STONE, C. J.
The contesting parties in this case severally owned tracts of land in Bibb county tbat were contiguous to each other. A stream of water known as Caffee’s creek runs through tbe two tracts, the' Coal, Iron & Railroad Co. being tbe upper, and Mrs. Hamilton the lower riparian proprietor. Tbe Coal, Iron & Railroad Co. was engaged in mining iron ore from its lands, and bad erected and was operating a washer, for washing the ore mined by it. This washer was situated near Caffee’s creek, was supplied with water from it; and tbe water so used, after being somewhat detained for settling purposes, was permitted to flow back into tbe stream below tbe washer, but before it reached Mrs. Hamilton’s land. Mrs. Hamilton was engaged in agriculture, owned stock, and complains tbat she bad on her lands no water, save Caffee’s creek, tbat was convenient and suitable for watering her stock, without incurring serious additional expense. This action was brought by her, and she avers tbat by tbe use of tbe water in the washer of tbe Coal, Iron & Railroad Company, it became and was polluted to such extent tbat stock would not drink it, and further, tbat it left a deposit in tbe bed of tbe stream and on tbe land tbat injuriously affected her. Whether tbe defendant corporation, in tbe process of washing its ore polluted tbe stream to such extent as to give to Mrs. Hamilton a right of action, was tbe main question in this case. There was testi[258]*258mony that by tbe operation of tbe washer the water was made so foul that stock would not drink it; that the deposit tended to fill up the bed of the stream and to cause an increase of overflow in freshets, and that it made the bed of the stream miry, so that cattle would not enter the stream. There was conflict of testimony on these questions. On the other hand, there was testimony for the corporation that the ore they were mining was valueless without washing; that this creek was the only available water supply for that purpose, and that there was no outlet for the water after it left the washer, but to let it flow back into the creek. Their testimony tended further to show that they resorted to the customary and best means of purifying the water before permitting it to flow back into the creek.
The old maxim, aqua currit, et debet currere ut solebat, is familiar to all. It means, in practical application, that water is the common and equal property of every one through whose domain it flows, and that the right of each to its use and consumption, while passing over his possessions is the same. He must so use it as not to destroy, or unreasonably impair the equal rights of others. Sic utere tuo ut alienum non laedas, is the law’s mandate in such conditions.—Stein v. Burden, 29 Ala. 127.
In these modern times there has been some slight relaxation of the rules regulating the use of water and of water courses. Speaking on this subject, we, in Ulbricht v. Eufaula Water Co., 86 Ala. 587, said: “The general rule is often stated to be, that every riparian proprietor has an equal right to have the stream flow through his lands in its natural state, without material diminution in quantity, or alteration in quality. But this rule is qualified by the limitation, now well recognized, that each of such proprietors is entitled to a reasonable use of the water for domestic, agricultural and manufacturing purposes; or, to state the rule in the words of Shaw, C. J., in Cary v. Daniels, 8 Met. 466, 477; 41 Am. Dec. 532, ‘Each proprietor is entitled to such use of the stream, so far as it is reasonable, conformable to the usages and wants of the community, and having regard to the progress and improvement in hydraulic works, and not inconsistent with a like reasonable use by the other proprietors of land on the same stream above and below.” In a head note to that case, stating its pith, the true principle was condensed into the following aphorism. “Every riparian proprietor has an equal right to have the stream flow through his lands in its natural state, without material diminution in quantity, or alteration in quality; but with the limitation, [259]*259now well recognized, that each is entitled to the reasonable use of the water for domestic, agricultural or manufacturing purposes.” In Levis v. Stein, 16 Ala. 214, it was decided that, “One invested by grant from the government with title to land, through which a water course runs, acquires thereby no greater right to the use .of the water than others, over whose premises the same stream passes, and can not so use it as to corrupt or impair its quality to their prejudice or injury.”
In Merrifield v. Lombard, 13 Allen, 16 is this language: “Any diversion or obstruction of the water which substantially diminishes the volume of the stream, so that it does not flow itt cnrrere solebat, or which defiles and corrupts it to such a degree as essentially to impair its purity and prevent the use of it for any of the reasonable and proper purposes to which running water is usually applied, such as irrigation, the propulsion of machinery, or consumption for domestic use, is an infringement of the right of other owners of land through which a water course runs, and creates a nuisance for which those thereby injured are entitled to a remedy.” So in Printing Co. v. City of Boston, 122 Mass. 583, it was said, “A riparian owner has no right, in the absence of express grant or prescription, to poll ate the waters of a stream and make it unfit for drinking purposes.” See also McGennis v. Adriatic Mills, 116 Mass. 177.
