IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TEXAS NO. PD-0304-18
GREGORY DEWAYNE TENNYSON, Appellant
v.
THE STATE OF TEXAS
ON APPELLANT’S PETITION FOR DISCRETIONARY REVIEW FROM THE TWELFTH COURT OF APPEALS SMITH COUNTY
A LCALA, J., filed a dissenting opinion.
OPINION DISSENTING FROM REFUSAL OF APPELLANT’S PETITION FOR DISCRETIONARY REVIEW
Gregory Dewayne Tennyson, appellant, has demonstrated that the State’s use of
peremptory strikes removed all prospective African American jurors and that the State’s use
of at least one of these strikes was not race neutral. I would hold that appellant has satisfied
his burden to show purposeful discrimination in this case, and I would accordingly grant
appellant’s petition for discretionary review challenging the decision of the court of appeals
that had found no persuasive evidence of purposeful racial discrimination. I, therefore, Tennyson - 2
respectfully dissent from this Court’s refusal to address the merits of appellant’s petition for
discretionary review.
I. Background
In describing the background of this case, I will review the trial proceedings and the
court of appeals’s opinion.
A. Trial Proceedings
Appellant pleaded not guilty to aggravated assault on a public servant and, at his jury
trial, the attorneys participated in jury selection. After the attorneys conducted their voir dire
examinations and the judge heard challenges for cause, the attorneys turned in the lists of
their peremptory strikes. The State struck prospective jurors numbered 3, 4, 14, 15, 17, 19,
26, 27, 30, and 36. Of these ten stricken prospective jurors, three were African American:
prospective jurors 14, 15, and 30, and these three comprised one-hundred percent of the
African Americans who potentially could have served on the jury that were within the “zone
of strikes.”
Trial counsel for appellant challenged the State’s attempt to remove all the African
American potential jurors from the panel. In his Batson motion, trial counsel argued to the
court that appellant is an African American man who would be improperly tried by “an all
white jury.” See Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79, 86 (1986). The trial court determined that
appellant had made a prima facie case of purposeful discrimination and asked the prosecutor Tennyson - 3
for his race-neutral reasons for striking the only three African Americans within the strike
zone.
Prospective Juror Number 14
The State prosecutor observed that prospective juror number 14 was a manager at
McDonald’s with a two-year degree. The prosecutor explained, “This is unskilled labor that
we’re familiar with, in our experience as prosecutors in cases like this, that lend—type of
work experience that would lend itself to be sympathetic toward criminal defendants.” The
prosecutor noted that, regardless of the prospective juror’s college degree, in his “experience
and [his] impression of that is that it’s unskilled labor.” Also, the prosecutor said that the
prospective juror favored rehabilitation over punishment when assessing a sentence.
Furthermore, a relative of the prospective juror had been prosecuted for murder in Smith
County. The prosecutor stated, “That would lead me to believe she might carry a bias against
the Smith County District Attorney’s Office in a subsequent criminal prosecution.” Defense
counsel responded to the State’s explanation by arguing that this prospective juror had
indicated, when asked by the State, that she did not have a bias against the Smith County
District Attorney’s Office. The prosecutor then responded that he believed that “she might
harbor a bias nonetheless,” and that in his training and experience, “folks that have family
members who have been previously prosecuted for the offense of first-degree murder would
harbor ill will towards my office and could not be fair jurors in our cases.” He also said that
“no other potential juror had a family member prosecuted by my office for murder.” Tennyson - 4
Prospective Juror Number 15
The State explained that prospective juror number 15 is a custodian “which is also
unskilled labor with a two-year degree.” The prosecutor said that the prospective juror
indicated that he favored “rehab over punishment in terms of assessing sentences in criminal
cases.” The prosecutor asserted that the prospective juror “served previously on a Smith
County jury and assessed a sentence on the lower end of the punishment range” in that drug
case against a person who had prior felony convictions.
Prospective Juror Number 30
The State explained that prospective juror number 30 is “a unit tech[nician]” at a
hospital who does not have a license or a certification and is therefore an unskilled laborer.
