COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Judges Frank, Kelsey and Senior Judge Coleman Argued at Richmond, Virginia
TERRENCE JANSSEN DAVIS MEMORANDUM OPINION * BY v. Record No. 0462-07-2 JUDGE D. ARTHUR KELSEY MARCH 11, 2008 COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF RICHMOND Clarence N. Jenkins, Jr., Judge
James L. McLemore, IV, for appellant. Josephine F. Whalen, Assistant Attorney General II (Robert F. McDonnell, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
Finding Terrence Janssen Davis in violation of the terms of his probation, the trial court
revoked a portion of Davis’s suspended sentence on convictions for failing to register as a
convicted sex offender. On appeal, Davis argues that the trial court abused its discretion by
finding he violated a valid condition of probation and by punishing him for refusing to
incriminate himself. Disagreeing with both arguments, we affirm.
I.
After being convicted pursuant to a guilty plea of aggravated sexual battery and sodomy,
Davis failed in 2005 and 2006 to register as a violent sex offender with the Virginia State Police.
Davis pled guilty to three felony indictments alleging violations of Code § 18.2-472.1. His
conviction order imposed a total of 15 years’ incarceration and suspended all but six months.
The trial court placed Davis on supervised probation, ordering him to “comply with all the rules
and requirements set by the Probation Officer.”
* Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication. Upon his release, Davis entered intensive supervision in the sex offender unit of the
probation office. The probation officer directed Davis to attend a sex offender treatment
evaluation. At his first meeting with the counselor, Dr. James O’Quinn, Davis became
confrontational and declared he would not comply with the evaluation. Despite his guilty pleas
and convictions, Davis insisted he was not guilty of any sexual offenses. At a second meeting
with Dr. O’Quinn, Davis again displayed a poor attitude and put forth minimal effort.
When Davis repeated his highly confrontational behavior at a third meeting, Dr. O’Quinn
suspended further evaluations until Davis submitted to a polygraph test. Still protesting his
innocence, Davis complied. The polygraph examiner reported that Davis was deceptive when
questioned about his prior sexual crimes. Dr. O’Quinn agreed to work with Davis on his “denial
issues.” When two additional meetings proved unproductive, however, Dr. O’Quinn finally
concluded that Davis was “untreatable” and terminated any further sessions. Davis was arrested
for his failure to comply with treatment.
The probation officer reported these facts to the trial court and recommended that Davis
be found in violation of the terms of his probation. At his probation violation hearing, Davis
argued that he was justified in refusing to cooperate for two reasons. First, the probation
officer’s instruction that Davis enter sexual offender treatment was unreasonable because the
conviction order did not require it and the underlying crime did not warrant it. Second, Davis
argued that a finding that he violated probation would be tantamount to punishing him for
“maintaining his innocence” on the original convictions of aggravated sexual battery and
sodomy. Disagreeing with both assertions, the trial court found Davis in violation of the terms of
probation and resuspended all but 60 days of his aggregate sentence. II.
We find no merit in either of Davis’s challenges to the trial court’s finding that he
violated the terms of his supervised probation.
A. THE REASONABLENESS OF SEX OFFENDER TREATMENT
The probation officer’s authority to order sex offender treatment stemmed from the trial
court’s order requiring Davis to “comply with all the rules and requirements set by the Probation
Officer.” See generally Code § 19.2-303.3(B) (authorizing trial courts to direct criminal
defendants to “abide by any additional requirements of supervision imposed or established by the
local community-based probation services agency during the period of probation supervision”). 1
Whether defiance of a probation officer’s instructions is sufficient cause to revoke a suspended
sentence rests within the trial court’s “quite broad” discretion, Peyton v. Commonwealth, 268
Va. 503, 508, 604 S.E.2d 17, 19 (2004) (citation omitted), and is subject to reversal only upon “a
clear showing” of an abuse of that discretion, Word v. Commonwealth, 41 Va. App. 496, 506-07,
586 S.E.2d 282, 287 (2003) (citation omitted).
When coupled with a suspended sentence, probation should be viewed as “an act of grace
on the part of the Commonwealth to one who has been convicted and sentenced to a term of
confinement.” Pierce v. Commonwealth, 48 Va. App. 660, 667, 633 S.E.2d 755, 758 (2006).