In Holsman v. Bolling Springs Bleaching Co., 14 N. J. Eq. 335, the principle is thus stated: “Every owner of lancl through which a stream of water flows is entitled to the use and enjoyment of the water, and to have the same flow in its natural and accustomed course, without obstruction, diversion or corruption. The right extends to the quality as well as to the quantity of the water.”
In Hodgkinson v. Ennor, 4 Best & Smith, Q. B. 229, one occupying an elevation had erected works for tbe purpose of extracting lead from the soil. From the operation of these works, polluted water was discharged into certain rents in the rocks of the hills which had an underground passage for water communicating with an outlet, at which the. water escaped in an open stream at their foot. From these works polluted water flowed, and reached the lands of plaintiff, whereby the water was fouled. It was held that an action for fouling the stream was maintainable. See also Lincoln v. Taunton Copper Manfg. Co., 9 Allen, 181; City of Orlando v. Bragg, 31 Florida Rep. 111.
In Gould on Waters, it is declared that actions may be maintained for the following causes: “The casting upon one’s [260]*260own land of dirt and fonl water, or substances which reach the stream by percolation; . the letting off of water made noxious by precipitation of minerals ; . . . or rendering the water unfit for domestic, culinary or mining purposes; or for cattle to drink of, or fish to live in; or for manufacturing purposes.” See also Clifton Iron Co. v. Dye, 87 Ala 468; Angell on Water Courses, § 136; Addison on Torts, § 218; Carhart v. Auburn Gas Light Co., 22 Barb. 297.
It is proper, perhaps, to state a slight modification of the severest interpretation of the language copied above.
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STONE, C. J.
The contesting parties in this case severally owned tracts of land in Bibb county tbat were contiguous to each other. A stream of water known as Caffee’s creek runs through tbe two tracts, the' Coal, Iron & Railroad Co. being tbe upper, and Mrs. Hamilton the lower riparian proprietor. Tbe Coal, Iron & Railroad Co. was engaged in mining iron ore from its lands, and bad erected and was operating a washer, for washing the ore mined by it. This washer was situated near Caffee’s creek, was supplied with water from it; and tbe water so used, after being somewhat detained for settling purposes, was permitted to flow back into tbe stream below tbe washer, but before it reached Mrs. Hamilton’s land. Mrs. Hamilton was engaged in agriculture, owned stock, and complains tbat she bad on her lands no water, save Caffee’s creek, tbat was convenient and suitable for watering her stock, without incurring serious additional expense. This action was brought by her, and she avers tbat by tbe use of tbe water in the washer of tbe Coal, Iron & Railroad Company, it became and was polluted to such extent tbat stock would not drink it, and further, tbat it left a deposit in tbe bed of tbe stream and on tbe land tbat injuriously affected her. Whether tbe defendant corporation, in tbe process of washing its ore polluted tbe stream to such extent as to give to Mrs. Hamilton a right of action, was tbe main question in this case. There was testi[258]*258mony that by tbe operation of tbe washer the water was made so foul that stock would not drink it; that the deposit tended to fill up the bed of the stream and to cause an increase of overflow in freshets, and that it made the bed of the stream miry, so that cattle would not enter the stream. There was conflict of testimony on these questions. On the other hand, there was testimony for the corporation that the ore they were mining was valueless without washing; that this creek was the only available water supply for that purpose, and that there was no outlet for the water after it left the washer, but to let it flow back into the creek. Their testimony tended further to show that they resorted to the customary and best means of purifying the water before permitting it to flow back into the creek.
The old maxim, aqua currit, et debet currere ut solebat, is familiar to all. It means, in practical application, that water is the common and equal property of every one through whose domain it flows, and that the right of each to its use and consumption, while passing over his possessions is the same. He must so use it as not to destroy, or unreasonably impair the equal rights of others. Sic utere tuo ut alienum non laedas, is the law’s mandate in such conditions.—Stein v. Burden, 29 Ala. 127.
