Bantz, J.
The defendant,, under indictment charging assault with a deadly weapon, filed his affidavit on the ninth day of November, 1894, for a change of venue, on the ground that he could not secure a fair trial in Bernalillo county, where the case was pending,, because the principal witness for the territory had an undue influence over the minds of the inhabitants of the county; that the inhabitants of the county were prejudiced against him; and that, by reason of local prejudice, an impartial jury could not be obtained. This affidavit was supported by the affidavits of two persons, who set forth that they had no interest in the case; that they had read the affidavit of defendant; and that they believed the facts therein stated to be true. The application for a change of venue was resisted upon the ground that the two persons supporting the defendant’s affidavit should come into open court, and submit to an oral examination under oath. On the same day, November 9, the court overruled the application, but at the same time gave the defendant leave to produce in open court two disinterested persons to verify the facts set forth in defendant’s affidavit. On the twelfth of November, the defendant filed another motion for change of venue, based upon the affidavits already mentioned; and on the same day it was ordered by the court that “the said defendant not having produced in open court two witnesses to verify the truth of the allegations contained in said motion,” the same is overruled. The record fails to disclose that any exception was taken to the action of the court below as to these orders overruling motions for change of venue, but the prosecution and the defense have fully argued the question, and, as it is one of practice and of great importance, we have considered the point without deciding whether it is sufficiently raised on the record. The affidavits of the defendant and of the two persons supporting it fully set forth all that the statute requires; and the question is whether the court below erred in requiring the two witnesses supporting defendant’s affidavit to personally appear in open court, and submit to an oral examination.
^hange'of^'enue: stnactlon'ofstatdiscretion.111^ The statute requires that a defendant’s affidavit shall “be supported by the oath of two disinterested persons, that they believe the facts therein stated are true.” It will be noted that, under this clause, two things should appear to the court: (1) That two persons must state under oath that they believe the statements in defendant’s affidavit to be true; and (2) it must be shown in proof that such persons are disinterested; that proof is not necessarily confined to their testimony alone or at all. It will also be noted that, while the statute directs the defendant to set forth the grounds for the change of venue in an “affidavit,” the supporting proofs are to be made under “oath” by disinterested persons. The statute does not say that such oath shall or even may be by affidavit, and in that respect this case is to be distinguished from Cass v. State, 2 G. Greene, 353. It would probably be true that, if the affidavits of these persons had been received and considered as proofs, the court would not have been permitted to arbitrarily.disregard them. Mattox v. U. S., 146 U. S. 140, 13 Sup. Ct. 50; Territory v. Kelly, 2 N. M. 300, But it is manifest from the orders made on the ninth and twelfth of November that the court did not consider the proofs as competent, but required them to be made orally in open court. Even assuming that the bare oral statement under oath by the persons-so produced as to their belief in the truth of the defendant’s affidavit would have fully satisfied the statute in that particular, still the question as to whether they were disinterested was one upon which they were subject to full and searching examination. The right to use ex parte affidavits as proofs in any case is a mere matter of grace and convenience, unless some statute or rule of court provides otherwise in a given case; and the court would have the undoubted right to require the pfoofs upon a motion to be presented orally in open court, 'iy'e are not to be understood as holding that proofs upon motions made in the form of affidavits would not be ordinarily sufficient for purposes of review in this court, but we do hold that the license which has grown up in the use of ex parte affidavits has not ripened into a right to employ them where the trial court expressly requires the proof to be oral in open court. In requiring this, the court did not deprive the defendant of any rights conferred by statute or common law or rule of court; and it was not in anywise unjust or unreasonable. The legislature, in the very terms of the statute, distinguishes between the “affidavit” of the defendant and the “oath” of the disinterested persons, and we can not say that the legislature did so inadvertently. No man with a proper regard for the obligation and solemnity of an oath would swear in private to that which he would not swear to in open court, and requiring the oath to be made openly and publicly did not deprive the defendant of any just right. The statute does not say that the proofs in support of defendant’s affidavit may be made by the ’ oath of any person, but requires that such persons shall be “disinterested.” Who is to determine whether the persons offered are disinterested? There can be but one answer, —the court alone. If’the persons offered as disinterested can by their mere ex parte affidavit close the door against their own examination upon that point in open court, notwithstanding the trial court requires it, a thing so extraordinary could only be justified by the clear terms of the statute or rule of court, and there is none. The ease and facility with which change of venue is taken, often to the great delay of causes, the defeat of justice, and the hardship of witnesses, does not require us to construe the change of venue law beyond its plain terms and the full and efficient protection of the defendant in a fair and impartial trial. In Territory v. Kelly, supra, the defendant attempted to change the venue from Santa Fe county, and also set forth that the same causes existed against San Miguel, and it was urged that the. law which made the proofs conclusive against Santa Fe county also made them conclusive against San Miguel; but the coart held that, while the statute allowed no discretion in the one instance, it imposed no limitations upon the discretion of the trial court in the other. So here, while law makes the oath of two disinterested persons conclusively sufficient in support of defendant’s affidavit, the court is invested with a discretion in ascertaining whether such persons are disinterested. For the purposes of this case, it will be unnecessary to determine whether the legislature used the word “disinterested” in the narrow sense, distinguishing between persons qualified and those disqualified at common law from testifying, or whether it used it in the broader sense, as synonymous with “fair-minded” and “impartial.” The statute was passed long after the legislature had swept away the disqualification of witnesses arising from interest, and it may well be that the rule laid down in Freleigh v. State, 8 Mo. 607, would not apply, but that, construing the statutory expression in the light of the present condition of the law as to the qualifications of the persons testifying (Suth. St. Const., sec.