“The power of the court to revoke for breach of the terms and conditions of probation should not
be restricted beyond the limitations fixed by the statutes.” Rease v. Commonwealth, 227 Va.
289, 294, 316 S.E.2d 148, 151 (1984). The rehabilitative purpose of probation can be “more
1 Cf. Miller v. Commonwealth, 25 Va. App. 727, 743-45, 492 S.E.2d 482, 491 (1997) (A probation officer has “supervisory responsibility for [a probationer’s] conduct and treatment during the course of his probation” and is “charged by law with defining a probationer’s permissible or impermissible conduct.”).
-3- readily accomplished when the probationer is under the broad control of the court and the direct
supervision of the court’s probation officer.” Id. at 294-95, 316 S.E.2d at 151.
To be sure, probation conditions must be reasonable. Hartless v. Commonwealth, 29
Va. App. 172, 175, 510 S.E.2d 738, 739 (1999) (The “only limitation placed upon the discretion
of the trial court in its determination of what conditions are to be imposed is that a condition be
‘reasonable.’” (quoting Dyke v. Commonwealth, 193 Va. 478, 484, 69 S.E.2d 483, 486 (1952))).
This reasonableness requirement, however, means only that the conditions take into account the
“nature of the offense, the background of the offender and the surrounding circumstances.”
Anderson v. Commonwealth, 25 Va. App. 565, 574, 490 S.E.2d 274, 278 (1997) (quoting
Nuckoles v. Commonwealth, 12 Va. App. 1083, 1086, 407 S.E.2d 355, 356 (1991)), aff’d en
banc, 26 Va. App. 535, 495 S.E.2d 547, aff’d, 256 Va. 580, 507 S.E.2d 339 (1998).
We have no concern over the reasonableness of the trial court’s ratification of the
probation officer’s direction to Davis to participate in sexual offender treatment. “Sex offenders
are a serious threat in this Nation.” McKune v.
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COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Judges Frank, Kelsey and Senior Judge Coleman Argued at Richmond, Virginia
TERRENCE JANSSEN DAVIS MEMORANDUM OPINION * BY v. Record No. 0462-07-2 JUDGE D. ARTHUR KELSEY MARCH 11, 2008 COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF RICHMOND Clarence N. Jenkins, Jr., Judge
James L. McLemore, IV, for appellant. Josephine F. Whalen, Assistant Attorney General II (Robert F. McDonnell, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
Finding Terrence Janssen Davis in violation of the terms of his probation, the trial court
revoked a portion of Davis’s suspended sentence on convictions for failing to register as a
convicted sex offender. On appeal, Davis argues that the trial court abused its discretion by
finding he violated a valid condition of probation and by punishing him for refusing to
incriminate himself. Disagreeing with both arguments, we affirm.
I.
After being convicted pursuant to a guilty plea of aggravated sexual battery and sodomy,
Davis failed in 2005 and 2006 to register as a violent sex offender with the Virginia State Police.
Davis pled guilty to three felony indictments alleging violations of Code § 18.2-472.1. His
conviction order imposed a total of 15 years’ incarceration and suspended all but six months.
The trial court placed Davis on supervised probation, ordering him to “comply with all the rules
and requirements set by the Probation Officer.”
* Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication. Upon his release, Davis entered intensive supervision in the sex offender unit of the
probation office. The probation officer directed Davis to attend a sex offender treatment
evaluation. At his first meeting with the counselor, Dr. James O’Quinn, Davis became
confrontational and declared he would not comply with the evaluation. Despite his guilty pleas
and convictions, Davis insisted he was not guilty of any sexual offenses. At a second meeting
with Dr. O’Quinn, Davis again displayed a poor attitude and put forth minimal effort.
