IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 18-1329 Filed June 19, 2019
TERRI ENDRESS, Plaintiff-Appellee,
vs.
IOWA DEPARTMENT OF HUMAN SERVICES, Defendant-Appellant. ________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Polk County, Karen A. Romano,
Judge.
The Department of Human Services appeals, and Terri Endress cross-
appeals, the district court’s ruling on judicial review. AFFIRMED IN PART,
REVERSED IN PART, AND REMANDED.
Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Tabitha J. Gardner, Assistant
Attorney General, for appellant.
Trent W. Nelson of Sellers Galenbeck & Nelson, Des Moines, for appellee.
Considered by Vogel, C.J., and Potterfield and Doyle, JJ. 2
DOYLE, Judge.
This appeal, like Pfaltzgraff v. Iowa Department of Human Services, No. 18-
0189, 2019 WL ________, at *___ (Iowa Ct. App. June 19, 2019), also filed today,
concerns attempts by the Iowa Department of Human Services (DHS) to recoup
payments to childcare providers under the Child Care Assistance Program
(CCAP). The district court granted Terri Endress’s petition for judicial review after
determining the DHS violated Endress’s procedural due process rights and
exceeded its statutory authority in promulgating the recoupment rules, which it
determined are unconstitutionally vague. The DHS appeals. Endress cross-
appeals the district court’s determination that she is not entitled to attorney fees.
I. Background Facts and Proceedings.
Endress was a registered childcare provider who had signed an agreement
allowing the DHS to pay her directly for childcare services she provided to families
eligible for the CCAP. In July 2014, the DHS sent a notice to Endress stating it
would cancel the agreement because she submitted claims for which she was not
entitled. Specifically, the DHS alleged that on three occasions, Endress had more
children present in her daycare than was allowed under her child home
development registration. Endress appealed the decision to cancel her CCAP
agreement. The agency issued a final decision in November 2014, affirming the
cancellation.
While her appeal was pending, Endress elected to continue receiving CCAP
payments. Both the notice of cancellation of her CCAP agreement and the notice
of her appeal set out her right to continue receipt of CCAP payments during the 3
appeal process but cautioned, “Any benefits you get while your appeal is being
decided may have to be paid back if the Department’s action is correct.”
On April 3, 2017, the DHS sent Endress a notice alleging she owed in
excess of $16,000 for CCAP payments made from July 2014 to November 2014
while her appeal was pending. Endress appealed, and the agency affirmed the
computation of the overpayment.1 She petitioned for judicial review, and the
district court granted her petition after determining the DHS exceeded its statutory
authority in promulgating the recoupment provisions of its administrative rules, the
rules are unconstitutionally vague, and the rules violated Endress’s procedural due
process rights. However, it denied Endress’s request for attorney fees.
II. Scope and Standard of Review.
“In a judicial review action on appeal, our job is to determine whether in
applying the applicable standards of review under section 17A.19(10) [(2017)], we
reach the same conclusions as the district court.” Colwell v. Iowa Dep’t of Human
Servs., 923 N.W.2d 225, 238 (Iowa 2019), reh’g denied (Mar. 8, 2019).
We can grant relief from agency action if the action is “[u]nconstitutional on its face or as applied or is based upon a provision of law that is unconstitutional on its face or as applied.” We do not give any deference to the agency with respect to the constitutionality of a statute or administrative rule because it is entirely within the province of the judiciary to determine the constitutionality of legislation enacted by other branches of government. Accordingly, we review constitutional issues in agency proceedings de novo.
1 The term “overpayment” refers to payment received in an amount greater than the provider is entitled to receive, see Iowa Admin. Code r. 441-170.1. We note that the “overbilling” here relates to CCAP payments Endress received during the appeal of the DHS’s revocation of her CCAP agreement for services Endress actually rendered to children who were eligible for CCAP benefits. Those payments only became overpayments once the DHS issued its final decision in November 2014, which affirmed the cancellation of her CCAP agreement effective as of July 2014. 4
NextEra Energy Res. LLC v. Iowa Utils. Bd., 815 N.W.2d 30, 44 (Iowa 2012)
(alteration in original) (internal citations omitted).
