ACCEPTED 03-14-00334-CR 7155412 THIRD COURT OF APPEALS AUSTIN, TEXAS 9/29/2015 5:10:21 PM JEFFREY D. KYLE CLERK
CASE NO. 03-14-00334-CR FILED IN 3rd COURT OF APPEALS IN THE COURT OF APPEALS AUSTIN, TEXAS 9/29/2015 5:10:21 PM FOR THE THIRD DISTRICT JEFFREY D. KYLE Clerk
AT AUSTIN, TEXAS __________________________________________________
TERAN PENNICK
VS.
STATE OF TEXAS __________________________________________________
Appeal from the County Court at Law No. 6 of Travis County, Texas Cause No. C1CR13200027 _________________________________________________
APPELLANT’S BRIEF __________________________________________________
ORAL ARGUMENT NOT REQUESTED
David W. Crawford State Bar No. 24031601 Crawford & Cruz, PLLC P.O. Box 686 Austin, Texas 78767 Telephone (512) 795-2000 E-fax (512) 237-7792 dcrawford@crawfordcruz.com
i NAMES OF ALL PARTIES
The following is a complete list of all names and addresses of all parties to the Trial Court‘s final judgment and the names and addresses of all trial counsel:
Appellant: Teran Pennick
Appellate Counsel: David W. Crawford State Bar No. 24031601 Crawford & Cruz, PLLC P.O. Box 686 Austin, Texas 78767 Telephone: (512)795-2000 E-fax: (512)237-7792
Trial Counsel: Duke Hildreth State Bar No. 24002281 Hildreth and Rueda 1301 Nueces St., Suite 101 Austin, Texas 78701 Telephone: (512)473-2272
Appellee: State of Texas
Counsel: David Escamilla Travis County Attorney P.O. Box 1748 Austin, Texas 78767 Telephone: (512)854-9415
Trial Court: The Honorable Brandy Mueller County Court at Law No. 6 P.O. Box 1748 Austin, Texas 78767 Telephone (512)854-9677
ii TABLE OF CONTENTS
Names of all Parties ................................................................................ i
List of Authorities ...................................................................................iv-v
Statement of the Case .............................................................................. 1
Issues Presented ...................................................................................... 2
Statement of Facts ................................................................................... 3
Summary of Argument ........................................................................... 4
Argument................................................................................................. 6
I. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED BY ADMITTING PORTIONS OF A VIDEO TAPE OF STATEMENTS MADE BY THE DEFENDANT THAT WERE MORE PREJUDICIAL THAN PROBATIVE
II. THE EVIDENCE WAS NOT LEGALLY SUFFICIENT TO SHOW THAT PROBABLE CAUSE EXISTED THAT APPELLANT OPERATED A MOTOR VEHICLE IN A PUBLIC PLACE WHILE INTOXICATED
Conclusion and Relief Requested ........................................................... 16
Certificate of Service .............................................................................. 17
Certificate of Compliance ………………………………………………...18
iii LIST OF AUTHORITIES
TEXAS CASES
Banda v. State, 890 S.W.2d 42 (Tex.Crim.App. 1994) . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . ..13
Brooks v. State, 323 S.W.3d 893 (Tex.Crim.App. 2011) . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..12-13
Commander v. State, 748 S.W.2d 270 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 1988, no pet.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
Conner v. State, 67 S.W.3d 192 (Tex.Crim.App. 2001) . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
Curry v. State, 30 S.W.3d 394 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000) . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. ..12
Fowler v. State, 65 S.W.3d 116 (Tex.App.-Amarillo 2001) . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . ... 15
Harris v. State, 164 S.W.3d 775 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2005, pet. ref'd.) . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..12
Jones v. State, 984 S.W.2d 254 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998) . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . ..11
King v. State, 29 S.W.3d 556 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000) . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. 12
Losada v. State, 721 S.W.2d 305, 309 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986) . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . .11
Maddox v. State, 682 S.W.2d 563 (Tex.Crim.App. 1985) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 7
Malincote v. State, 548 S.W.2d 42 (Tex.Crim.App. 1972). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
McFarland v. State, 845 S.W.2d 854 (Tex.Crim.App. 1992) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
McVickers v. State, 874 S.W.2d 662 (Tex.Crim.App. 1993) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Muniz v. State, 851 S.W.2d 238 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993) . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . ..12
Pugh v. State, 117 S.W. 817 (1909) . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
Salinas v. State, 163 S.W.3d 734 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005) . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 11
iv Sharp v. State, 707 S.W.2d 611 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986) . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 11
SUPREME COURT CASES
Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307 (1979)……………………...………….12
STATUTES AND RULES
Tex. Penal Code 1.07(40)…………………………………………………………13
Tex. Penal Code 49.04……………………………………………………………13
Tex. R. Evid. 104 …………………………………………………………. . . . . . 7
Tex. R. Evid. 403…………………………………………………………….. . . . 6,
v STATEMENT OF THE CASE
Appellant was charged with the offense of Driving While Intoxicated with a
Blood Alcohol Concentration of 0.15 or more by information filed September 13,
2013. (Cl. R. 11). The trial of the merits was heard by the jury beginning April
29, 2014. The jury rendered its verdict of Guilty as alleged in the information on
April 30, 2014. (R.R. IV 74). . . . The appellant elected to have his sentencing
determined by the court, and the appellant was sentenced on May 7, 2014. (R.R. V
6-7). This appeal follows.
