OPINION OP THE COURT.
HANNA, J.
The information charged the defendant with having engaged in a game of base ball on Sunday, and that he thereby violated section 1368, C. L. 1897, in three particulars, viz: First: That it was such sport as constituted a violation of the statute; second: That it constituted attendance at a public meeting, and third, that it constituted labor. Section 1368 as follows:
“Any person, or persons who shall be found on the first day of the week, called Sunday, engaged in any sports, or in horse racing, cock fighting, or in any other manner, disturbing any worshiping assembly, or private family, or attending any public meeting, or public exhibition, excepting for religious worship or instruction, or engaged in any labor, except works of necessity, charity, or mercy, shall be punished,” etc.
2 Penal statutes are to be strictly ” construed and the courts all uniformly so hold. It is true, in some of the states, this rule has been abrogated by statute, but in New Mexico we have no statute authorizing us to depart from the strict rule of the common law in this respect. Hence we must give to the statute now under consideration a strict construction, according to its letter, and nothing must be regarded as being included within it, that is not both within the letter and spirit of the statute. “And where a statute of this kind contains such an ambiguity as to leave reasonable doubt of its meaning, where it admits of two constructions, that which operates in favor of life or liberty is to be preferred.” Lewis’ Sutherland Statutory Construction, 2nd ed. see. 520. The above statute is peculiarly worded and from our research we have been unable to find a similar statute in any other state. Its meaning and intent are not clear and it is very ambiguous. The Legislature of New Mex7 ipo should enact a statute upon Sunday observance that would plainly express the prohibited acts, so that the people would be able to know, without construction by the courts, what it was intended to prohibit. Courts cannot enact laws and are limited simply to their construction and interpretation, and under well defined rules.
3 To sustain the judgment of the lower court, upon the first count of the information, we would be compelled to hold that the Legislature intended to prohibit all “sports” on the Sabbath day, however innocent or harmless they might be. Can it be that the Legislature, by the use of the word, intended to so limit and restrict the libérty of the people? To so hold would be to prevent members of a family from engaging in a game of croquet, tennis or golf, or other like • sports. In fact, would, instead of making Sunday a day of rest and relaxation from business and labor, and a day to be looked forward to with pleasure, cause the people to regard it .as a day to be dreaded, for fear they might be haled into court and fined for infraction of the law. We think the law makers, by the use of the words “horse racing or cock fighting” pointed out the class of sports which they intended to prohibit, and that they intended to prohibit only such sport as tended to immorality. It is well known that horse racing and cock fighting, by reason of the fact that a purse is usually paid to the owner of the winner, and that gambling and betting sometimes attend such sports, are generally considered immoral. Ex parte Hull (Idaho) 110 Pac. 256.
In the case of State v. Prather, 79 Kansas, 513; 100 Pac. 57, the Supreme Court of Kansas, in discussing the question as to whether baseball was prohibited by a statute, which prohibited all “games” on the Sabbath day, said:
“In the broad sense in which the word is often used it includes baseball. Giving the statute this interpretation the statute applied to every contrivance or institution which falls within the general term. This construction would make the statute apply to every game of authors, whist, chess, checkers, backgammon and cribbage, even when played within the privacy of one’s home, and to croquet, basket ball, tennis and golf, whether played in public or private grounds. It hardly seems possible that it could have been the intention of the legislature to enact -a provision so drastic in its terms as to make the playing of all games on Sunday misdemeanors without regard to their character.” And the Supreme Court of Missouri, in the case Ex Parte Joseph Neet, 157, Mo. 527, in speaking of baseball, says:
“Baseball does not belong to the same class, kind, species or genus as horse racing, cock «fighting, or card playing. It is to America what cricket is to England. It is a sport or athletic exercise, and is commonly called a game but it is not a gambling game or productive of immorality. In a qualified sense it is affected by chance, but it.is primarily and properly a game of science, of physical skill, of trained endurance and of natural adaptability to athletic skill.”
To hold that the word “sports,” used in bur statute was designed to prevent people from engaging in baseball on Sunday, would make the statute so drastic that it would prohibit all sports, however innocent or harmless they might be, and however much they might tend to make the Sabbath day a day of rest and relaxation from labor. As remarked by the court in Ex Parte Joseph Neet, supra., “Such a construction would have curtailed many of the pleasures of many of our people, without elevating them or improving their moral tone. Until the law-makers expressly provide for such sweeping changes in the lives and customs of our people, it is not proper for the courts by construction to impair their natural rights to enjoy these sports or amusements that are neither mala in se nor mala prohibita — neither immoral or hurtful to body or soul.”
4 We therefore hold that baseball, so long as it is conducted and carried on in a harmless and proper manner, free from rowdyism, gambling and immorality, does not come within sports prohibited by the statute.