III. Procedural Due Process.
“The Fourteenth Amendment’s procedural protection of property is a
safeguard of the security of interests that a person has already acquired in specific
benefits.” Bd. of Regents v. Roth, 408 U.S. 564, 576 (1972). The district court
concluded the DHS violated Endress’s right to procedural due process by seeking
recoupment without providing adequate notice. The DHS challenges this
determination.
A. Existence of a Property Right.
In analyzing a procedural due process claim, we first look to see if a
protected liberty or property interest is at issue. See Bowers v. Polk Cty. Bd. of
Supervisors, 638 N.W.2d 682, 691 (Iowa 2002). The district court determined that
the DHS has a statutorily created obligation to pay for provider services during an
appeal. The DHS challenges this determination, contending no property right is at
issue because Endress was not entitled to the CCAP payments.
Property interests “are created and their dimensions are defined by existing
rules or understandings that stem from an independent source such as state law—
rules or understandings that secure certain benefits and that support claims of
entitlement to those benefits.” See Roth, 408 U.S. at 576. Such sources include
“statutes, regulations, and ordinances, or express or implied contracts.” Lee v.
Halford, 540 N.W.2d 426, 429 (Iowa 1995) (quoting Orloff v. Cleland, 708 F.2d
372, 377 (9th Cir. 1983)). A statute or administrative regulation creates a property
interest if it contains “explicit mandatory language,” such as “specific directives to 5
the decisionmaker that if the regulations’ substantive predicates are present, a
particular outcome must follow.” Kentucky Dep’t of Corrections v. Thompson, 490
U.S. 454, 463 (1989) (addressing the existence of a liberty interest); see also Town
of Castle Rock v. Gonzales, 545 U.S. 748, 756 (2005) (citing Thompson for the
proposition that “a benefit is not a protected entitlement if government officials may
grant or deny it in their discretion” in addressing the existence of a property
interest); Washington Legal Clinic for the Homeless v. Barry, 107 F.3d 32, 36 (D.C.
Cir. 1997) (“To determine whether a particular statute creates a constitutionally
protected property interest, we ask whether the statute or implementing regulations
place ‘substantive limitations on official discretion.’”). “When a government must
follow mandatory laws or regulations which limit its discretion to make a decision
in any way or for any reason, those laws or regulations can create a property right
which is deprived if those regulations are not followed.” Brands v. Sheldon Comm.
School Dist., 671 F. Supp. 627, 631 (N.D. Iowa 1987) (citing Hewitt v. Helms, 459
U.S. 460, 471–72 (1983)).
Iowa Code section 237A.13(4) states:
The department’s billing and payment provisions for the program shall allow providers to elect either biweekly or monthly billing and payment for child care provided under the program. The department shall remit payment to a provider within ten business days of receiving a bill or claim for services provided. However, if the department determines that a bill has an error or omission, the department shall notify the provider of the error or omission and identify any correction needed before issuance of payment to the provider. The department shall provide the notice within five business days of receiving the billing from the provider and shall remit payment to the provider within ten business days of receiving the corrected billing. 6
The use of the term “shall” indicates the legislature is imposing a duty. Iowa Code
§ 4.1(30); Kopecky v. Iowa Racing & Gaming Comm’n, 891 N.W.2d 439, 443-44
(Iowa 2017). Accordingly, section 237A.13 requires the DHS to either (1) notify
providers of an error in billing within five days of receipt a bill and before issuing
payment or (2) pay for the services provided within ten business days of receipt of
the bill. The language of section 237A.13(4) contains an explicit mandate and
limits the DHS’s exercise of official discretion, as is required to create a property
interest.
Additionally, the DHS’s own regulations require that it pay for services
provided pending a final decision on appeal from a proposed adverse action. See
Iowa Admin. Code r. 441-7.9.2 On this basis, both state law and administrative
regulation create a property interest in the payments made under the CCAP.