1 ISSUES PRESENTED
I. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED BY ADMITTING PORTIONS OF A VIDEO TAPE OF STATEMENTS MADE BY THE DEFENDANT THAT WERE MORE PREJUDICIAL THAN PROBATIVE
II. THE EVIDENCE WAS NOT LEGALLY SUFFICIENT TO SHOW THAT PROBABLE CAUSE EXISTED THAT APPELLANT OPERATED A MOTOR VEHICLE IN A PUBLIC PLACE WHILE INTOXICATED
2 STATEMENT OF FACTS
Appellant was arrested for the offense of Driving While Intoxicated on
January 1, 2013. (Cl. R. 5-7). Appellant was taken into custody at that time. (Cl.
R. 5-7). Appellant was charged by information for the arrested offense on
September 13, 2013. (Cl. R. 11). On April 28, 2014, Appellant’s case was called
to trial before a jury. The jury rendered a verdict of Guilty as charged in the
information. (R.R. IV 74). The Appellant determined he would allow the court to
render the sentence in this case. (R.R. III 7). The appellant was sentenced to a
term of 1 year probated for a term of 2 years, along with other conditions, on May
7, 2014. (Cl. R. 44-47, 57-60). This appeal follows.
3 SUMMARY OF THE ARGUMENT
On the evening of December 31, 2012, and the early morning hours of
January 1, 2013, the Appellant drove a vehicle belonging to the mother of his
children from one party to another. (R.R. IV 14). After not returning in what was
deemed the appropriate amount of time, the owner of the vehicle and her niece
drove to the location the Appellant had gone to. (R.R. IV 15). When they arrived,
they found the Appellant and the vehicle in a ditch on private property adjacent to
the road, and the Appellant was attempting to drive the vehicle out of the ditch.
(R.R. IV 16). The police were called by the vehicle's owner. (R.R. IV 18). Soon
after the arrival of the officer, the officer on scene subdued the Appellant with a
taser and placed him into custody. (R.R. III 56-64). While in custody, the
Appellant made a number of inflammatory statements that were captured by the
video recorder in the officer's vehicle. (R.R. III 73-78). A search warrant for
blood was obtained, and the Appellant's blood was determined to show a Blood
Alcohol Concentration of 0.15 or above. (R.R. III 68-70). The Appellant was
subsequently charged with Driving While Intoxicated with Blood Alcohol
Concentration of 0.15 or above. (Cl. R. 11).
During the trial of this charge, the trial court allowed the full recording of
the Appellant's statements into evidence, over the objection of the Appellant's trial 4 counsel. (R.R. III 73-78). Appellant's trial counsel argued that the statements were
more prejudicial than probative and should be excluded under Rule 403 of the
Texas Rules of Evidence. (R.R. III 73-78). After hearing argument from both the
State and the Appellant's trial counsel, the trial court determined it would allow the
admission of the entirety of the Appellant's statements. (R.R. III 73-78). The trial
court erred and abused its discretion in determining that the statements were more
probative than prejudicial. The State offered the full statement as evidence of the
Appellant's intoxication, but the relative merit of what the statements provided
regarding that issue weighed against the inflammatory nature of his statements and
the prejudicial effect they would have on the jury clearly should have resulted in
the statements not being admitted as evidence to the jury.