When Davis repeated his highly confrontational behavior at a third meeting, Dr. O’Quinn
suspended further evaluations until Davis submitted to a polygraph test. Still protesting his
innocence, Davis complied. The polygraph examiner reported that Davis was deceptive when
questioned about his prior sexual crimes. Dr. O’Quinn agreed to work with Davis on his “denial
issues.” When two additional meetings proved unproductive, however, Dr. O’Quinn finally
concluded that Davis was “untreatable” and terminated any further sessions. Davis was arrested
for his failure to comply with treatment.
The probation officer reported these facts to the trial court and recommended that Davis
be found in violation of the terms of his probation. At his probation violation hearing, Davis
argued that he was justified in refusing to cooperate for two reasons. First, the probation
officer’s instruction that Davis enter sexual offender treatment was unreasonable because the
conviction order did not require it and the underlying crime did not warrant it. Second, Davis
argued that a finding that he violated probation would be tantamount to punishing him for
“maintaining his innocence” on the original convictions of aggravated sexual battery and
sodomy. Disagreeing with both assertions, the trial court found Davis in violation of the terms of
probation and resuspended all but 60 days of his aggregate sentence. II.
We find no merit in either of Davis’s challenges to the trial court’s finding that he
violated the terms of his supervised probation.
A. THE REASONABLENESS OF SEX OFFENDER TREATMENT
The probation officer’s authority to order sex offender treatment stemmed from the trial
court’s order requiring Davis to “comply with all the rules and requirements set by the Probation
Officer.” See generally Code § 19.2-303.3(B) (authorizing trial courts to direct criminal
defendants to “abide by any additional requirements of supervision imposed or established by the
local community-based probation services agency during the period of probation supervision”). 1
Whether defiance of a probation officer’s instructions is sufficient cause to revoke a suspended
sentence rests within the trial court’s “quite broad” discretion, Peyton v. Commonwealth, 268
Va. 503, 508, 604 S.E.2d 17, 19 (2004) (citation omitted), and is subject to reversal only upon “a
clear showing” of an abuse of that discretion, Word v. Commonwealth, 41 Va. App. 496, 506-07,
586 S.E.2d 282, 287 (2003) (citation omitted).
When coupled with a suspended sentence, probation should be viewed as “an act of grace
on the part of the Commonwealth to one who has been convicted and sentenced to a term of
confinement.” Pierce v. Commonwealth, 48 Va. App. 660, 667, 633 S.E.2d 755, 758 (2006).
“The power of the court to revoke for breach of the terms and conditions of probation should not
be restricted beyond the limitations fixed by the statutes.” Rease v. Commonwealth, 227 Va.
289, 294, 316 S.E.2d 148, 151 (1984). The rehabilitative purpose of probation can be “more
1 Cf. Miller v. Commonwealth, 25 Va. App. 727, 743-45, 492 S.E.2d 482, 491 (1997) (A probation officer has “supervisory responsibility for [a probationer’s] conduct and treatment during the course of his probation” and is “charged by law with defining a probationer’s permissible or impermissible conduct.”).
-3- readily accomplished when the probationer is under the broad control of the court and the direct
supervision of the court’s probation officer.” Id. at 294-95, 316 S.E.2d at 151.
To be sure, probation conditions must be reasonable. Hartless v. Commonwealth, 29
Va. App. 172, 175, 510 S.E.2d 738, 739 (1999) (The “only limitation placed upon the discretion
of the trial court in its determination of what conditions are to be imposed is that a condition be
‘reasonable.’” (quoting Dyke v. Commonwealth, 193 Va. 478, 484, 69 S.E.2d 483, 486 (1952))).
This reasonableness requirement, however, means only that the conditions take into account the
“nature of the offense, the background of the offender and the surrounding circumstances.”