2 General standards for when assistance continues. a. Assistance, subject to paragraph 7.9(1)“b,” shall not be suspended, reduced, restricted, or canceled, nor shall a license, registration, certification, approval, or accreditation be revoked or other proposed adverse action be taken pending a final decision on an appeal when: (1) An appeal is filed before the effective date of the intended action; or (2) The appellant requests a hearing within ten days from receipt of a notice suspending, reducing, restricting, or canceling benefits or services. The date on which the notice is received is considered to be five days after the date on the notice, unless the beneficiary shows that the beneficiary did not receive the notice within the five-day period. b. If it is determined at a hearing that the issue involves only federal or state law or policy, assistance will be immediately discontinued. c. Assistance shall be continued on the basis authorized immediately prior to the notice of adverse action, subject to paragraph 7.9(2)“c.” 7
The DHS notes that section 237A.13(8) states:
Nothing in this section shall be construed as or is intended as, or shall imply, a grant of entitlement for services to persons who are eligible for assistance due to an income level or other eligibility circumstance addressed in this section. Any state obligation to provide services pursuant to this section is limited to the extent of the funds appropriated for the purposes of state child care assistance.
It argues this provision makes it clear that the legislature did not intend to direct
the DHS to make CCAP payments, only to ensure that the payments were timely
reconciled once bills were submitted to the DHS. Although we agree that section
237A.13(8) provides the DHS with discretion concerning which families it provides
CCAP benefits, this discretion does not extend to the payments made to CCAP
providers. This subsection addresses “persons who are eligible for assistance,”
not providers. Iowa Code § 237A.13(8). Once the DHS has exercised its
discretion under section 237A.13(8) to determine which families qualify for CCAP
benefits, the payment of any bills submitted by CCAP providers for childcare to
those families is mandatory under section 237A.13(4).
The district court correctly determined that a property right is at issue.
d. The appellant may ask to have the appellant’s benefits continue on Form 470-0487 or 470-0487(S), Appeal and Request for Hearing. If the form does not positively indicate that the appellant has waived continuation of benefits, the department shall assume that continuation of benefits is desired. e. Once benefits are continued or reinstated, the department will not reduce or terminate benefits while the appeal is pending, subject to subrule 7.9(2). Iowa Admin. Code r. 441-7.9(1). 8
B. Process Required.
The second step in analyzing a procedural due process claim is to
determine what process the constitution requires. See Bowers, 628 N.W.2d at
691. We do so by balancing three competing interests:
First, the private interest that will be affected by the official action; second, the risk of an erroneous deprivation of such interest through the procedures used, and the probable value, if any, of additional or substitute procedural safeguards; and finally, the Government’s interest, including the function involved and the fiscal and administrative burdens that the additional or substitute procedural requirements would entail.
Id. (citation omitted). Procedural due process ordinarily requires notice and an
opportunity to be heard. See id. at 690-91. “Notice must be reasonably calculated
to apprise interested parties of the pendency of the action and afford them an
opportunity to present their objections.” Meyer v. Jones, 696 N.W.2d 611, 614
(Iowa 2005) (citation omitted).
The DHS contends that it provided Endress with adequate notice that she
would be required to repay any CCAP payments made while her appeal was
pending because its notices state, “Any benefits you get while your appeal is being
decided may have to be paid back if the Department’s action is correct.” The
district court determined this language was insufficient to provide Endress notice
because it refers only to “benefits” that must be paid back while the CCAP
agreement forms refer to “fees,” “payments,” and “money received.” The court
noted that the DHS provides benefits only to qualifying families, whereas it makes
payments to CCAP providers who provide childcare to those families eligible for
the “benefits.” The court also noted that the CCAP agreement only requires
repayment of fraudulent charges or money received in error. Because the 9
payments Endress received during the appeals process were not fraudulently
charged or received in error, the court concluded that Endress “had every reason
to believe that she was not receiving any benefits and the fee and payments she
was receiving for services rendered to eligible parents were hers.”
