COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Judges Petty, Athey and Senior Judge Clements UNPUBLISHED
TERESA MARIE HALL MEMORANDUM OPINION* v. Record No. 0859-20-3 PER CURIAM DECEMBER 22, 2020 LYNCHBURG DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL SERVICES
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF LYNCHBURG Michael R. Doucette, Judge
(Herbert E. Taylor, III; Curtis L. Thornhill, Guardian ad litem for appellant, on brief), for appellant.
(Susan L. Hartman, Assistant City Attorney; James A. Downey, Jr., Guardian ad litem for the minor children, on brief), for appellee.
Teresa Marie Hall (mother) appeals the order terminating her parental rights to four of her
children and approving the foster care goal of adoption. Mother argues that the circuit court erred in
finding that the evidence was sufficient to terminate her parental rights and that the Lynchburg
Department of Social Services (the Department) made reasonable efforts to provide her with
services to remedy the conditions that led the children to enter foster care. Mother also challenges
the circuit court’s approval of the foster care goal of adoption. Upon reviewing the record and
briefs of the parties, we conclude that this appeal is without merit. Accordingly, we summarily
affirm the decision of the circuit court. See Rule 5A:27.
* Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication. BACKGROUND1
“On appeal from the termination of parental rights, this Court is required to review the
evidence in the light most favorable to the party prevailing in the circuit court.” Yafi v. Stafford
Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 69 Va. App. 539, 550-51 (2018) (quoting Thach v. Arlington Cnty. Dep’t
of Hum. Servs., 63 Va. App. 157, 168 (2014)).
Mother is the biological mother to the four children who are the subject of this appeal,
S.H., A.S., R.S., and S.S.2 The Department had been involved with the family since 2010. The
Department previously had provided numerous services for mental health and substance abuse.
In May 2018, mother was losing her housing and struggling mentally. Upon determining
that she needed mental health treatment, mother contacted the Department for assistance.
Mother agreed to place the children with family members while she was hospitalized, and the
Department provided gift cards to the family members caring for the children.
During her hospitalization, mother reported to the staff that she used PCP, cocaine, and
marijuana while she cared for the children. After mother’s release from the hospital, the
Department questioned mother about her drug use. A.S., R.S., and S.S. were home at the time,
while S.H. was in school. Mother became “irate and rude” when the Department expressed
concern about mother’s drug use, her mental health, and her caretaking role for the children.
1 The record in this case was sealed. Nevertheless, the appeal necessitates unsealing relevant portions of the record to resolve the issues appellant has raised. Evidence and factual findings below that are necessary to address the assignments of error are included in this opinion. Consequently, “[t]o the extent that this opinion mentions facts found in the sealed record, we unseal only those specific facts, finding them relevant to the decision in this case. The remainder of the previously sealed record remains sealed.” Levick v. MacDougall, 294 Va. 283, 288 n.1 (2017). 2 Mother has an older son who is not the subject of this appeal; the older son’s paternal grandmother and father have custody of him. S.H.’s father was unknown, and Racceion Steelman is the biological father for A.S., R.S., and S.S. The Lynchburg Juvenile and Domestic Relations District Court terminated Steelman’s parental rights and approved the foster care goal of adoption for A.S., R.S., and S.S. -2- Mother refused to submit to a drug screen. The Department advised mother that it was willing to
work with her, but she needed to voluntarily place her children with relatives. Even though
mother’s relatives were present and ready to take the children, mother refused and threatened the
social workers. She became very argumentative and threw an object at one of the social
workers.3 A police officer had to handcuff mother after she became “ballistic” and “totally out
of control.”
On May 25, 2018, the Department placed the children, who were between the ages of six
months old and almost seven years old, in foster care. All four children were “significantly
behind on all medical care,” and A.S., R.S., and S.S. had not received any immunization shots.
The Department was aware that mother’s mental health and substance abuse needed to be
addressed. She had been diagnosed with schizoaffective disorder and bipolar disorder. She also
admitted using marijuana and PCP. The Department referred mother to outpatient counseling,
parent coaching services, a psychological evaluation, attachment assessment, and substance
abuse assessment. The Department also required mother to submit to random drug screens and
participate in supervised visitation.