The second count of the information charges that the defendant “did unlawfully engage in and attend a public exhibition and a public meeting, to-wit, a game of baseball, said meeting and exhibition not being for religious worship or instruction.”
4 This charge is based upon that portion of the statute which prohibits “attending any public meeting or exhibition, except for religious 'worship or instruction.” Even though baseball should be held to be a public meeting or exhibition, which we do not hold nor decide, as the question is not involved in this case, nor necessary to a decision, still it is apparent that this does not forbid engaging in a pidilic exhibition or public meeting, but only makes it an offense to attend such public meeting or exhibition. The agreed statement of facts shows that the defendant engaged in the managing, promoting and playing the game. We are unable to see how in any proper and ordinary sense in which the' word “attend” may be used, a person who performs at the exhibition or speaks in public meeting can be said to attend the exhibition or meeting. The ordinary meaning of this language is that the persons who go to any such exhibition or meeting, as spectators or auditors, are guilty of an offense which cannot extend to the performers themselves, and this defendant appears to have been a performer at the game of baseball.
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OPINION OP THE COURT.
HANNA, J.
The information charged the defendant with having engaged in a game of base ball on Sunday, and that he thereby violated section 1368, C. L. 1897, in three particulars, viz: First: That it was such sport as constituted a violation of the statute; second: That it constituted attendance at a public meeting, and third, that it constituted labor. Section 1368 as follows:
“Any person, or persons who shall be found on the first day of the week, called Sunday, engaged in any sports, or in horse racing, cock fighting, or in any other manner, disturbing any worshiping assembly, or private family, or attending any public meeting, or public exhibition, excepting for religious worship or instruction, or engaged in any labor, except works of necessity, charity, or mercy, shall be punished,” etc.
2 Penal statutes are to be strictly ” construed and the courts all uniformly so hold. It is true, in some of the states, this rule has been abrogated by statute, but in New Mexico we have no statute authorizing us to depart from the strict rule of the common law in this respect. Hence we must give to the statute now under consideration a strict construction, according to its letter, and nothing must be regarded as being included within it, that is not both within the letter and spirit of the statute. “And where a statute of this kind contains such an ambiguity as to leave reasonable doubt of its meaning, where it admits of two constructions, that which operates in favor of life or liberty is to be preferred.” Lewis’ Sutherland Statutory Construction, 2nd ed. see. 520. The above statute is peculiarly worded and from our research we have been unable to find a similar statute in any other state. Its meaning and intent are not clear and it is very ambiguous. The Legislature of New Mex7 ipo should enact a statute upon Sunday observance that would plainly express the prohibited acts, so that the people would be able to know, without construction by the courts, what it was intended to prohibit. Courts cannot enact laws and are limited simply to their construction and interpretation, and under well defined rules.
3 To sustain the judgment of the lower court, upon the first count of the information, we would be compelled to hold that the Legislature intended to prohibit all “sports” on the Sabbath day, however innocent or harmless they might be. Can it be that the Legislature, by the use of the word, intended to so limit and restrict the libérty of the people? To so hold would be to prevent members of a family from engaging in a game of croquet, tennis or golf, or other like • sports. In fact, would, instead of making Sunday a day of rest and relaxation from business and labor, and a day to be looked forward to with pleasure, cause the people to regard it .as a day to be dreaded, for fear they might be haled into court and fined for infraction of the law. We think the law makers, by the use of the words “horse racing or cock fighting” pointed out the class of sports which they intended to prohibit, and that they intended to prohibit only such sport as tended to immorality. It is well known that horse racing and cock fighting, by reason of the fact that a purse is usually paid to the owner of the winner, and that gambling and betting sometimes attend such sports, are generally considered immoral. Ex parte Hull (Idaho) 110 Pac. 256.
In the case of State v. Prather, 79 Kansas, 513; 100 Pac. 57, the Supreme Court of Kansas, in discussing the question as to whether baseball was prohibited by a statute, which prohibited all “games” on the Sabbath day, said:
“In the broad sense in which the word is often used it includes baseball. Giving the statute this interpretation the statute applied to every contrivance or institution which falls within the general term. This construction would make the statute apply to every game of authors, whist, chess, checkers, backgammon and cribbage, even when played within the privacy of one’s home, and to croquet, basket ball, tennis and golf, whether played in public or private grounds. It hardly seems possible that it could have been the intention of the legislature to enact -a provision so drastic in its terms as to make the playing of all games on Sunday misdemeanors without regard to their character.” And the Supreme Court of Missouri, in the case Ex Parte Joseph Neet, 157, Mo. 527, in speaking of baseball, says:
“Baseball does not belong to the same class, kind, species or genus as horse racing, cock «fighting, or card playing. It is to America what cricket is to England. It is a sport or athletic exercise, and is commonly called a game but it is not a gambling game or productive of immorality. In a qualified sense it is affected by chance, but it.is primarily and properly a game of science, of physical skill, of trained endurance and of natural adaptability to athletic skill.”