He commented that he believed that “she works in the lower level of labor at [the hospital],
probably in some sort of care capacity that would make her sympathetic for individuals in
circumstances that may be perceived as dire.” He noted that she indicated during voir dire
that she favored “rehab over punishment.” Furthermore, he observed that she was single
with no children with a high school education only. The prosecutor opined that those factors
“would indicate someone who would not be a favorable State’s juror in a case such as this
one.”
The trial court accepted the State’s explanations as race neutral and genuine, and it
overruled defense counsel’s Batson motion. Because neither party used peremptory strikes
on them, the following prospective jurors were ultimately seated on the jury in this case: 5, Tennyson - 5
6, 9, 11, 21, 24, 28, 32, 34, 35, 38, and 39.1 The jury found appellant guilty of aggravated
assault on a public servant and assessed a life sentence.
B. Court of Appeals’s Opinion
The court of appeals rejected appellant’s claim that the trial court had erred in
overruling the Batson motion. See Tennyson v. State, No. 12-16-00225-CR, 2018 WL
1180750, at *5 (Tex. App.—Tyler March 7, 2018) (mem. op., not designated for
publication). The court of appeals found that “[n]o discriminatory intent is inherent in the
prosecutor’s explanations” and that “the reasons offered are race neutral.” Id. at *3. The
court of appeals determined that, after reviewing the entire voir dire record and giving proper
deference to the trial court’s implicit credibility determinations, the trial court did not clearly
err in finding that the State’s proffered reasons for striking the jurors were not a pretext for
purposeful racial discrimination. Id. at *5. The court of appeals noted that the venire
members were examined in a group rather than individually, which significantly lowered the
evidentiary value of a lack of questioning. Id. at *4.
With respect to the individual reasons given by the State for its strikes, the court of
appeals upheld those reasons as genuine because the trial record was inadequate to show
otherwise and the combination of reasons as to each of the minority jurors justified each
1 The State struck prospective jurors numbered: 3, 4, 14, 15, 17, 19, 26, 27, 30, and 36. Appellant struck prospective jurors numbered: 1, 2, 13, 16, 18, 25, 29, 31, 40, and 41. The trial court granted challenges for cause against prospective jurors numbered: 7, 8, 10, 12, 33, and 37. Prospective jurors 20, 22, and 23 were excused by agreement under Article 35.05. See TEX . CODE CRIM . PROC. art. 35.05. After excusals by agreement and strikes for cause, the strike zone was set to include and end at prospective juror number 41. Tennyson - 6
peremptory strike. The court of appeals determined it was “unable to compare the treatment
of the venire members on the issues of education, employment, marital status, and parental
status because the juror cards of only the three contested venire members were admitted into
evidence.” Id. at *5. However, it could compare juror selection based on favoring
rehabilitation over punishment. Id. It found that, of the ten venire members struck by the
State, nine favored rehabilitation. Id. It noted that, “in addition to the three African
American venire members who favored rehabilitation, six nonblack venire members who
favored rehabilitation were struck by the State,” but “ten nonblack potential jurors who
favored rehabilitation were not struck by the State.” Id. Although the State struck all three
African American potential jurors but only six of sixteen nonblack potential jurors favoring
rehabilitation over punishment, the court of appeals found that such disparity did not reveal
clear evidence of racial discrimination. Id. Because it had only ten peremptory strikes and
could not remove all potential jurors favoring rehabilitation, the “State could plausibly have
used the rehabilitation factor along with its other proffered reasons to decide to strike the
three [African American] venire members and not others without the existence of racial
discrimination.” Id.
II. Analysis
Having struck every potential African American juror, the prosecutor’s purportedly
race-neutral explanations should be closely scrutinized for evidence of purposeful
discrimination. Below, I will review the applicable law for Batson complaints, and then Tennyson - 7
examine the prosecutor’s stated reasons for exercising his peremptory strikes against all of
the African American prospective jurors to demonstrate why those reasons are pretextual and
show racial bias. I will conclude by explaining why the current method for reviewing Batson
complaints may be inadequate for inoculating the criminal justice system against the cancer
of racial prejudice.