Mother did not successfully complete the Department’s requirements and was never at “a
baseline of stability” for the Department to assess if additional services could have benefitted
her. Mother had an extensive criminal history and was arrested for numerous drug and criminal
charges while the children were in foster care. Mother never completed a substance abuse
assessment despite being told to do so “multiple times.” She also was not compliant with her
medication. Mother, however, did complete a psychological evaluation with Dr. Anthony Wells
and an attachment assessment with Don Wilhelm. Both Dr. Wells and Wilhelm recommended
3 Mother admitted to throwing the object but denied throwing it at the worker. Mother was convicted of “throwing that object.” -3- that mother participate in counseling and medication management, as well as mental health skill
building and parental support services.
When the children first entered foster care, mother was “too unstable mentally” to visit
with the children. By September 2018, mother had stabilized, so the Department arranged for
supervised visitation between the children and mother. At first, the visits were productive, and
mother engaged and interacted with the children, but between February and March 2019, mother
started testing positive for drugs and was “behaving erratically again.” She had run out of her
medication and refused to seek treatment at Horizon Behavioral Health because she did not trust
Horizon. During the visits, mother was “extremely emotional” and acted “overly aggressive”
toward the children, who found the visits to be “frightening” and “traumatizing.” By April 2019,
the Department suspended mother’s visitations.
In May 2019, mother was hospitalized for suicidal thoughts. Immediately before her
admission at the hospital, mother had “lost complete control” and reacted violently by throwing a
chair that hit her counselor and getting into “an all out physical brawl” with a security guard.
After her release from the hospital, mother resumed using drugs again to deal with her “profound
pain, emotional distress.” Mother later admitted to the Department that she “had done lots of
drugs . . . whatever she could get her hands on . . . .”4 In June 2019, mother stopped
communicating with the Department.
On October 29, 2019, the JDR court terminated mother’s parental rights and approved the
foster care goal of adoption. Mother appealed the JDR court’s rulings to the circuit court.
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COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Judges Petty, Athey and Senior Judge Clements UNPUBLISHED
TERESA MARIE HALL MEMORANDUM OPINION* v. Record No. 0859-20-3 PER CURIAM DECEMBER 22, 2020 LYNCHBURG DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL SERVICES
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF LYNCHBURG Michael R. Doucette, Judge
(Herbert E. Taylor, III; Curtis L. Thornhill, Guardian ad litem for appellant, on brief), for appellant.
(Susan L. Hartman, Assistant City Attorney; James A. Downey, Jr., Guardian ad litem for the minor children, on brief), for appellee.
Teresa Marie Hall (mother) appeals the order terminating her parental rights to four of her
children and approving the foster care goal of adoption. Mother argues that the circuit court erred in
finding that the evidence was sufficient to terminate her parental rights and that the Lynchburg
Department of Social Services (the Department) made reasonable efforts to provide her with
services to remedy the conditions that led the children to enter foster care. Mother also challenges
the circuit court’s approval of the foster care goal of adoption. Upon reviewing the record and
briefs of the parties, we conclude that this appeal is without merit. Accordingly, we summarily
affirm the decision of the circuit court. See Rule 5A:27.
* Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication. BACKGROUND1
“On appeal from the termination of parental rights, this Court is required to review the
evidence in the light most favorable to the party prevailing in the circuit court.” Yafi v. Stafford
Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 69 Va. App. 539, 550-51 (2018) (quoting Thach v. Arlington Cnty. Dep’t
of Hum. Servs., 63 Va. App. 157, 168 (2014)).
Mother is the biological mother to the four children who are the subject of this appeal,
S.H., A.S., R.S., and S.S.2 The Department had been involved with the family since 2010. The
Department previously had provided numerous services for mental health and substance abuse.
In May 2018, mother was losing her housing and struggling mentally. Upon determining
that she needed mental health treatment, mother contacted the Department for assistance.
Mother agreed to place the children with family members while she was hospitalized, and the
Department provided gift cards to the family members caring for the children.
During her hospitalization, mother reported to the staff that she used PCP, cocaine, and
marijuana while she cared for the children. After mother’s release from the hospital, the
Department questioned mother about her drug use. A.S., R.S., and S.S. were home at the time,
while S.H. was in school. Mother became “irate and rude” when the Department expressed
concern about mother’s drug use, her mental health, and her caretaking role for the children.