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Bantz, J.
The defendant,, under indictment charging assault with a deadly weapon, filed his affidavit on the ninth day of November, 1894, for a change of venue, on the ground that he could not secure a fair trial in Bernalillo county, where the case was pending,, because the principal witness for the territory had an undue influence over the minds of the inhabitants of the county; that the inhabitants of the county were prejudiced against him; and that, by reason of local prejudice, an impartial jury could not be obtained. This affidavit was supported by the affidavits of two persons, who set forth that they had no interest in the case; that they had read the affidavit of defendant; and that they believed the facts therein stated to be true. The application for a change of venue was resisted upon the ground that the two persons supporting the defendant’s affidavit should come into open court, and submit to an oral examination under oath. On the same day, November 9, the court overruled the application, but at the same time gave the defendant leave to produce in open court two disinterested persons to verify the facts set forth in defendant’s affidavit. On the twelfth of November, the defendant filed another motion for change of venue, based upon the affidavits already mentioned; and on the same day it was ordered by the court that “the said defendant not having produced in open court two witnesses to verify the truth of the allegations contained in said motion,” the same is overruled. The record fails to disclose that any exception was taken to the action of the court below as to these orders overruling motions for change of venue, but the prosecution and the defense have fully argued the question, and, as it is one of practice and of great importance, we have considered the point without deciding whether it is sufficiently raised on the record. The affidavits of the defendant and of the two persons supporting it fully set forth all that the statute requires; and the question is whether the court below erred in requiring the two witnesses supporting defendant’s affidavit to personally appear in open court, and submit to an oral examination.
^hange'of^'enue: stnactlon'ofstatdiscretion.111^ The statute requires that a defendant’s affidavit shall “be supported by the oath of two disinterested persons, that they believe the facts therein stated are true.” It will be noted that, under this clause, two things should appear to the court: (1) That two persons must state under oath that they believe the statements in defendant’s affidavit to be true; and (2) it must be shown in proof that such persons are disinterested; that proof is not necessarily confined to their testimony alone or at all. It will also be noted that, while the statute directs the defendant to set forth the grounds for the change of venue in an “affidavit,” the supporting proofs are to be made under “oath” by disinterested persons. The statute does not say that such oath shall or even may be by affidavit, and in that respect this case is to be distinguished from Cass v. State, 2 G. Greene, 353. It would probably be true that, if the affidavits of these persons had been received and considered as proofs, the court would not have been permitted to arbitrarily.disregard them. Mattox v. U. S., 146 U. S. 140, 13 Sup. Ct. 50; Territory v. Kelly, 2 N. M. 300, But it is manifest from the orders made on the ninth and twelfth of November that the court did not consider the proofs as competent, but required them to be made orally in open court. Even assuming that the bare oral statement under oath by the persons-so produced as to their belief in the truth of the defendant’s affidavit would have fully satisfied the statute in that particular, still the question as to whether they were disinterested was one upon which they were subject to full and searching examination. The right to use ex parte affidavits as proofs in any case is a mere matter of grace and convenience, unless some statute or rule of court provides otherwise in a given case; and the court would have the undoubted right to require the pfoofs upon a motion to be presented orally in open court, 'iy'e are not to be understood as holding that proofs upon motions made in the form of affidavits would not be ordinarily sufficient for purposes of review in this court, but we do hold that the license which has grown up in the use of ex parte affidavits has not ripened into a right to employ them where the trial court expressly requires the proof to be oral in open court. In requiring this, the court did not deprive the defendant of any rights conferred by statute or common law or rule of court; and it was not in anywise unjust or unreasonable. The legislature, in the very terms of the statute, distinguishes between the “affidavit” of the defendant and the “oath” of the disinterested persons, and we can not say that the legislature did so inadvertently. No man with a proper regard for the obligation and solemnity of an oath would swear in private to that which he would not swear to in open court, and requiring the oath to be made openly and publicly did not deprive the defendant of any just right. The statute does not say that the proofs in support of defendant’s affidavit may be made by the ’ oath of any person, but requires that such persons shall be “disinterested.” Who