Mr. Chief Justice Beard
delivered the opinion of the Court.
[731]*731This action was instituted by the defendant in error, who owned and was in possession of a house and lot on Magazine street, in Nashville, to recover damages claimed to have been done to her property by the plaintiff in error by the alleged improper location of its roundhouse, and in its operation or management, in that the locomotives housed in it from day to day greatly annoyed her by their incessant noise, and also cast off dense volumes of smoke and great quantities of gases, cinders and soot, which were blown into and upon the premises of the defendant in error, inflicting serious injury upon her household furniture, destroying vegetation in her yard, and impregnating the atmosphere, so as to make her property practically uninhabitable.
The trial resulted in a verdict and judgment for the plaintiff below, and the case is. now before us on various assignments of error.
In order to a proper understanding of these assignments, it is necessary to state that on the 21st of March, 1893, the Louiville & Nashville Terminal Company was granted a charter of incorporation by the State of- Tennessee, by which it was authorized “to acquire and hold in this or any other State, at such place or places as shall be found by it expedient,” all necessary real estate, “on Avhich to construct, operate and maintain passenger stations, . . . office buildings, sheds and storage yards, ... roundhouses and machine shops, . . . main and side [732]*732tracks, . . . ancl other terminal railroad facilities, appurtenances and accommodations suitable” to enable the company to perform promptly the work of receiving, delivering and transferring all passenger and freight traffic and otherwise discharging the duties and exercising the powers contemplated or given in the charter. Among the powers so granted was that to “lease to any railroad company or railroad companies its freight and passenger depot or station and its other terminal facilities at any place where the line or lines of said railroad company or companies may terminate or through which they may pass.”
Acting within its charter, the plaintiff in error proceeded to acquire real estate in the city of Nashville, and to construct upon it a terminal station, including a roundhouse of large capacity for the storage and safe-keeping of locomotive engines, and afterwards, on the 15th of June, 1896, it executed a lease for the term of 999 years of all of its terminal property to the Louisville & Nashville Railroad Company and the Nashville, Chattanooga & St. Louis Railway, reserving to itself an annual rent therefor, ’and at once turned over its entire holdings to the possession and use of, the lessees. Since the time of said lease, so far as the record shows, the plaintiff in error has exercised no control over the roundhouse, or any other part of the terminal property. On the contrary, it affirmatively appears that the whole has been under [733]*733the control of the two railroads, and their engines have occupied the roundhouse; and whatever nuisance may have been committed, so far as defendant in error is actively concerned, has been by them.
Without going into detail as to the evidence, it may be assumed that the verdict of the jury settled conclusively that by reason of the proximity of the roundhouse to the dwelling of the defendant in error, she suffered great discomfort from the noise made in the incoming and outgoing of the engines of these railroad companies, and loss as well as inconvenience, from the smoke, soot, cinders, and gases emitted by these engines. The fact is, the trial judge withdrew by his charge from the consideration of the jury every issue of fact save this: Was the operation of the roundhouse a nuisance? By their verdict, the jury have answered that it was.
It was not insisted in the court below, nor is it here, that the roundhouse was per se a nuisance. Nor could such insistence, if made, be sustained. The contention, instead, was, and is, that, having-erected this building for the very use to which it was applied, and such use having proved to be a nuisance, the Louisville & Nashville Terminal Company is liable for the resulting damage to the property of the defendant in error, nowithstanding the lease. In other words, the insistence is that the erection of this building for the very use to which it was subsequently applied makes the terminal company lia[734]*734ble for tbe alleged subsequent wrong of tbe lessees upon tbe ground that its leasing was an implied warrant or consent on its part to these lessees to appropriate it to such wrongful use. This was tbe view taken by the trial judge. As to this be said to tbe jury: “If tbe proof shows that, such construction and leasing of the roundhouse of tbe defendant was for tbe very purpose for which it was operated, .. . and if tbe proof further shows that in its operation a nuisance was committed, and that plaintiff had thereby suffered hurt, worry and discomfort, inconvenience and damage, so as to injure the use of her property, then the defendant is liable.” This view of the law is emphasized by being repeated at least in two other paragraphs of the charge.