After hearing evidence regarding the operation of the vehicle, and testimony
regarding the Appellant's alleged intoxication at different points in the evening, the
jury ultimately found the Appellant guilty of the offense as charged. However, the
evidence presented to the jury was not legally sufficient to sustain a verdict of
guilt. While at some point during the evening the Appellant did in fact operate the
vehicle in a public place, there was not sufficient evidence that he was intoxicated
at that time. At the point in time when the evidence is sufficient to show the
Appellant is intoxicated, the evidence is also clear that the vehicle being operated
is on private property and not in a public place. Therefore, the evidence that the 5 Appellant operated a motor vehicle in a public place while intoxicated is not
legally sufficient.
ARGUMENT AND AUTHORITIES
I. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED BY ADMITTING PORTIONS OF A VIDEO TAPE OF STATEMENTS MADE BY THE DEFENDANT THAT WERE MORE PREJUDICIAL THAN PROBATIVE
STANDARD OF REVIEW
Rule 403 of the Texas Rules of Evidence provides that evidence may
be excluded if relevant if its probative value is substantially outweighed by danger
of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury, or by
consideration of undue delay, or needless presentation of cumulative evidence.
Tex. R. Evid. 403. Relevant evidence may be excluded under Rule 403 only if its
probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice.
Under Rule 403, it is presumed that the probative value of relevant evidence
exceeds any danger of unfair prejudice. McFarland v. State, 845 S.W.2d 854, 857
(Tex.Crim.App. 1992), overruled on other grounds. The rule excludes evidence
only when there is a clear disparity between the degree of prejudice of the offered
evidence and its probative value. Conner v. State, 67 S.W.3d 192, 202
(Tex.Crim.App. 2001). The general rule for determining the admissibility of any 6 type of evidence is whether the probative value of such evidence is outweighed by
the inflammatory nature of the evidence. Malincote v. State, 548 S.W.2d 42, 44
(Tex.Crim.App. 1972).
The trial court is accorded broad discretion in deciding preliminary
questions concerning the admissibility of evidence. McVickers v. State, 874
S.W.2d 662, 664 (Tex.Crim.App. 1993), superseded on other grounds; Tex. R.
Evid. 104(a). The trial court's ruling on the admission or exclusion of evidence
should not be disturbed without the record showing a clear abuse of discretion.
Maddox v. State, 682 S.W.2d 563, 564 (Tex.Crim.App. 1985).
ARGUMENT
Generally, the statements of a criminal defendant are not considered hearsay,
and are therefore admissible as evidence in the case against him or her. However,
the rules of evidence also allow for otherwise admissible evidence to be
determined to be more prejudicial than probative. It is up to the court to
determine if the probative value of the evidence is outweighed by the prejudicial
and inflammatory nature of the evidence. The court must engage in balancing test
to determine both how prejudicial the evidence is, and how probative it is, and
then to balance the two relative values to determine whether the evidence should
be admitted. 7 In this case, the evidence in question is recorded statements made by the
Appellant after arrest while in the back of the police vehicle in question. The
Appellant made a number of derogatory and inflammatory statements aimed at
and about the arresting officer in this case. (R.R. III 73-78). These statements
were made following the use of a taser by the officer on the Appellant. (R.R. III
56-64). These statements for the most part were not made in reaction to any
questions by the arresting officer, but freely made by the Appellant. Included
within the inflammatory statements were potential admissions made by the
Appellant that he was in fact intoxicated.
The State argued in this case that the inflammatory statements were
probative for showing the intoxication of the Appellant at the time of his arrest.
(R.R. III 73-78). There was no argument that they provided evidence of any of
the other elements of the offense, such as operating a vehicle or that the vehicle
was in a public place. The statements were therefore probative, according to the
State's own argument, as further evidence of the Appellant's intoxication.
Appellant's trial counsel objected to the admission of these statements,
arguing that under Rule 403 of the Texas Rules of Evidence that whatever
probative value the statements had were far outweighed by the inflammatory and
prejudicial nature of the statements. (R.R. III 73-78). The trial counsel argued
that the probative value of the statements as further evidence of the Appellant's 8 intoxication was more than outweighed by the nature of the comments and the
prejudicial effect they would likely have on the jury. (R.R. III 73-78). Counsel
opined that the statements were being offered more for the purpose of influencing
the jury's opinion of the Appellant than for any other evidentiary use. (R.R. III
73-78). Ultimately, the trial court ruled that the recorded statement would be
admitted into evidence and submitted to the jury in its totality, without redacting
any of the statements made by the Appellant. (R.R. III 73-78).