A. Applicable Law for Review of Batson Claims
A Batson claim that a peremptory strike has been improperly used to remove a
prospective juror on the basis of race is addressed through a three-part inquiry. First, the
opponent of the strike must make a prima facie case that the strike was purposeful racial
discrimination. Second, the proponent of the strike must give a facially race-neutral
explanation for the strike. Third, the trial court must determine if the proffered race-neutral
explanation is genuine or pretextual. Watkins v. State, 245 S.W.3d 444, 447 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2008). In reviewing Batson claims, courts must consider at least two matters that are
at issue in the instant case. First, a court should examine whether the State used peremptory
strikes on minority-race prospective jurors but did not strike similarly situated people who
were not of a minority race. Although the State’s explanations may present facially race-
neutral reasons for excluding prospective jurors from a racial minority group, the Supreme
Court has explained that reviewing courts must consider the disparate treatment of similar
prospective jurors to assess the State’s true motive. Miller-El v. Dretke, 545 U.S. 231, 241
(2005). It stated, “More powerful than [bare statistics of use of peremptory challenges], Tennyson - 8
however, are side-by-side comparisons of some black venire panelists who were struck and
white panelists allowed to serve.” Id. “If a prosecutor’s proffered reason for striking a black
panelist applies just as well to an otherwise-similar nonblack who is permitted to serve, that
is evidence tending to prove purposeful discrimination to be considered at Batson’s third
step.” Id.2 The Supreme Court explained,
[T]he rule in Batson provides an opportunity to the prosecutor to give the reason for striking the juror, and it requires the judge to assess the plausibility of that reason in light of all evidence with a bearing on it. It is true that peremptories are often the subjects of instinct, and it can sometimes be hard to say what the reason is. But when illegitimate grounds like race are in issue, a prosecutor simply has got to state his reasons as best he can and stand or fall on the plausibility of the reasons he gives. A Batson challenge does not call for a mere exercise in thinking up any rational basis. If the stated reason does not hold up, its pretextual significance does not fade because a trial judge, or an appeals court, can imagine a reason that might not have been shown up as false.
Id. at 251-52 (internal citations and quotations omitted).
Second, a court should examine whether the State questioned the prospective jurors
during voir dire about the matter on which it relies as its stated rationale for using its
peremptory strikes on all of the minority jurors. The State’s lack of questioning to gain a
complete understanding of how its stated reasons would affect a prospective juror’s ability
to render judgment, as opposed to offering a conclusion based on a generalized “impression”
2 “If the State asserts that it struck a black juror with a particular characteristic, and it also accepted nonblack jurors with that same characteristic, this is evidence that the asserted justification was a pretext for discrimination.” Reed v. Quarterman, 555 F.3d 364, 376 (5th Cir. 2009). “Striking a black panelist for reasons that apply as well to similar nonblacks who serve ‘is evidence tending to prove purposeful discrimination.’” Williams v. Norris, 576 F.3d 850, 864 (8th Cir. 2009) (quoting Miller–El v. Dretke, 545 U.S. 231, 241 (2005)). Tennyson - 9
or “experience,” strengthens the inference that its reasons were not genuine. See Reed v.
Quarterman, 555 F.3d 364, 376 (5th Cir. 2009) (“If the State asserts that it was concerned
about a particular characteristic but did not engage in meaningful voir dire examination on
that subject, then the State’s failure to question the juror on that topic is some evidence that
the asserted reason was a pretext for discrimination.”).
B. The Prosecutor’s Purported Race-Neutral Reasons for Striking All of the African American Prospective Jurors Were Not Genuine
The prosecutor stated that he struck all of the African American prospective jurors for
reasons that included employment involving unskilled labor, prior jury service, and
preference for rehabilitation over punishment. I review each of these reasons to demonstrate
that they were not genuinely race-neutral bases for peremptory strikes.