1 The record in this case was sealed. Nevertheless, the appeal necessitates unsealing relevant portions of the record to resolve the issues appellant has raised. Evidence and factual findings below that are necessary to address the assignments of error are included in this opinion. Consequently, “[t]o the extent that this opinion mentions facts found in the sealed record, we unseal only those specific facts, finding them relevant to the decision in this case. The remainder of the previously sealed record remains sealed.” Levick v. MacDougall, 294 Va. 283, 288 n.1 (2017). 2 Mother has an older son who is not the subject of this appeal; the older son’s paternal grandmother and father have custody of him. S.H.’s father was unknown, and Racceion Steelman is the biological father for A.S., R.S., and S.S. The Lynchburg Juvenile and Domestic Relations District Court terminated Steelman’s parental rights and approved the foster care goal of adoption for A.S., R.S., and S.S. -2- Mother refused to submit to a drug screen. The Department advised mother that it was willing to
work with her, but she needed to voluntarily place her children with relatives. Even though
mother’s relatives were present and ready to take the children, mother refused and threatened the
social workers. She became very argumentative and threw an object at one of the social
workers.3 A police officer had to handcuff mother after she became “ballistic” and “totally out
of control.”
On May 25, 2018, the Department placed the children, who were between the ages of six
months old and almost seven years old, in foster care. All four children were “significantly
behind on all medical care,” and A.S., R.S., and S.S. had not received any immunization shots.
The Department was aware that mother’s mental health and substance abuse needed to be
addressed. She had been diagnosed with schizoaffective disorder and bipolar disorder. She also
admitted using marijuana and PCP. The Department referred mother to outpatient counseling,
parent coaching services, a psychological evaluation, attachment assessment, and substance
abuse assessment. The Department also required mother to submit to random drug screens and
participate in supervised visitation.
Mother did not successfully complete the Department’s requirements and was never at “a
baseline of stability” for the Department to assess if additional services could have benefitted
her. Mother had an extensive criminal history and was arrested for numerous drug and criminal
charges while the children were in foster care. Mother never completed a substance abuse
assessment despite being told to do so “multiple times.” She also was not compliant with her
medication. Mother, however, did complete a psychological evaluation with Dr. Anthony Wells
and an attachment assessment with Don Wilhelm. Both Dr. Wells and Wilhelm recommended
3 Mother admitted to throwing the object but denied throwing it at the worker. Mother was convicted of “throwing that object.” -3- that mother participate in counseling and medication management, as well as mental health skill
building and parental support services.
When the children first entered foster care, mother was “too unstable mentally” to visit
with the children. By September 2018, mother had stabilized, so the Department arranged for
supervised visitation between the children and mother. At first, the visits were productive, and
mother engaged and interacted with the children, but between February and March 2019, mother
started testing positive for drugs and was “behaving erratically again.” She had run out of her
medication and refused to seek treatment at Horizon Behavioral Health because she did not trust
Horizon. During the visits, mother was “extremely emotional” and acted “overly aggressive”
toward the children, who found the visits to be “frightening” and “traumatizing.” By April 2019,
the Department suspended mother’s visitations.
In May 2019, mother was hospitalized for suicidal thoughts. Immediately before her
admission at the hospital, mother had “lost complete control” and reacted violently by throwing a
chair that hit her counselor and getting into “an all out physical brawl” with a security guard.
After her release from the hospital, mother resumed using drugs again to deal with her “profound
pain, emotional distress.” Mother later admitted to the Department that she “had done lots of
drugs . . . whatever she could get her hands on . . . .”4 In June 2019, mother stopped
communicating with the Department.
On October 29, 2019, the JDR court terminated mother’s parental rights and approved the
foster care goal of adoption. Mother appealed the JDR court’s rulings to the circuit court.
On May 28 and June 4, 2020, the parties appeared before the circuit court. The
Department presented evidence that in the fall of 2019, the children had been placed with the
paternal grandmother of A.S., R.S., and S.S. The social worker testified that the children were
4 At trial, mother denied making this statement. -4- “doing really well in the placement” and continued to need “a tremendous amount of support and
services.” The children participated in counseling, and S.H. received medication management.
Mother testified that she supported the children’s temporary placement with their paternal
grandmother. Mother, however, did not want her parental rights terminated. Mother
acknowledged that she was not able to care for the children at the time of the circuit court
hearing because she did not have housing. Mother admitted that she had been charged “recently”
with two counts of public intoxication and trespassing. Mother also admitted that she had used
PCP a “few days” before the circuit court hearing and that she drank alcohol “a lot.”
