, and it was considered unimportant, whether the drugs were in fact put to the illegal use, or not. That case has never been doubted, but always followed. Cannan v. Bryce, 3 B. & Ald. 187. The rule laid down by Chief Justice Eyre, in Lightfoot v. Tenant, 1 B. & P. 551, that one who sells goods, in the place of the forum, knowing they are intended to be [191]*191put to an illegal use there, cannot recover the price, although going perhaps, somewhat beyond the case now before us, has been approved and followed, and may now be considered the settled law upon the subject. This rule was-distinctly recognized in this court in Case v. Riker, 10 Vt. 482.
In the present case, for all practical purposes, the contract of sale must be considered as made in this state; and it cannot be disguised, that the defendant had for his main object the procuring of materials to be used in the violation of an express statute of the state, and in this object the plaintiffs were participating, countenancing and aiding the defendant. It could not, therefore, com#port with a decent regard either for the statute of the state, the general rule of law upon the subject, or for the judicial administration of the state, that we should allow the plaintiffs to maintain this action in the courts of the state.
Judgment affirmed.