1. Unskilled Labor
The prosecutor averred that he struck all of the potential African American jurors
because they were “unskilled labor.” On its face, the reason is patently absurd as to
prospective jurors 14 and 15, who each have a college degree and are educated beyond a high
school diploma. Prospective juror number 14 works as a manager, which is not necessarily
“unskilled labor.” In any event, the prosecutor did not strike the following prospective jurors
who were not African Americans but who were unskilled laborers: prospective juror number
13 who works as a gallery director and has a four-year degree; prospective juror number 16
who works as a secretary and has a high school diploma only; and prospective juror number Tennyson - 10
29 who identified as self-employed at a wells-services company and has a two-year degree.3
There is no plausible reason to prefer a secretary with a high school diploma over a custodian
or a McDonald’s manager who have two-year degrees under the theory that the former has
skilled employment while the latter have unskilled employment. Moreover, the State did not
ask the prospective jurors any questions about their skill level or whether or how that would
affect their deliberations in this case. And the State disregarded the actual education level
of the prospective jurors, two of whom were college graduates with two-year degrees, so as
to focus on the purported skill level of the occupation instead.
Importantly, the prosecutor espoused a belief that unskilled laborers are more
sympathetic to “criminal defendants” and used that rationale to strike all of the African
American prospective jurors from the panel. If that rationale is accepted as genuine by
courts, then Batson will be a nullity. According to a 2016 report by the Bureau of Labor
Statistics, thirty percent of employed African Americans worked in management,
professional, and related occupations, which means that seventy percent of them possibly
3 I note that, although the appellate record does not include juror information cards for the entire panel, the juror information cards for prospective jurors 13, 16, and 29 are included in the record along with the information cards for the three African American prospective jurors. Although we are unable to conduct a full disparate treatment analysis on the issue of unskilled labor due to the absence of juror information cards for the entire panel, the juror information cards for these three additional jurors provide some basis upon which we can examine disparate treatment. Even the limited information provided in these three jurors’ information cards shows that the State’s proffered reasons for its strikes pertaining to unskilled labor could have applied equally to other non-African American prospective jurors. Tennyson - 11
could be considered unskilled laborers.4 If the prosecutor’s reason for striking all of the
African American prospective jurors on the basis of being unskilled laborers is deemed
credible here, regardless of the fact that two of the prospective jurors had college degrees,
then the principles underlying Batson are essentially overruled because the vast majority of
African American potential jurors can be struck freely because of their race under this false
rationale that there is a connection between the skill of an occupation and leniency for
defendants.5 Peremptory strikes of people who are of a minority race on the basis that they
perform unskilled labor, particularly when people who are not of a minority race and who
perform unskilled labor are permitted to stay on a jury, are pretextual and violate Batson. See
Miller-El, 545 U.S. at 241.
2. Prior Jury Service
The State indicated that it struck prospective juror number 15 because he had
previously served on a jury and had assessed a light sentence for a person with a criminal
history. The record shows that several other prospective jurors within the strike zone also
had prior jury service. Two prospective jurors, numbered 11 and 28, said that the verdict in
their respective previous jury service was not guilty so that no sentence was assessed at all.
4 U.S. DEP ’T OF LAB., BUREAU OF LAB. STATS. REPORTS, LABOR FORCE CHARACTERISTICS BY RACE AND ETHNICITY , 2016 (October 2017), https://www.bls.gov/opub/reports/race-and-ethnicity/2016/home.htm (last visited Oct. 23, 2018). 5 I note that such a result is especially troubling given that minorities are already at greater risk of under-representation in jury pools in general. See Geoffrey Cockrell, Batson Reform: A Lottery System of Affirmative Selection, 11 NOTRE DAME J. L. ETHICS & PUB. POL’Y 351, 353-54, nn.16-17 (1997). Tennyson - 12
The State’s proffered reason for striking juror number 15 due to his having assessed
punishment at the lower end of the range of punishment is suspect given that the State did
not exercise strikes against prospective jurors 11 and 28, non-African American people who
had acquitted the defendants in those cases. A prospective juror unwilling to convict at all
is certainly less favorable to the State as compared to one who is willing to convict but
assesses a low sentence. The State’s explanation that it struck the African American
prospective juror due to a perceived inclination to favor defendants by assessing lower
sentences cannot be deemed genuine given that the State did not strike the non-African
American prospective jurors who more significantly favored defendants in prior jury service
by acquitting those defendants outright. See Snyder v. Louisiana, 552 U.S. 472, 484-85
(2008) (finding purposeful discrimination when the proffered race-neutral reason applied
with greater force to unchallenged nonblack prospective jurors). Furthermore, the State did
not question prospective jurors 11 and 28 about how their prior jury service might impact
their decision in the instant case, and thus the State’s rationale for its peremptory strike
against prospective juror number 15 is additionally suspect for this reason.