Anderson v. Commonwealth, 25 Va. App. 565, 574, 490 S.E.2d 274, 278 (1997) (quoting
Nuckoles v. Commonwealth, 12 Va. App. 1083, 1086, 407 S.E.2d 355, 356 (1991)), aff’d en
banc, 26 Va. App. 535, 495 S.E.2d 547, aff’d, 256 Va. 580, 507 S.E.2d 339 (1998).
We have no concern over the reasonableness of the trial court’s ratification of the
probation officer’s direction to Davis to participate in sexual offender treatment. “Sex offenders
are a serious threat in this Nation.” McKune v. Lile, 536 U.S. 24, 32 (2002) (plurality). “When
convicted sex offenders reenter society, they are much more likely than any other type of
offender to be rearrested for a new rape or sexual assault.” Id. at 33. “States thus have a vital
interest in rehabilitating convicted sex offenders.” Id. That interest in rehabilitation fully
justified the probation condition imposed upon Davis requiring him to participate in sex offender
treatment. The nature of the offense for which Davis was on probation was his failure to register
as a sex offender. His background includes convictions, based upon guilty pleas, of aggravated
sexual battery and sodomy. Davis’s demonstrated propensity for sexual offenses and his
unwillingness to register as a convicted sex offender, the trial court correctly concluded, made
-4- him a prime candidate for sexual offender treatment while he enjoyed his liberty during the
period of probationary grace from his 15-year penitentiary sentence. 2
B. DAVIS’S CLAIMED RIGHT AGAINST SELF-INCRIMINATION
We also reject Davis’s argument that the trial court’s finding that he violated probation
somehow offended his right against self-incrimination.
Commenting on the evidence, the trial court noted that Dr. O’Quinn was “not trying to
force [Davis] to admit, but was just going to work with him on some of these issues.” Despite
this effort, the trial court found, Davis continued his pattern of “confrontation” up until the last
meeting with Dr. O’Quinn. The evidence before the trial court supports this finding. At every
meeting with Dr. O’Quinn, Davis displayed a recalcitrant attitude wholly inappropriate for a
productive therapeutic meeting. The issue was not so much his refusal to admit what he had
done, but his refusal to cooperatively participate in the program because he believed it
unnecessary given his protestations of innocence. This he had not even an arguable right to do. 3
2 In his appellate brief, Davis also argues he should not have been ordered into sex offender treatment because his plea agreement did not mention the subject. See Appellant’s Br. at 4-5. Whatever the merits of this argument, we will not address it because Davis never raised this point in the trial court and cannot do so for the first time on appeal. See Rule 5A:18. “Making one specific argument on an issue does not preserve a separate legal point on the same issue for review.” Edwards v. Commonwealth, 41 Va. App. 752, 760, 589 S.E.2d 444, 448 (2003) (en banc), aff’d by unpublished order, No. 040019 (Va. Oct. 15, 2004); see also West Alexandria Prop., Inc. v. First Va. Mortgage & Real Estate Inv. Trust, 221 Va. 134, 138, 267 S.E.2d 149, 151 (1980) (“On appeal, though taking the same general position as in the trial court, an appellant may not rely on reasons which could have been but were not raised for the benefit of the lower court.”). 3 Given our ruling, we need not address the Commonwealth’s argument that the privilege against self-incrimination applies only to statements that might incriminate an individual “in future criminal proceedings,” Venable v. Commonwealth, 48 Va. App. 380, 386, 632 S.E.2d 1, 4 (2006) (emphasis added) (quoting Minnesota v. Murphy, 465 U.S. 420, 426 (1984)) — an impossibility here because Davis had already been convicted, based upon guilty pleas, of the underlying offenses. See Murphy, 465 U.S. at 425 n.7.
-5- III.
In sum, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in finding Davis in violation of the
terms of his probation. We affirm the trial court’s order revoking and resuspending all but 60
days of the remaining sentences imposed upon Davis by the conviction orders.
Affirmed.
-6-