In these modern times there has been some slight relaxation of the rules regulating the use of water and of water courses. Speaking on this subject, we, in Ulbricht v. Eufaula Water Co., 86 Ala. 587, said: “The general rule is often stated to be, that every riparian proprietor has an equal right to have the stream flow through his lands in its natural state, without material diminution in quantity, or alteration in quality. But this rule is qualified by the limitation, now well recognized, that each of such proprietors is entitled to a reasonable use of the water for domestic, agricultural and manufacturing purposes; or, to state the rule in the words of Shaw, C. J., in Cary v. Daniels, 8 Met. 466, 477; 41 Am. Dec. 532, ‘Each proprietor is entitled to such use of the stream, so far as it is reasonable, conformable to the usages and wants of the community, and having regard to the progress and improvement in hydraulic works, and not inconsistent with a like reasonable use by the other proprietors of land on the same stream above and below.” In a head note to that case, stating its pith, the true principle was condensed into the following aphorism. “Every riparian proprietor has an equal right to have the stream flow through his lands in its natural state, without material diminution in quantity, or alteration in quality; but with the limitation, [259]*259now well recognized, that each is entitled to the reasonable use of the water for domestic, agricultural or manufacturing purposes.” In Levis v. Stein, 16 Ala. 214, it was decided that, “One invested by grant from the government with title to land, through which a water course runs, acquires thereby no greater right to the use .of the water than others, over whose premises the same stream passes, and can not so use it as to corrupt or impair its quality to their prejudice or injury.”
In Merrifield v. Lombard, 13 Allen, 16 is this language: “Any diversion or obstruction of the water which substantially diminishes the volume of the stream, so that it does not flow itt cnrrere solebat, or which defiles and corrupts it to such a degree as essentially to impair its purity and prevent the use of it for any of the reasonable and proper purposes to which running water is usually applied, such as irrigation, the propulsion of machinery, or consumption for domestic use, is an infringement of the right of other owners of land through which a water course runs, and creates a nuisance for which those thereby injured are entitled to a remedy.” So in Printing Co. v. City of Boston, 122 Mass. 583, it was said, “A riparian owner has no right, in the absence of express grant or prescription, to poll ate the waters of a stream and make it unfit for drinking purposes.” See also McGennis v. Adriatic Mills, 116 Mass. 177.
In Holsman v. Bolling Springs Bleaching Co., 14 N. J. Eq. 335, the principle is thus stated: “Every owner of lancl through which a stream of water flows is entitled to the use and enjoyment of the water, and to have the same flow in its natural and accustomed course, without obstruction, diversion or corruption. The right extends to the quality as well as to the quantity of the water.”
In Hodgkinson v. Ennor, 4 Best & Smith, Q. B. 229, one occupying an elevation had erected works for tbe purpose of extracting lead from the soil. From the operation of these works, polluted water was discharged into certain rents in the rocks of the hills which had an underground passage for water communicating with an outlet, at which the. water escaped in an open stream at their foot. From these works polluted water flowed, and reached the lands of plaintiff, whereby the water was fouled. It was held that an action for fouling the stream was maintainable. See also Lincoln v. Taunton Copper Manfg. Co., 9 Allen, 181; City of Orlando v. Bragg, 31 Florida Rep. 111.
In Gould on Waters, it is declared that actions may be maintained for the following causes: “The casting upon one’s [260]*260own land of dirt and fonl water, or substances which reach the stream by percolation; . the letting off of water made noxious by precipitation of minerals ; . . . or rendering the water unfit for domestic, culinary or mining purposes; or for cattle to drink of, or fish to live in; or for manufacturing purposes.” See also Clifton Iron Co. v. Dye, 87 Ala 468; Angell on Water Courses, § 136; Addison on Torts, § 218; Carhart v. Auburn Gas Light Co., 22 Barb. 297.
It is proper, perhaps, to state a slight modification of the severest interpretation of the language copied above. The same author, in section 220 says: “The natural right of one proprietor to have the stream descend to him in its pure state must yield in a reasonable degree to the equal right of the upper proprietors, whose fertilization, cultivation or occupation of their own lands, and whose use of the stream for mill and manufacturing purposes, for irrigation and domestic purposes, will tend to make the water more or less impure, especially when the population becomes dense. So it is of public importance that the proprietors of useful manufactories should be held responsible only for appreciable injury caused by their works and not for slight inconveniences or occasional annoyances, or even some degree of interference with irrigation or agriculture.” We approve the following principle extracted from Sanderson v. Penn. Coal Co., 86 Penn. St. 401. “The exigencies of the great industrial interests must be kept standing in view; the property of large and useful interests should not be hampered or hindered for frivolous or trifling causes. Eor slight inconveniences or occasional annoyances they ought not to be held responsible, and in dealing with such complaints, juries should be held with a steady hand.”