After hearing the evidence and argument, the circuit court found that mother had “a
lengthy diagnosis of mental health issues” and “her use of prescribed medications has been
sporadic at best.” The circuit court also found that mother had “a lengthy history of substance
abuse, doing the PCP, cocaine and marijuana, that she uses these drugs to self medicate,
especially the PCP.” The circuit court further found that the children were doing well with their
paternal grandmother, but they needed “a great deal of services.” The circuit court terminated
mother’s parental rights to the children under Code § 16.1-283(B) and (C)(2) and approved the
foster care goal of adoption. This appeal followed.
ANALYSIS
“On review, ‘[a] trial court is presumed to have thoroughly weighed all the evidence,
considered the statutory requirements, and made its determination based on the child’s best
interests.’” Castillo v. Loudoun Cnty. Dep’t of Fam. Servs., 68 Va. App. 547, 558 (2018)
(quoting Logan v. Fairfax Cnty. Dep’t of Hum. Dev., 13 Va. App. 123, 128 (1991)). “Where, as
here, the court hears the evidence ore tenus, its finding is entitled to great weight and will not be
disturbed on appeal unless plainly wrong or without evidence to support it.” Fauquier Cnty.
-5- Dep’t of Soc. Servs. v. Ridgeway, 59 Va. App. 185, 190 (2011) (quoting Martin v. Pittsylvania
Cnty. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 3 Va. App. 15, 20 (1986)).
Mother challenges the circuit court’s termination of her parental rights and contends that
termination was not in the children’s best interests.5 Mother further asserts that the Department
failed to provide her with reasonable services, including “appropriate” substance abuse services,
psychiatric and medication management services, and visitation with the children.
The circuit court terminated mother’s parental rights under Code § 16.1-283(B) and
(C)(2). Code § 16.1-283(B) states a parent’s parental rights may be terminated if:
1. The neglect or abuse suffered by such child presented a serious and substantial threat to his life, health or development; and 2. It is not reasonably likely that the conditions which resulted in such neglect or abuse can be substantially corrected or eliminated so as to allow the child’s safe return to his parent or parents within a reasonable period of time. In making this determination, the court shall take into consideration the efforts made to rehabilitate the parent or parents by any public or private social, medical, mental health or other rehabilitative agencies prior to the child’s initial placement in foster care.
Furthermore, the following is prima facie evidence for Code § 16.1-283(B)(2):
a. The parent or parents have a mental or emotional illness or intellectual disability of such severity that there is no reasonable expectation that such parent will be able to undertake responsibility for the care needed by the child in accordance with his age and stage of development;
b. The parent or parents have habitually abused or are addicted to intoxicating liquors, narcotics or other dangerous drugs to the extent that proper parental ability has been seriously impaired and the parent, without good cause, has not responded to or followed
5 In the argument section of her brief, mother argues that the Department failed to consider relative placement before pursuing termination of mother’s parental rights and that the circuit court’s ruling “runs counter to Constitutional protections guarding the family from intrusion by local social service agencies and the court.” We find that mother waived these arguments because she did not include them as assignments of error. See Fox v. Fox, 61 Va. App. 185, 202 (2012) (“Rule 5A:20(c) requires us to hold that this issue is waived because it is not part of appellant’s assignment of error.”). -6- through with recommended and available treatment which could have improved the capacity for adequate parental functioning; or
c. The parent or parents, without good cause, have not responded to or followed through with appropriate, available and reasonable rehabilitative efforts on the part of social, medical, mental health or other rehabilitative agencies designed to reduce, eliminate or prevent the neglect or abuse of the child.
Id.
After hearing the evidence and argument, the circuit court found that “clear and
convincing proof has been given on all three of the prima facie factors . . . .” The circuit court
found that mother had a “lengthy history” of mental illness and substance abuse. Before the
children entered foster care, mother had contacted the Department for assistance when she
needed hospitalization for her mental health. While in the hospital, mother admitted to using
drugs. The children entered foster care after mother refused to take a drug test or sign a safety
plan allowing her children to stay with relatives. While the children were in foster care, mother
was hospitalized again for mental health treatment after having suicidal thoughts. Mother
reportedly used drugs to self-medicate and did not take regularly her prescribed medication.