To determine whether the trial court ruled appropriately, we must engage in
our own determination of the probative nature of the evidence and the prejudicial
nature of the evidence. Clearly, there is no argument that the statements would be
potentially very prejudicial in the minds of the jury. The Appellant's use of
expletives directed towards the arresting officer could not be found to be anything
other than inflammatory. Whatever the actual purpose for introducing the
statements, it is clear that a very probable effect would be to effect the opinion of
the jury members of the Appellant..
The next question, then, in making a determination is the actual
probative nature of the Appellant's statements. The State's stated rationale for
why they statements were more probative than prejudicial had to do with showing
his intoxication. However, the State had copious amounts of evidence beyond the
entirety of the statements to show that the Appellant was intoxicated. The State 9 had evidence regarding the testing of the Appellant's blood. The State had
testimony from the arresting officer on the scene, indicating that she believed that
the Appellant was intoxicated. The testimony of another witness at the scene
provided evidence of intoxication at a time immediately prior to the making of the
statements in question. In addition, portions of the video recording not containing
the inflammatory and prejudicial statements could also be used as evidence for
intoxication. There is no allegation that the nature of the Appellant's speech, such
as stumbling over words or having trouble speaking, was evidence of intoxication.
It is in fact that inflammatory language used by the Appellant that is alleged to be
evidence of intoxication.
In looking at the entirety of the situation, the probative value of the full
statement to further show intoxication is very limited. The State had a
multiplicity of ways that it could, and in fact did, introduce evidence of the
Appellant's intoxication. In light of all of the other evidence regarding that issue,
the inflammatory statements made by the Appellant do not rise to the level of
being particularly probative, especially in light of the clearly prejudicial and
inflammatory nature of what was said. The trial court abused its discretion in
admitting the full recording of the Appellant's statements after arrest, and this case
should therefore be reversed and remanded to the trial court for further
proceedings. 10 ARGUMENT AND AUTHORITIES
II. THE EVIDENCE WAS NOT LEGALLY SUFFICIENT TO SHOW THAT PROBABLE CAUSE EXISTED THAT APPELLANT OPERATED A MOTOR VEHICLE IN A PUBLIC PLACE WHILE INTOXICATED
In a sufficiency review, the appellate court reviews all evidence in the light
most favorable to the verdict and determine whether any rational trier of fact could
have found the essential elements of a crime beyond a reasonable doubt. Salinas v.
State, 163 S.W.3d 734, 737 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). The jury, as the sole judge of
the credibility of the witnesses, is free to believe or disbelieve all or part of a
witness' testimony. Jones v. State, 984 S.W.2d 254, 257 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998).
The jury may reasonably infer facts from the evidence presented, credit the
witnesses it chooses to, disbelieve any or all of the evidence or testimony
proffered, and weigh the evidence as it sees fit. Sharp v. State, 707 S.W.2d 611,
614 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986). Reconciliation of conflicts in the evidence is within
the jury's discretion and such conflicts alone will not call for reversal if there is
enough credible evidence to support a conviction. Losada v. State, 721 S.W.2d
305, 309 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986). An appellate court may not reevaluate the 11 weight and credibility of the evidence produced at trial and in so doing substitute
its judgment for that of the fact finder. King v. State, 29 S.W.3d 556, 562 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2000). Inconsistencies in the evidence are resolved in favor of the
verdict. Curry v. State, 30 S.W.3d 394, 406 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000). The appellate
court is not to engage in a second evaluation of the weight and credibility of
the evidence, but only ensure the jury reached a rational decision. Muniz v. State,
851 S.W.2d 238, 246 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993); Harris v. State, 164 S.W.3d 775,
784 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2005, pet. ref'd.).
ARGUMENT The jury in this case returned a verdict of guilty to the offense of
Driving While Intoxicated with a Blood Alcohol Concentration of 0.15 or
more. Included in the charge to the jury was a paragraph defining the
elements of the offense of Driving While Intoxicated, including definitions
of operation, public place, and intoxicated. (Cl.R. 36-37).
Under Brooks v. State, the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals
restricted all sufficiency arguments to the standards of legal sufficiency
put forth in Jackson v. Virginia. 323 S.W.3d 893, 894-5 (Tex.Crim.App.
2011); 443 U.S. 307 (1979). The appellate court, utilizing the Jackson v.
Virginia standard, is to consider all of the evidence in the light most favorable to 12 the verdict and determine if a jury was rationally justified in finding guilt beyond
a reasonable doubt. Brooks, at 899. The ultimate question, then, is if the jury was
rationally justified in finding that all of the elements for the offense of Driving
While Intoxicated were met.