To hold that the word “sports,” used in bur statute was designed to prevent people from engaging in baseball on Sunday, would make the statute so drastic that it would prohibit all sports, however innocent or harmless they might be, and however much they might tend to make the Sabbath day a day of rest and relaxation from labor. As remarked by the court in Ex Parte Joseph Neet, supra., “Such a construction would have curtailed many of the pleasures of many of our people, without elevating them or improving their moral tone. Until the law-makers expressly provide for such sweeping changes in the lives and customs of our people, it is not proper for the courts by construction to impair their natural rights to enjoy these sports or amusements that are neither mala in se nor mala prohibita — neither immoral or hurtful to body or soul.”
4 We therefore hold that baseball, so long as it is conducted and carried on in a harmless and proper manner, free from rowdyism, gambling and immorality, does not come within sports prohibited by the statute.
The second count of the information charges that the defendant “did unlawfully engage in and attend a public exhibition and a public meeting, to-wit, a game of baseball, said meeting and exhibition not being for religious worship or instruction.”
4 This charge is based upon that portion of the statute which prohibits “attending any public meeting or exhibition, except for religious 'worship or instruction.” Even though baseball should be held to be a public meeting or exhibition, which we do not hold nor decide, as the question is not involved in this case, nor necessary to a decision, still it is apparent that this does not forbid engaging in a pidilic exhibition or public meeting, but only makes it an offense to attend such public meeting or exhibition. The agreed statement of facts shows that the defendant engaged in the managing, promoting and playing the game. We are unable to see how in any proper and ordinary sense in which the' word “attend” may be used, a person who performs at the exhibition or speaks in public meeting can be said to attend the exhibition or meeting. The ordinary meaning of this language is that the persons who go to any such exhibition or meeting, as spectators or auditors, are guilty of an offense which cannot extend to the performers themselves, and this defendant appears to have been a performer at the game of baseball. The correctness of this interpretation is conceded by the able attorney general and therefor it is not necessary for us to further discuss this branch of the case.
5 The third count of the information charges that the defendant “did engage in labor, to-wit: the managing, promoting and playing of a game of baseball, the same not being a work of necessity, charity or mercy.” The learned judge of the court below held “that what was done by the defendant as described in the stipulation— constituting both physical exercise and remuneration therefor — constituted labor within the statute.” We are unable to concur in this definition of labor, as used in the statute. Webster defines labor to be:
“Exertion of muscular strength, or bodily exertion which occasions weariness; ,particularly, the exertions of the limbs in occupations by which subsistence ■ is obtained; as in agriculture and manufactures, in distinction from. exertion, of strength in play or amusements, which are denominated - exercise, rather than labor.” Physical exertion alone certainly does not constitute labor within the meaning of the statute, otherwise people would be precluded by statute from walking, engaging in any recreation, or doing any act, unless the same was a matter of necessity, charity or mercy; nor does the mere fact that remuneration is received for physical exertion, change the character of that exertion so as to make it labor, if it would not otherwise be so. If a man chops a cord of wood, we would all agree that that is labor, whether he receives any compensation for .it or not. ■ And on the other hand it must equally be true that recreation or amusement is not transformed into labor because the persons indulging in the recreation or amusement receives pay for so doing. This would be placing, we think, an unwarranted construction upon the statute. No one would contend that the action of a band, which plays in many of our cities and towns on Sunday, for the entertainment of the public, is engaged in labor, within the meaning of the statute, although the members receive compensation therefor; nor would it be contended that the statute extended to the case of a paid singer in a church choir, who sings for the entertainment of the congregation and for the benefit of religious worship and instruction, thereby attracting the attendance of persons who might not otherwise attend church.
& The Supreme Court of Ohio, in the case of Bloom v. Richards, 2 Ohio State, p. 387, in construing the meaning of the word “labor,” used in a Sunday statute, said, “The word labor’ is usually employed to signify manual exertion of a toilsome nature.” The legislature of the Territory, by the use of this word, certainly did .not intend to use it in the enlarged sense, but was using a word commonly understood by the people to mean physical exertion, of a toilsome nature, indulged in by mankind to acquire a sustenance. The purpose of the statute was to set apart this day as a day of rest for the people, from the ordinary vocations pursued by them through the week. What could be more restful or helpful to the man who spends his week in an office, or a close shop, than to engage in an invigorating, clean and wholesome exercise, such as baseball on this day. Baseball- is essentially and naturally in the nature of amusement, both for the participants and spectators, and is far removed from the ordinary meaning of the word “labor.”
For the reasons above stated, the judgment of the lower court is reversed and the cause remanded, with instructions to the lower court to discharge the defendant.