There is no doubt that, should a landowner erect or create a nuisance upon his land, he can not rid himself of liability arising therefrom by a demise of the property to another. This was laid down as early as Rosewell v. Prior, 2 Salk., 459 (S. C. 12 Mod., 639), where it is said that: “Before his assignment over he was liable- to all consequential damages, and it is not in his power to discharge himself by granting it over, more especially where he grants it over reserving rent, whereby he agrees with the grantee that the nuisance may continue and has a recompense, viz., the rent for the same.”
This rule has been applied in the case of the owner of a pier, who leased it in a dangerous condition [735]*735(Swords v. Edgar, 59 N. Y., 29 [17 Am. Rep., 295]), and of a landowner wbo let out bis premises to be used as a bawdy-house, and of one who constructs upon his lot vaults, the necessary use of which creates a nuisance' (Rex v. Pedley, 1 Ad. & El. (K. B.), 822; Marshall v. Cohen, 44 Ga., 489 [9 Am. Rep., 170]), or if one who, by the negligence of his contractor, leaves a dangerous excavation near a highway (Irvine v. Wood, 51 N. Y., 224 [10 Am. Rep., 603]), or in a sidewalk in a city (Chicago v. Robbins, 2 Black, 418 [17 L. Ed., 298]). In such cases the liability of the landowner rests upon the ground that the very existence of the thing constitutes a nuisance, the responsibility for which can not be shifted by a mere letting to or contracting with another.
But on principle it would seem to be otherwise where the structure or work, whatever it may be, was not of itself a nuisance, and where the letting was general in its character. In such case, if the use of such structure or work does not ex necessitate make a nuisance, but after the letting it is used by the tenant so as to create one, then the tenant alone should be liable.
This limitation upon the general rule, which fixes liability upon the landlord for a nuisance on his premises has been presented in many cases, but in none with more force than in the leading case of Rich v. Basterfield, 4 C. B., 783, which went far in overturning the authority of The King v. Pedley, 1 Ad. & El.
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Mr. Chief Justice Beard
delivered the opinion of the Court.
[731]*731This action was instituted by the defendant in error, who owned and was in possession of a house and lot on Magazine street, in Nashville, to recover damages claimed to have been done to her property by the plaintiff in error by the alleged improper location of its roundhouse, and in its operation or management, in that the locomotives housed in it from day to day greatly annoyed her by their incessant noise, and also cast off dense volumes of smoke and great quantities of gases, cinders and soot, which were blown into and upon the premises of the defendant in error, inflicting serious injury upon her household furniture, destroying vegetation in her yard, and impregnating the atmosphere, so as to make her property practically uninhabitable.
The trial resulted in a verdict and judgment for the plaintiff below, and the case is. now before us on various assignments of error.
In order to a proper understanding of these assignments, it is necessary to state that on the 21st of March, 1893, the Louiville & Nashville Terminal Company was granted a charter of incorporation by the State of- Tennessee, by which it was authorized “to acquire and hold in this or any other State, at such place or places as shall be found by it expedient,” all necessary real estate, “on Avhich to construct, operate and maintain passenger stations, . . . office buildings, sheds and storage yards, ... roundhouses and machine shops, . . . main and side [732]*732tracks, . . . ancl other terminal railroad facilities, appurtenances and accommodations suitable” to enable the company to perform promptly the work of receiving, delivering and transferring all passenger and freight traffic and otherwise discharging the duties and exercising the powers contemplated or given in the charter. Among the powers so granted was that to “lease to any railroad company or railroad companies its freight and passenger depot or station and its other terminal facilities at any place where the line or lines of said railroad company or companies may terminate or through which they may pass.”
Acting within its charter, the plaintiff in error proceeded to acquire real estate in the city of Nashville, and to construct upon it a terminal station, including a roundhouse of large capacity for the storage and safe-keeping of locomotive engines, and afterwards, on the 15th of June, 1896, it executed a lease for the term of 999 years of all of its terminal property to the Louisville & Nashville Railroad Company and the Nashville, Chattanooga & St. Louis Railway, reserving to itself an annual rent therefor, ’and at once turned over its entire holdings to the possession and use of, the lessees. Since the time of said lease, so far as the record shows, the plaintiff in error has exercised no control over the roundhouse, or any other part of the terminal property. On the contrary, it affirmatively appears that the whole has been under [733]*733the control of the two railroads, and their engines have occupied the roundhouse; and whatever nuisance may have been committed, so far as defendant in error is actively concerned, has been by them.