3. Preference for Rehabilitation over Punishment
The prosecutor averred that the African American prospective jurors’ preference for
rehabilitation over punishment was a basis for striking each of them. During his voir dire,
the prosecutor learned that twenty-five venire members, the majority of the potential jurors
in the strike zone, favored rehabilitation over punishment: prospective jurors 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, Tennyson - 13
12, 14, 15, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27, 29, 30, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, and 39. The State used
peremptory strikes on prospective jurors 3, 4, 14, 15, 17, 19, 26, 27, 30, and 36. If the State’s
explanation were genuine that it did not have enough strikes to strike all twenty-five people
who favored rehabilitation and that it was using strikes in a non-discriminatory manner, then
the State would have exercised its peremptory strikes on the first ten jurors who held this
view: prospective jurors numbered 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 14, 15, 18, 19, and 24. But instead, the State
found the non-African American prospective jurors numbered 2, 5, 6, 18, and 24 to be
acceptable on this basis, whereas African American prospective jurors numbered 14, 15, and
30 were not. Furthermore, if the State’s reasons were genuine, then it would not have used
a peremptory strike on prospective juror number 17, a non-African American juror who
favored punishment over rehabilitation, and instead it would have used that strike to remove
another non-African American juror who favored rehabilitation. It is simply inaccurate to
suggest that the State struck as many non-African American jurors as it could who favored
rehabilitation in light of the State’s use of a strike on juror number 17 instead of using that
strike on another non-African American juror who favored rehabilitation. The State allowed
non-minorities who favored rehabilitation to remain on the jury whereas it struck all of the
minorities who favored rehabilitation. Thus, the State’s reasons for its strikes were not
genuine and are indicative of purposeful discrimination.
According to the court of appeals’s opinion, even though the State did not strike all
of the non-African Americans who favored rehabilitation over punishment, the State’s strikes Tennyson - 14
against the African Americans could be race neutral. See Tennyson, 2018 WL 1180750, at
*5. The court explained that the “State could plausibly have used the rehabilitation factor
along with its other proffered reasons to decide to strike the three venire members and not
others without the existence of racial discrimination.” Id. The problem with the court of
appeals’s analysis is that the State’s proffered reasons, at least as to two of the three
prospective African American jurors, do not provide a plausible basis for separating them
from the non-African American prospective jurors on any basis other than race. The
cumulation of non-race-neutral reasons cannot add up to a proper race-neutral reason.
Perhaps the court of appeals’s rationale could be correct as to prospective juror number 14
who had a relative prosecuted for murder, but its reasoning is wholly inadequate as to the
other two African American prospective jurors. Although I agree that it may be proper to use
a peremptory strike against a prospective juror whose relatives have been prosecuted for a
crime, even that reason becomes suspicious when all of the prospective African American
jurors are removed from the panel by the State and when its reasons for doing so are not
equitably applied in the same manner to the non-minority prospective jurors. Given this
record, it appears clear to me that the State’s purported reasons for striking one-hundred
percent of the African American jurors who could have served on this jury were not
genuinely race neutral.