It is certainly true that owing to the wants, if not the necessities of the present age—of agriculture, of manufactures, of commerce, of invention and of the arts and sciences —Some changes must be tolerated in the channels in which water naturally flows, and in its adaptation to beneficial uses. Reasonable diminution of its quantity in gratifying and meeting customary wants, has always been permitted. So, its temporary detention for manufacturing purposes, followed by its release in increased volume, is a necessary consequence of its utilization as a propelling force. Nor must we shttt our eyes to the tendency—the inevitable tendency of these and other uses, in which water is an indispensable element, to detract somewhat from its normal purity. These modifications of individual right must be submitted to, in order that the greater good of the public [261]*261be conserved and promoted. But there is a limit to this duty to yield, to this claim and right to expect and demand. The water course must not be diverted from its channel, or so diminished in volume, or so corrupted and polluted, as practically to destroy, or greatly impair its value to the lower riparian proprietor. Sic utere tuo in such conditions is enjoined by social obligation and by law. It is difficult, if not impossible to declare a rule in language so clear and precise, as that it can be applied with certainty to every case that may arise. See Miss. Mills Co. v. Smith, 69 Miss. 299.
A great many questions were reserved during the introduction of the testimony on the trial of this case. So exceptions were reserved to charges given and refused. Yery many of these rulings are free from error. We will refer specially to only a few of the exceptions.
There was certainly no error in the rulings on demurrer of which appellant can complain. Under the principles we have declared above the complaint sets forth a good cause of action, and the fifth plea'is insufficient in it averments. The Circuit Court did not err in sustaining the demurrer to the fifth plea.
Witness Bay was asked by defendant if there were any other ore washers up there. The obvious meaning and purpose of this inquiry were to prove that some other ore washer on the stream above plaintiff’s land had contributed to the pollution of the stream. The court, on plaintiff’s motion, refused to let this question be answered, and the defendant excepted. In this the Circuit Court erred. If another, not acting conjointly with defendant in doing the act which produced the alleged adulteration of the water, contributed materially to the result and the injury charged, it is not consistent with law or justice that the defendant should be required to answer in damages for that part of the injury it did not inflict. A different rule would probably prevail if the tort charged was the joint act of two or more; for torts' are joint and several, when perpetrated by one act, or with one instrumentality. The question asked indicates that if there was another contributing cause of the alleged pollution of the water, it was independent of, and separate from the ore washer erected and owned by the defendant. It is sufficient for each offender, if acting separately, to be mulcted for its own wrong.
In the general charge and in the written charge given attire request of plaintiff, the court instructed the jury that the burden of proof was on. the defendant—The Tennessee [262]*262Coal, Iron, and Railroad Company—to show tbat its use of tbe Creek was reasonable. Tbe defendant, in some of its pleas, had denied all the allegations of the complaint. This cast on plaintiff the burden of proving substantially all the averments of her complaint. If these charges had been preceded by an appropriate inquiry, such as “If the jury found from the evidence that the defendant’s washer polluted the water of the stream which flowed on plaintiff’s land,” or other inquiry of damage which the testimony of plaintiff’s witnesses tends to show she suffered, then these charges would be free from error. The charges contain no such expression, but simply assert the naked proposition that the burden of proof was on the defendant.
In certain conceivable conditions these charges would be harmless, but, given as they were, they cannot be vindicated as general propositions of law. In the absence of proof the law imputes blame to no one, but requires of him who makes the charge to establish it by testimony. But we must not be misunderstood. There are categories a person may be placed in, in which the law, or public policy throws the burden of exculpation on the defendant. And sometimes the state of the pleadings has that effect. But this case does not appear to be brought within either of those exceptional rules. The circuit court erred in giving-each of these charges.
Most of the charges asked by defendant are incompatible with the principles we have declared as governing this case, and need not be noticed in detail. Not one of them in its entirety is a correct exposition of the law as applicable to the facts of this case. Market value and rental value, whether increased or diminished, are not the sole criteria of damage done to an actual occupant of landed interests. It may not be desirable to sell or let to rent. Profit and comfort of occupation may be taken into the account. The law confers no authority even to enhance the market or rental value of another’s freehold, by unauthorized interference with his possession. Whether such unsanctioned interference enhances or diminishes value, are inquiries which may enter into the computation of damages, but they are no test of the right to maintain an action for the tort committed.
Considering the testimony in this case, we think the verdict of the jury was excessive. We cannot perceive that permanent injury to the land has resulted, or will result from what has taken place in running the ore washer. The testimony is that its use has been discontinued, and [263]*263that the deposit it had caused is washing out. Unless it should he again put in operation, the probability is almost a certainty that the debris will be entirely removed. This reduces plaintiff’s right of recovery substantially to the amount of injury she suffered while the ore washer was being operated. Should it again be put in operation, and should its effect be unauthorized under the principles we have declared, she will be clothed with another right of action for the redress of the wrong. The pollution of the water having ceased by a discontinuance of the use of the washer, it would seem the measure of her recovery should be guaged by the injury she suffered in the actual pollution of the water while it lasted, and in the boggy deposit in the creek, until its injurious effects were, or shall become relieved by the washing of the creek.
Reversed and remanded.