Without going into detail as to the evidence, it may be assumed that the verdict of the jury settled conclusively that by reason of the proximity of the roundhouse to the dwelling of the defendant in error, she suffered great discomfort from the noise made in the incoming and outgoing of the engines of these railroad companies, and loss as well as inconvenience, from the smoke, soot, cinders, and gases emitted by these engines. The fact is, the trial judge withdrew by his charge from the consideration of the jury every issue of fact save this: Was the operation of the roundhouse a nuisance? By their verdict, the jury have answered that it was.
It was not insisted in the court below, nor is it here, that the roundhouse was per se a nuisance. Nor could such insistence, if made, be sustained. The contention, instead, was, and is, that, having-erected this building for the very use to which it was applied, and such use having proved to be a nuisance, the Louisville & Nashville Terminal Company is liable for the resulting damage to the property of the defendant in error, nowithstanding the lease. In other words, the insistence is that the erection of this building for the very use to which it was subsequently applied makes the terminal company lia[734]*734ble for tbe alleged subsequent wrong of tbe lessees upon tbe ground that its leasing was an implied warrant or consent on its part to these lessees to appropriate it to such wrongful use. This was tbe view taken by the trial judge. As to this be said to tbe jury: “If tbe proof shows that, such construction and leasing of the roundhouse of tbe defendant was for tbe very purpose for which it was operated, .. . and if tbe proof further shows that in its operation a nuisance was committed, and that plaintiff had thereby suffered hurt, worry and discomfort, inconvenience and damage, so as to injure the use of her property, then the defendant is liable.” This view of the law is emphasized by being repeated at least in two other paragraphs of the charge.
There is no doubt that, should a landowner erect or create a nuisance upon his land, he can not rid himself of liability arising therefrom by a demise of the property to another. This was laid down as early as Rosewell v. Prior, 2 Salk., 459 (S. C. 12 Mod., 639), where it is said that: “Before his assignment over he was liable- to all consequential damages, and it is not in his power to discharge himself by granting it over, more especially where he grants it over reserving rent, whereby he agrees with the grantee that the nuisance may continue and has a recompense, viz., the rent for the same.”
This rule has been applied in the case of the owner of a pier, who leased it in a dangerous condition [735]*735(Swords v. Edgar, 59 N. Y., 29 [17 Am. Rep., 295]), and of a landowner wbo let out bis premises to be used as a bawdy-house, and of one who constructs upon his lot vaults, the necessary use of which creates a nuisance' (Rex v. Pedley, 1 Ad. & El. (K. B.), 822; Marshall v. Cohen, 44 Ga., 489 [9 Am. Rep., 170]), or if one who, by the negligence of his contractor, leaves a dangerous excavation near a highway (Irvine v. Wood, 51 N. Y., 224 [10 Am. Rep., 603]), or in a sidewalk in a city (Chicago v. Robbins, 2 Black, 418 [17 L. Ed., 298]). In such cases the liability of the landowner rests upon the ground that the very existence of the thing constitutes a nuisance, the responsibility for which can not be shifted by a mere letting to or contracting with another.
But on principle it would seem to be otherwise where the structure or work, whatever it may be, was not of itself a nuisance, and where the letting was general in its character. In such case, if the use of such structure or work does not ex necessitate make a nuisance, but after the letting it is used by the tenant so as to create one, then the tenant alone should be liable.
This limitation upon the general rule, which fixes liability upon the landlord for a nuisance on his premises has been presented in many cases, but in none with more force than in the leading case of Rich v. Basterfield, 4 C. B., 783, which went far in overturning the authority of The King v. Pedley, 1 Ad. & El. [736]*736(K. B.), 822. This latter case held that if a landlord erect . a building of which the occupation is likely to produce a nuisance, or if he let a building which requires particular care to prevent the occupation from becoming a nuisance, and the nuisance occurs for want of such care on the part of the tenant, then the landlord is responsible. But in Rich v. Basterfield, supra, the previous cases involving this question were reviewed, and the sound conclusion was announced that, if the landlord lets premises, not in themselves a nuisance, but which may or may not be used by the tenant so as to become a nuisance, and it is entirely at the option so to use them or not, and the landlord receives the same rent, whether they are SO' used or not, the landlord can not be made responsible for the act of his'tenant.