We concur with the district court’s determination that the notice provided to
Endress concerning recoupment of the CCAP payments made during the appeal
process was constitutionally deficient, and we affirm on this basis. Accordingly,
we need not address the other grounds on which the district court granted
Endress’s petition for judicial review or Endress’s argument concerning unjust
enrichment.
IV. Attorney Fees.
Endress filed a cross-appeal to challenge the district court’s determination
that she is not entitled to an award of her attorney fees under Iowa Code section
625.29 (2018). That section provides that the prevailing party in a judicial review
action brought against the State pursuant to chapter 17A is entitled to an award of
fees and expenses unless one of the following applies:
a. The position of the state was supported by substantial evidence. b. The state’s role in the case was primarily adjudicative. c. Special circumstances exist which would make the award unjust. d. The action arose from a proceeding in which the role of the state was to determine the eligibility or entitlement of an individual to a monetary benefit or its equivalent or to adjudicate a dispute or issue between private parties or to establish or fix a rate. e. The proceeding was brought by the state pursuant to Title XVI. f. The proceeding involved eminent domain, foreclosure, collection of judgment debts, or was a proceeding in which the state was a nominal party. 10
g. The proceeding involved the department of administrative services under chapter 8A, subchapter IV. h. The proceeding is a tort claim.
Iowa Code § 625.29(1)(a)-(h). The district court determined Endress was not
entitled to an award of attorney fees because the DHS’s role was primarily
adjudicative.
Although the statute does not define the term “primarily adjudicative,” our
supreme court has determined that “if an agency’s function principally or
fundamentally concerns settling and deciding issues raised, its role is primarily
adjudicative.” Remer v. Bd. of Med. Exam’s, 576 N.W.2d 598, 601 (Iowa 1998).
“When a court determines whether the state’s role is primarily adjudicative in the
context of this statute, it must look at the state’s role in the case currently in front
of it, and not the state’s role in other, similar cases or the state’s role generally.”
Branstad v. State ex rel. Nat. Res. Comm’n, 871 N.W.2d 291, 296 (Iowa 2015).
The district court determined that the DHS’s role was primarily adjudicative
because its primary role was to adjudicate whether Endress had received CCAP
overpayments and in what amount. The court found the attorney fee claim
comparable to that made and rejected in Branstad. In that case, a farmer appealed
the DNR’s assessment for restitution for fish it alleged were killed by pollution from
his farm. Branstad, 871 N.W.2d at 292-94. Following a contested hearing, a
proposed decision affirmed the assessment in its entirety. Id. at 293. The farmer
then appealed the decision to the Iowa Natural Resource Commission, which
conducted a hearing and affirmed the proposed decision. Id. The supreme court
concluded that the agency’s action fell “squarely within the definition of adjudicate”
because it was “presented with the fish kill investigation, the restitution 11
assessment, and various defenses raised by Branstad” before “weighing the
evidence, considering the defenses, and determining the rights and duties of the
parties.” Id. at 297.
In reaching its conclusion in Branstad, the supreme court cites Remer,
which concerned disciplinary charges brought against a physician by the Board of
Medical Examiners. Id. at 296-97; see also Remer, 576 N.W.2d at 599-600. The
Remer court noted:
Administrative license revocation proceedings are contested cases . . . . An agency adjudicatory proceeding is defined by statute to be a “contested case” if the constitution or a statute requires that rights of a party be determined by an agency after an opportunity for an evidentiary hearing. Agency action falls within the general adjudication category when it determines the rights, duties, and obligations of specific individuals as created by past transactions or occurrences.
576 N.W.2d at 602 (internal citations omitted). On this basis, it determined the role
of the board in the disciplinary proceeding was primarily adjudicative. Id. at 603.