The elements for the offense of Driving While Intoxicated are that a person
commits an offense if the person is intoxicated while operating a motor vehicle
in a public place. Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 49.04(a). Public place is further
defined in the Penal Code as any place to which the public or a substantial group
of the public has access and includes, but is not limited to, streets, highways, and
the common areas of schools, hospitals, apartment houses, office buildings,
transport facilities, and shops. Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 1.07(40). Determining
whether an area is private or public requires asking whether the public or a
substantial group of the public has access to the place in question. Banda v.
State, 890 S.W.2d 42, 52 (Tex.Crim.App. 1994).
The evidence presented in this case shows that the Appellant certainly
operated a motor vehicle in a public place at points during the evening leading up
to his arrest. The Appellant was clearly in a public place when he drove to
location on New Katy Lane. What is not clearly shown is that the Appellant was
intoxicated during the time he was clearly operating a vehicle in a public place.
The State presented testimony from one attendee at the party that she believed 13 that the Appellant was intoxicated when he left to go the New Katy location.
(R.R. III 28-29). However, testimony was also presented that the owner of the
vehicle in question did not believe that the Appellant was intoxicated, and would
not have allowed him to drive her vehicle if she believed he was. (R.R. IV 47).
The physical evidence regarding the Appellant's intoxication does not provide
any indication one way or the other that he was intoxicated at the time he
initially drove the vehicle. The evidence presented on the issue of intoxication
during the clear operation in a public place does not rise to the level of beyond a
reasonable doubt and therefore is not legally sufficient he committed the offense
of Driving While Intoxicated.
The next question regarding operation is during the operation of the car
while it is in the ditch. There is no disagreement that by the time the officer
arrived on scene that the Appellant was intoxicated. The question, then, is
whether the location of the car at that point is in fact a public place as defined by
Texas law. The car was not in a street, highway, common area of any school,
hospital, apartment house, shop, office building or transport facility. The ditch is
clearly on an individual's private property. There is no evidence indicating that
the location where the vehicle was, at the time that the Appellant was operating
it, was not on private property. Texas has long held that a private residence
cannot be made a public place unless it is made public by being thrown open to 14 access to the public Pugh v. State, 117 S.W. 817, 818 (1909). A private
residence is not a public place, nor is a driveway. Fowler v. State, 65 S.W.3d
116, 119 (Tex.App.-Amarillo 2001); Commander v. State, 748 S.W. 2d 270,
271 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 1988, no pet.).
While the Appellant may very well have been intoxicated while he was
operating the vehicle in the ditch, the ditch is clearly not a public place. The
ditch was on private property, and was clearly not open to the public, despite its
proximity to the roadway. The evidence is not sufficient to establish that the
location of the car at the time the officer arrived on scene is a public place. Nor
is the evidence sufficient to show that the Appellant was intoxicated at the time
he clearly was operating the vehicle in a public place. The evidence presented in
this trial was not legally sufficient to show that there was probable cause to arrest
the Appellant, and therefore the evidence was not legally sufficient to sustain a
verdict of guilty in this case.
15 CONCLUSION AND PRAYER
Wherefore, Appellant prays that the Court of Appeals will grant
leave to file the foregoing brief on appeal, and that the court will
review the record of trial and grant any relief to which Appellant may
be entitled.
RESPECTFULLY SUBMITTED,
/s/ David W. Crawford David W. Crawford State Bar No. 24031601 Crawford and Cruz PLLC P.O. Box 686 Austin, Texas 78767 Telephone (512) 795-2000 Telefacsimile (512) 237-7792 Email: dcrawford@crawfordcruz.com Attorney for Appellant
16 CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE
As Attorney of Record for Appellant, I do hereby Certify by my signature
above that a true and correct copy of the above and foregoing document was this
date provided to the Attorney for the State, David Escamilla, Travis County
Attorney, P.O. Box 1748, Austin, Texas 78767, and to the Appellant, Teran
Pennick, 209 Townes Street, Manor, Texas 78653, Via Certified Mail, Return
Receipt Requested.
Date: September 29, 2015
17 Certificate of Compliance
As Attorney of Record for Appellant, I do hereby Certify by my signature
that this brief contains 2,965 words, in accordance with Tex. Rules of Appellate
Procedure 9.4(i).
/s/ David W. Crawford David W. Crawford State Bar No. 24031601 Crawford and Cruz PLLC P.O. Box 686 Austin, Texas 78767 Telephone (512) 795-2000 Telefacsimile (512) 237-7792 Email: dcrawford@crawfordcruz.com Attorney for Appellant