In the present case, while the roundhouse was erected near the house of the defendant in error for the housing of engines, yet it was not in itself a nuisance. Whether it became one depended alone upon the will of the lessees. It was not incumbent upon them to use it for storing their engines. In addition, the record tends to show that, even if the lessees saw proper to appropriate this building to that purpose, they might have moved their engines in and out of it by employing wood and hard coal, which would have reduced the injury to defendant in error, if any, to an inappreciable extent.
What has been said may be here repeated: If the [737]*737roundhouse was a nuisance at the date of the lease, then the landlord, by his contract of leasing, could not have avoided liability. But inasmuch as it was not then a nuisance, and only became one upon its use by the tenant, we think the liability of the landlord would depend upon the fact, to be passed on by the jury under proper instructions, whether the nuisance complained of arose necessarily from its ordinary use, or from its improper use by the tenants. In the first instance he would be liable, and in the second the tenant alone would be chargeable. 2 Wood on Nuisance (3d Ed.), sec. 827. This author, in the same section of the valuable work just cited, says: “The rule may be stated as the result of the authorities to be that, in order to charge the landlord, the nuisance must necessarily result from the ordinary use of the premises by the tenant, or for the purpose for which they were let; and where the ill results flow from the improper or negligent use of the premises by the tern ant, or, in other words, where the use of the premises may or not become a nuisance according as the tenant exercises reasonable care or uses the premises negligently, the tenant alone is chargeable for damages arising therefrom.” To the same effect is Taylor on Landlord and Tenant, vol. 1, sec. 175.
The trial judge failed in the clause above given, as well as in other portions of his charge, already referred to, to make this essential distinction, the effect of which was to say to the jury that the plaintiff in er[738]*738ror was responsible for the nuisance which, the record tended to show its tenants committed, whether such nuisance resulted from a proper or improper use of the roundhouse by these tenants.
In another view it is apparent this instruction was hurtful to plaintiff in error. As has already been stated, the trial judge greatly narrowed the scope of the jury’s investigation. He said to them: “The question for you to determine is one of fact, namely, was the operation of the roundhouse, as carried on, a nuisance? If not, the defendant is not liable, but if in its operation . . . the plaintiff has suffered hurt, annoyance, discomfort, inconvenience, and damage, . . . then the defendant is liable.”
Abounding as the record did in evidence that the defendant in error had suffered hurt, annoyance, etc., from the occupation and use of the roundhouse, under this instruction the jury could not do otherwise than return a verdict for the defendant in error, and this in spite of the fact that under a proper direction, as indicated above, they might have found that such operation was not the necessary result of the construction of the roundhouse, and that plaintiff in error in no way gave its consent to this method of use or occupation.
There are some other assignments of error which will be briefly disposed of.
First. The trial judge was in error in withdrawing from the jury so much of the testimony of E. C. Lewis [739]*739as went to show that the plaintiff in error did not control or operate the roundhouse in question; and also in declining to let go to the jury the lease made by the terminal company to the Louisville & Nashville Railroad and to the Nashville, Chattanooga & St. Louis Railway; for, as has already been shown,' if the nuisance created by the railroad companies was not the necessary result of the construction of the roundhouse, and it was committed by these companies, it was essential to the proper defense of the plaintiff in error that the jury should understand the exact relationship of the terminal company to those companies. Rich v. Basterfield, supra.
Second. It was also error in the trial judge to permit the witness Mrs. Jacobs, over the objection of the plaintiff in error, to state that the engines, which it is alleged committed the nuisance complained of, by general reputation, belong to the terminal company. Such testimony is incompetent to prove title. Jones v. Jennings, 10 Humph., 428; Berniaud v. Beecher, 76 Cal., 894 (18 Pac., 598.)
Third. The trial judge improperly let to the jury certain testimony as to the effect of the alleged nuisance upon the value of the property or of the fee; but this testimony was practically excluded from the consideration of the jury by his charge, when he told them that in the assessment of damages, should they find for the plaintiff, they might look, among other things, to such as occurred to the use of her property as her [740]*740residence or home, etc., taking into consideration in suck assessment the discomfort, annoyance, etc., which she may have suffered from smoke, etc. There was no error in this instruction. Baltimore & P. R. R. v. Fifth Baptist Church, 108 U. S., 317 (2 Sup. Ct., 719, 27 L. Ed., 739).