In a special concurrence, Justice Carter agreed that the board’s role was primarily
adjudicative but went on to express his concern with the notion that all contested
cases fall under the category of primarily adjudicative:
I write separately to stress that in my view all administrative action that results in a contested case hearing does not necessarily fall under that statute. Almost all administrative action that causes adverse consequences to a party seeking attorney fees under section 625.29 will have gone through a contested case hearing process. That is a necessary consequence of the rule requiring exhaustion of administrative remedies. But, this does not mean that the administrative action that is the subject of the complaint was itself primarily adjudicative.
Id. at 604 (Carter, J., concurring specially). 12
The present case illustrates Justice Carter’s concern. Endress appealed
the DHS’s determination that she was required to repay the CCAP payments made
to her during her appeal of its decision to terminate her CCAP agreement.
However, her appeal concerned the constitutionality of the agency’s action.3 The
DHS lacks authority to decide constitutional questions, see Soo Line R. Co. v. Iowa
Dep’t of Transp., 521 N.W.2d 685, 688 (Iowa 1994) (stating agencies lack authority
to decide constitutional questions), which it conceded in both the proposed and
final decision. However, Endress was required to raise those claims to the agency
in order to preserve them for consideration on judicial review. See id.
(“Constitutional issues must be raised at the agency level to be preserved for
judicial review.”).
The present case differs from both Branstad and Remer. In Branstad, 871
N.W.2d at 292-93, a farmer appealed the assessment of restitution damages and
the agency adjudicated the issue. In Remer, 576 N.W.2d at 603, the board brought
disciplinary charges against a physician and ultimately determined the evidence
did not support those charges. Although Endress appealed the DHS’s assessment
of CCAP overpayments, she did not challenge the existence of a CCAP
overpayment under the DHS’s rules and the amount of that overpayment. Rather,
the DHS’s promulgation of administrative rules concerning overpayment and the
3 The DHS’s own rules state that recoupment of CCAP payments made pending the outcome of an unsuccessful appeal “is not an appealable issue,” Iowa Admin. Code r. 441-7.9(7), and the DHS took the position that the only issue before the agency was whether it correctly computed the amount of overpayment, which Endress did not challenge. 13
procedural due process it afforded Endress were at issue. Because the agency
did not adjudicate the matter on appeal, its role was not primarily adjudicative.
The DHS argues the exceptions found at section 625.29(1)(d) and (f) also
apply. We concur with the district court that these exceptions are inapplicable for
the reasons set forth in the district court’s order.
We reverse the district court’s determination that Endress is not entitled to
attorney fees under section 625.29 and remand to the district court to determine
an appropriate award. The court should also consider an award of appellate
attorney fees. See Schaffer v. Frank Moyer Constr., Inc., 628 N.W.2d 11, 23 (Iowa
2001) (noting that the mechanics lien statute did not limit an award of attorney fees
to those incurred in the district court and therefore the statute contemplated an
award of appellate attorney fees as well).
AFFIRMED IN PART, REVERSED IN PART, AND REMANDED.
Potterfield, J., concurs; Vogel, C.J., dissents. 14
VOGEL, Chief Judge (dissenting).
I do not believe the notice from the Iowa Department of Human Services
(DHS) to Terri Endress violated her right to procedural due process. I also believe
Endress cannot recover attorney fees because DHS’s actions were primarily
adjudicative. Therefore, I respectfully dissent.
I. Procedural Due Process.
As the majority notes, Endress must show she has a protected property
interest at issue in order to claim violation of her procedural due process rights.
See Bowers v. Polk Cty. Bd. of Supervisors, 638 N.W.2d 682, 691 (Iowa 2002).
“Stated simply, ‘a State creates a protected liberty interest by placing substantive
limitations on official discretion.’” Ky. Dep’t of Corr. v. Thompson, 490 U.S. 454,
462 (1989) (quoting Olim v. Wakinekona, 461 U.S. 238, 249 (1983)).