Mother admitted to using PCP a few days before the circuit court hearing, and the circuit court
told mother, “If you were ever going to change your behavior, knowing you’re in the mi[d]st of a
termination of parental rights, this would be the time not to use PCP.”
The Department had been providing services to mother for years, but she did not follow
through with them. The circuit court held that “a lot” of mother’s problems arose out of her
“opposition” to the mental health provider in Lynchburg and her refusal to work with them. The
circuit court explained to mother that “[s]ometimes you may not like the people you have to
work with . . . [but] you have to make it happen.” Instead, the circuit court found that mother
just said, “no, no, no, only my way or no way.” Then, after her second hospitalization in May
-7- 2019, mother stopped contacting the Department and her counselor. She used drugs and alcohol
and did not take her prescribed medication.
The circuit court rejected mother’s arguments that the Department’s efforts and services
had “fallen short” because “it’s a two-way street and they can only go so far when all they’re
really coming up to is road blocks [sic].” “‘Reasonable and appropriate’ efforts can only be
judged with reference to the circumstances of a particular case. Thus, a court must determine
what constitutes reasonable and appropriate efforts given the facts before the court.” Harrison v.
Tazewell Cnty. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 42 Va. App. 149, 163 (2004) (quoting Ferguson v. Stafford
Cnty. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 14 Va. App. 333, 338 (1992)). The Department “is not required to
force its services upon an unwilling or disinterested parent.” Tackett v. Arlington Cnty. Dep’t of
Hum. Servs., 62 Va. App. 296, 323 (2013) (quoting Harris v. Lynchburg Div. of Soc. Servs., 223
Va. 235, 243 (1982)); see also Logan, 13 Va. App. at 130. The evidence proved that mother was
not cooperative with the Department’s services.
Moreover, “Code § 16.1-283(B) requires only that the circuit court consider whether
rehabilitation services, if any, have been provided to a parent. Nothing in Code § 16.1-283 or the
larger statutory scheme requires that such services be provided in all cases as a prerequisite to
termination under subsection B.” Eaton v. Washington Cnty. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 66 Va. App.
317, 327-28 (2016) (quoting Toms v. Hanover Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 46 Va. App. 257, 268
(2005)). Nevertheless, the evidence proved that the Department provided numerous services to
mother over the years, but she did not avail herself of those services.
The children, on the other hand, were doing well in foster care. The Department
presented evidence that they continued to need services and were living with their paternal
grandmother. The children had been in foster care for approximately two years, and mother
acknowledged that she was not able to care for them at the time of the circuit court hearing. “It
-8- is clearly not in the best interests of a child to spend a lengthy period of time waiting to find out
when, or even if, a parent will be capable of resuming his [or her] responsibilities.” Tackett, 62
Va. App. at 322 (quoting Kaywood v. Halifax Cnty. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 10 Va. App. 535, 540
(1990)). Considering the totality of the evidence, the circuit court did not err in finding that it
was in the children’s best interests to terminate mother’s parental rights and that the evidence
was sufficient to support termination under Code § 16.1-283(B).6
With respect to mother’s challenge of the foster care goal of adoption, “[o]ur decision to
affirm the termination order necessarily subsumes this aspect of [her] appeal because a
preponderance-of-the-evidence standard governs judicial modifications of foster care plans.”
Toms, 46 Va. App. at 265 n.3.
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, the circuit court’s ruling is summarily affirmed. Rule 5A:27.
Affirmed.
6 The circuit court also terminated mother’s parental rights under Code § 16.1-283(C)(2). “When a trial court’s judgment is made on alternative grounds, we need only consider whether any one of the alternatives is sufficient to sustain the judgment of the trial court, and if so, we need not address the other grounds.” Kilby v. Culpeper Cnty. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 55 Va. App. 106, 108 n.1 (2009); see also Fields v. Dinwiddie Cnty. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 46 Va. App. 1, 8 (2005) (the Court affirmed termination of parental rights under one subsection of Code § 16.1-283 and did not need to address termination of parental rights pursuant to another subsection). Because we find that the circuit court did not err in terminating mother’s parental rights under Code § 16.1-283(B), we, therefore, do not need to reach the question of whether mother’s parental rights also should have been terminated under Code § 16.1-283(C)(2). -9-