Fourth. It is assigned for error that the court below declined to give the following request: “That, if the proof shows that the defendant built the terminal roundhouse and yards for the purposes for which the proof shows they have since been operated, and that in the operation of them the defendant or its lessees employed the best and most skillful locomotive engineers, and had them instructed, by a person skilled in the operation of such engines, as to how to use them so as to produce as little smoke as possible, using such fuel as is ordinarily used for such purposes by the best railroads in the country, and that under the circumstances above set out, in operating said engines, damage resulted to the plaintiff from smoke or soot, etc., necessarily issuing from the engines, or noises necessarily resulting from the operation of its engines, then in that case, neither the defendant nor its lessees be liable in this action.”
It will be observed in the excerpts from the charter made in an early part of this opinion that no location is fixed for the property to be acquired for terminal purposes. The State thus left not only the selection of the property to be so used to the will of the corpora[741]*741tion, but the fixing of the site of the roundhouse within the limits of the property.
This being so, there is no warrant for the contention that a reasonable use of this roundhouse would protect the company, if otherwise liable, against a claim for compensation made by one whose property had been injured by such use. In such a case its charter would give it no right to enjoy its property at the expense of another, and to it would be applied, as to an individual, the maxim, “8io títere tuo aUemtm non laedas
To a claim for exemption from liability rested on a charter right, the answer may be properly made that the State has not authorized the wrong complained of, and in locating its roundhouse so that the injury necessarily resulted to the adjacent landowner it did so at its peril.
Even in England, though the general rule is that, when Parliament has authorized the construction of such a work at a particular place where its use would constitute a nuisance at common law, no compensation could be claimed in respect to injury to private rights, apart from a negligent use, unless provided for in the act. To avoid liability it is held that statutory sanction sufficient to justify the creation of a nuisance must be express, or must arise by necessary implication. Hill v. Managers of the Metropolitan Asylum Dist., L. R. 4 Queen’s Bench Div., 433, was an action brought by adjacent property owners to re[742]*742cover damages “in respect of and to obtain an injunction against the recurrence of what the plaintiffs alleged to be a nuisance affecting their rights by the erection and maintenance” of an asylum for the reception of smallpox patients. One of the defenses of the managers to the action was that the erection and maintenance of the asylum was under the direction of the local government board, which derived its authority from an act of Parliament. To this defense Pollock, B., said: “There are no provisions in that act requiring them to build the very hospital, and on the very site, and to carry it on in the very manner in which it was carried on,” and, this being so, “it can not be supposed that the legislature armed them with an option so to perform their duty as to create or not to create a nuisance affecting the rights of others.” This case went by appeal to the House of Lords, and is reported in L. R. 6 Appeal Cases, 19 B. There separate opinions were delivered by Lord Chan- . cellor Selborne, Lord Blackburn, and Lord Watson, concurring, however, in sustaining the rule announced by Pollock, B. In the course of the opinion of Lord Watson this strong language is used: “Where the terms of the statute are not imperative, but permissive, when it is left to the discretion of the persons empowered to determine whether the general powers committed to them shall be put into execution or not, I think the fair inference is that the legislature intended that discretion to be exercised in strict [743]*743conformity with private rights, and did not intend to confer license to commit nuisance in any place-which might be selected for the purpose.” ' The case of Truman v. London, B. & S. C. Ry. Co., L. R. (25 Ch. Div., 423), is of like import.
But, over and beyond this, we think this corporation, in selecting a place for its roundhouse, acted in a private capacity, and is responsible for the injurious consequences which may result from its use. This is the view ’taken in Beseman v. Penn. R. R. Co., (N. J. Sup.), 13 Atl., 167. It is there said: “A railroad, in selecting a place for repair shops and engine house, acts altogether in its private capacity. Such location is a matter of indifference to the public. Consequently, with respect to such act, the corporation stood on the footing of an individual, and was entitled to no superior rights of immunity. . . . The authority to construct such works did not authorize it to place them wherever it might think proper in the city, without reference to the property rights of others. Grants of power to corporate bodies like these can have no license to use them in disregard of the rights of others, and with immunity for their invasion.” To the like effect is the leading case of B. & P. R. R. v. Fifth Baptist Church, supra; Cogswell v. N. Y., N. E. & H. R. R. Co., 103 N. Y., 10 (8 N. E., 537, 57 Am. Rep., 701).
Other errors are assigned, but we think that they [744]*744may all be resolved into those which have been disposed of.
For those already indicated, the cause is reversed and remanded.