Iowa Code section 237A.13(4) (2017) states:
The department’s billing and payment provisions for the program shall allow providers to elect either biweekly or monthly billing and payment for child care provided under the program. The department shall remit payment to a provider within ten business days of receiving a bill or claim for services provided. However, if the department determines that a bill has an error or omission, the department shall notify the provider of the error or omission and identify any correction needed before issuance of payment to the provider. The department shall provide the notice within five business days of receiving the billing from the provider and shall remit payment to the provider within ten business days of receiving the corrected billing.
The majority reads this language as imposing a duty on DHS to promptly
pay “providers” for their claims under the child care assistance program (CCAP). 15
Thus, the majority finds Endress had a protected property interest in those CCAP
monies she claimed as a provider.
While chapter 237A does not define “provider,” it does impose a variety of
requirements on parties who perform child care. See, e.g., Iowa Code §§ 237A.2
(providing licensing requirements for child care centers), .3B (prohibiting smoking),
.5 (providing requirements for personnel). DHS, tasked with administering chapter
237A, must have the ability to identify the persons or facilities who comply with
these requirements and therefore qualify as “providers” eligible to receive CCAP
monies. Furthermore, a qualified “provider” is not entitled to receive any CCAP
monies because DHS may decide which persons are eligible for child care
assistance from CCAP. See id. § 237A.13(1) (“A state child care assistance
program is established in the department to assist children in families who meet
eligibility guidelines and are described by any of the following
circumstances . . . .”). Even when eligibility is met, it does not rise to the level of
an “entitlement” to the qualifying children or families. See id. § 237A.13(8)
(“Nothing in this section shall be construed as or is intended as, or shall imply, a
grant of entitlement for services to persons who are eligible for assistance due to
an income level or other eligibility circumstance addressed in this section.”); see
also id. § 237A.13(7) (establishing a waiting list for qualified families to receive
child care assistance). The majority finds section 237A.13 should be read to create
obligations to “providers” and therefore does not afford DHS discretion once
providers submit their claims to DHS; however, the majority overlooks DHS’s
discretion not only in identifying qualifying children or families but also in approving
the providers who may receive child care assistance monies. 16
The majority also points to DHS rules that the majority says require DHS to
pay providers unconditionally for services rendered pending an appeal. See Iowa
Admin. Code r. 441-7.9. However, these rules only require DHS to pay amounts
actually owed. Endress had merely elected to receive CCAP monies after her
CCAP provider agreement had been cancelled and during her appeal period. Her
expectation—subject to a disclaimer or warning that “[a]ny benefits you get while
your appeal is being decided may have to be paid back if the Department’s action
is correct”—is insufficient to create a protected property interest in tentative claims
for those monies.
Even assuming Endress had a protected property interest in her claimed
CCAP monies, the notice DHS provided to her was constitutionally sufficient. On
July 17, 2014, DHS sent Endress a “Notice of Decision,” which informed her that
her CCAP provider agreement would be cancelled effective July 29. The notice
also informed her she may appeal and “keep your benefits until an appeal is final,”
but “[a]ny benefits you get while your appeal is being decided may have to be paid
back if the Department’s action is correct.” Additionally, the notice provided phone
numbers for Iowa Legal Aid if she “ha[s] trouble understanding this notice.” On
July 31, DHS sent Endress another “Notice of Decision,” which began with this
paragraph:
You have timely appealed the cancellation or denial of your CCA provider agreement. You are therefore allowed to continue to receive child care assistance funding pending the outcome of your appeal. Any benefits you get while your appeal is being decided may have to be paid back if the Department’s action is correct. 17
This notice again provided phone numbers for Iowa Legal Aid if she “ha[s] trouble
understanding this notice.”