B. It May Be Time to Reform Batson to Provide More Than Illusory Scrutiny Tennyson - 15
I agree with critics who have opined that Batson is often an inadequate vehicle for
eliminating racial prejudice from jury selection. See, e.g., Leonard L. Cavise, The Batson
Doctrine: The Supreme Court’s Utter Failure to Meet the Challenge of Discrimination in
Jury Selection, 1999 W IS. L. R EV. 501, 501-02 (1999). “Only the most overtly discriminatory
or impolitic lawyer can be caught in Batson’s toothless bite and, even then, the wound will
be only superficial.” Id. Legal commentators have noted how courts have struggled judging
whether a facially race-neutral explanation is, in fact, neutral because “[a] large variety of
explanations can be surrogates for race, gender, or ethnicity.” Id. at 532-37. A determination
that race-neutral explanations are genuine or credible, to some degree, depends on the
plausibility of those proffered reasons. Id. at 538. But plausibility is not required of the
State’s proffered reasons. See Purkett v. Elem, 514 U.S. 765, 767-68 (1995) (holding that
race-neutral explanations must be genuine but not persuasive or even plausible). For
example, “trial courts often accept race-neutral reasons that are easy to invoke and/or
difficult to disprove, such as demeanor evidence, or which correlate with race, such as having
a family member who had been a criminal defendant.” Alafair S. Burke, Prosecutors and
Peremptories, 97 IOWA L. R EV. 1467, 1470 (2012). Accordingly, “Batson and its progeny
have proven to be less an obstacle to discrimination than a roadmap to it.” Cavise, supra, at
545.6
6 Batson’s burden-shifting framework is seen by many as so ineffective that alternate approaches to race-neutral jury selection have been proposed, including eliminating peremptory challenges altogether, employing affirmative-action principles into jury selection, imposing specific ethical rules on counsel that afford disciplinary sanctions for purposeful discrimination, and using Tennyson - 16
If any implausible or outlandish reason that was never even discussed with a
prospective juror can be accepted as a genuine race-neutral strike by a trial court, as here, and
if appellate courts simply defer to trial courts, as here, then Batson is rendered meaningless,
and it is time for courts to enact alternatives to the current Batson scheme to better effectuate
its underlying purpose. Here, the State said it was striking African Americans who had
college degrees for being unskilled labor, but it did not strike a Caucasian secretary without
a college degree; the State struck African Americans who had assessed lower punishment
during their prior jury service under the theory that they might favor this appellant, but it did
not strike non-African Americans who had more favorably treated other defendants during
their trials by acquitting them; and the State struck African Americans who favored
rehabilitation over punishment while allowing non-African Americans who felt the same way
to remain on the jury. If this record is inadequate to establish a Batson violation, then the
blind questionnaires and video recording of questioning in voir dire. See Alafair S. Burke, Prosecutors and Peremptories, 97 IOWA L. REV . 1467, 1471-72 (2012). In recognition of the failure of the current framework to effectively combat racial discrimination during jury selection, the Washington State Supreme Court recently announced a modified Batson inquiry. State v. Jefferson, __ P.3d__, No. 94853-4, 2018 WL 5732128, at *1 (Wash. Nov. 1, 2018). In order “to do better to achieve the objectives of protecting litigants’ rights to equal protection of the laws and jurors’ rights to participate in jury service free from racial discrimination,” the court held that “[i]f a Batson challenge to a peremptory strike of a juror proceeds to that third step of Batson’s three-part inquiry, then the trial court must ask whether an objective observer could view race or ethnicity as a factor in the use of the peremptory strike.” Id. “If so, then the strike must be denied and the challenge to that strike must be accepted.” Id.; see also id. at *12 (“[W]e hold that the question at the third step of the Batson framework is not whether the proponent of the peremptory strike is acting out of purposeful discrimination. Instead the relevant question is whether ‘an objective observer could view race or ethnicity as a factor in the use of the peremptory challenge.’”). Additionally, because this modified third step applies an objective standard, the decision of the trial court is to be reviewed de novo rather than under Batson’s deferential “clearly erroneous” standard of review. Id. at *12. Tennyson - 17
problem lies with Batson’s framework and it must be reformed to provide more than illusory
protections against racial discrimination.
III. Conclusion
Because I conclude that it was clear error for the trial court to find that appellant did
not rebut the State’s pretextual race-neutral reasons for its strikes given the totality of the voir
dire record and the disparate treatment of other non-African American prospective jurors, I
would grant appellant’s petition for discretionary review. Because this Court does not, I
respectfully dissent.
Filed: December 5, 2018
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