is to determine whether the persons offered are disinterested? There can be but one answer, —the court alone. If’the persons offered as disinterested can by their mere ex parte affidavit close the door against their own examination upon that point in open court, notwithstanding the trial court requires it, a thing so extraordinary could only be justified by the clear terms of the statute or rule of court, and there is none. The ease and facility with which change of venue is taken, often to the great delay of causes, the defeat of justice, and the hardship of witnesses, does not require us to construe the change of venue law beyond its plain terms and the full and efficient protection of the defendant in a fair and impartial trial. In Territory v. Kelly, supra, the defendant attempted to change the venue from Santa Fe county, and also set forth that the same causes existed against San Miguel, and it was urged that the. law which made the proofs conclusive against Santa Fe county also made them conclusive against San Miguel; but the coart held that, while the statute allowed no discretion in the one instance, it imposed no limitations upon the discretion of the trial court in the other. So here, while law makes the oath of two disinterested persons conclusively sufficient in support of defendant’s affidavit, the court is invested with a discretion in ascertaining whether such persons are disinterested. For the purposes of this case, it will be unnecessary to determine whether the legislature used the word “disinterested” in the narrow sense, distinguishing between persons qualified and those disqualified at common law from testifying, or whether it used it in the broader sense, as synonymous with “fair-minded” and “impartial.” The statute was passed long after the legislature had swept away the disqualification of witnesses arising from interest, and it may well be that the rule laid down in Freleigh v. State, 8 Mo. 607, would not apply, but that, construing the statutory expression in the light of the present condition of the law as to the qualifications of the persons testifying (Suth. St. Const., sec. 247), we should consider the legislative intent to be that those whose oaths were to inform the court and set in motion judicial action should be indifferent to the cause in the broader sense of being impartial and fair-minded. Warren v. Baxter, 48 Me. 194; Insurance Co. v. Stevens, 48 Ill. 33. In Wake-field v. State, 41 Tex. 553, the statute used the word “credible person,” and the court held that the inquiry-involved more than a general character for truth, but embraced the means of knowledge, the intelligence, and the relations of such persons with the. defendant. This matter does now, however, enter into the decision of this case. It is sufficient to say that the defendant had no right to insist upon the reception of the supporting proofs, and as to the interest of the witnesses by affidavits, where the trial court expressly required them to be made orally, as already indicated; and it was not error to refuse the change of venue.
judicial discr'eThe next point for consideration is whether the court below erred in denying the application for a continuance, which set forth that two certain witnesses would swear that the prosecuting witness used vile epithets toward the defendant, and threatened that he would “fix” the defendant, and that this occurred immediately before the assault charged. The application also sets forth that the defendant’s attorney relied upon what he termed the hitherto customary and usual manner of granting changes of venue in eases made out on affidavits like the present one, and that, so relying, he did not issue subpoenas for witnesses who were then absent. It is probably true that it has been the customary practice to order the venue changed in cases where the showing has been made on affidavits like those in this case, and we would be strongly disposed to think it error if the refusal to grant the continuance had caused the defendant to suffer any material injury or disadvantage. The record, however, shows that the first application for a change of venue was made and refused on November 9; that on November 12 the motion was. renewed on the same affidavits, and again denied, and on the same day the application for a continuance was made, when the district attorney admitted that the witnesses would, if present, testify to the facts stated in the affidavits, and the court denied the continuance. The trial was begun the next day, the thirteenth, and one of the witnesses named in the affidavit testified at the trial for the defendant, but as to whether the affidavit as to the other witness was offered in evidence does not appear. Under these circumstances, we do not think error can be assigned on the refusal to grant the continuance. The defendant was deprived of the testimony of .only one witness, whose testimony was only cumulative. The trial court necessarily has a discretion to exercise upon such an application, and it has been repeatedly and uniformly held by this court that, unless such discretion has been in some way abused to the injury of the defendant, the denial of a continuance will not be error. We have carefully considered the whole record, and find no error. The judgment will, therefore, be affirmed.
Laughlin and Hamilton, JJ., concur. The Chief Justice was absent at hearing.