As the majority observes, “Notice must be reasonably calculated to apprise
interested parties of the pendency of the action and afford them an opportunity to
present their objections.” Meyer v. Jones, 696 N.W.2d 611, 614 (Iowa 2005)
(citation omitted). The majority faults the use of “benefit” in the notice, finding DHS
provides “benefits” to families and “payments” to providers under CCAP. However,
nothing in Iowa Code chapter 237A, the relevant administrative rules, or the
provider agreement defines “benefit” or otherwise requires such a narrow reading
of the term. The dictionary defines “benefit” to include a “payment” or “gift.” See
Webster’s Third New International Dictionary 204 (unabr. ed. 2002); see also
Lauridsen v. City of Okoboji Bd. of Adjustment, 554 N.W.2d 541, 544 (Iowa 1996)
(“The dictionary is consulted to give words their plain and ordinary meaning in the
absence of a legislative definition.”). Applying this plain and ordinary definition,
monies from DHS to providers for their participation in the child care assistance
program can fairly be termed “benefits.” This definition is clear from the context of
the notices—especially the July 31, 2017 notice that advises Endress she “may
continue to receive child care assistance funding pending the outcome of your
appeal” but warns in the next sentence “[a]ny benefits you get while your appeal
is being decided may have to be paid back if the Department’s action is correct.”
Even if she were uncertain about her obligations if she lost her appeal, the notice
provides DHS contact information for more information and it directs her to third-
party legal assistance. 18
While the language is admittedly not perfect, the notice need only “be
reasonably calculated to apprise interested parties of the pendency of the action
and afford them an opportunity to present their objections” to satisfy constitutional
due process. See id. As a business owner tasked with caring for children, it is
reasonable to expect Endress to understand the plain language of the notice when
it discusses “benefits” or directs her to help if she cannot understand. I believe the
notice satisfies constitutional due process. See id.
II. Attorney Fees.
In awarding attorney fees to Endress, the majority found DHS’s role was not
“primarily adjudicative.” Iowa Code § 625.29(1)(b). In this context, “adjudicate”
means “to settle finally (the rights and duties of the parties to a court case).”
Branstad v. State ex rel. Nat. Res. Comm’n, 871 N.W.2d 291, 291 (Iowa 2015)
(quoting Webster’s Third New International Dictionary 27). As the district court
found:
That is what happened. DHS provided Petitioner a contested hearing, with a meaningful opportunity to present evidence. [Greenwood Manor v. Iowa Dep’t of Pub. Health, 641 N.W.2d 823, 834 (2002)] (A contested case entitles parties affected by the agency action to an adversarial hearing with the presentation of evidence and arguments and the opportunity to cross-examine witnesses and introduce rebuttal evidence). Despite DHS’s claim that the existence of overpayments was “non-appealable,” Petitioner was able to argue that her payments for services from July to November 2014 did not constitute overpayments. While the initial steps in the present action involved DHS staff investigating and determining whether Petitioner had received an overpayment, the primary action in the case was to adjudicate the value of that overpayment. This case is similar to Branstad, where some of the initial acts by [the] Natural Resource Commission included investigative work, the restitution requested by the agency was found to be in error, and the ultimate act was to engage in a contested adjudicative process, with an ALJ and opportunity to present evidence. Branstad, 871 N.W.2d at 296. DHS was primarily engaged in adjudication. 19
I agree with the district court, and I would affirm the denial of attorney fees.
The majority attempts to put teeth into Justice Carter’s concern over an
expansive interpretation of “primarily adjudicative.” See Remer v. Bd. of Med.
Exam’rs, 576 N.W.2d 598, 604 (Iowa 1998) (Carter, J., concurring specially).
However, our supreme court has already commented on Justice Carter’s concern,
noting the legislature has rejected language that would have increased the court’s
ability to award attorney fees in judicial review of agency action. Branstad, 871
N.W.2d at 297. Because this case presents a typical administrative issue of what
amount, if any, one party owes to another, I do not believe DHS’s actions here
differ from the definition of “primarily adjudicative” in Branstad, 871 N.W.2d at 296.
III. Conclusion.
For all these reasons, I respectfully dissent. I would reverse the district
court’s decision regarding notice and find it satisfies procedural due process. I
would affirm the district court’s denial of attorney fees because DHS’s actions were
primarily adjudicative.