OPINION AND ORDER
BROWN, District Judge.
This matter comes before the Court on Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment (#45) and Plaintiffs Amended motion for Summary Judgment (# 69). Plaintiff Stuart I. Teicher brings this ac
tion pursuant to 29 U.S.C. § 1132(a) of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA) against Defendants Regence Health and Life Insurance Company and the Sussman Shank LLP Long Term Disability Plan to recover benefits under an insurance policy for long-term disability (LTD Policy).
On October 31, 2005, Plaintiff filed a claim for disability benefits pursuant to the LTD Policy. Regence’s designated plan administrator, Disability Reinsurance Managements Services, Inc. (Disability RMS), denied Plaintiffs claim for disability benefits. Two subsequent reviews of Plaintiffs claim were also denied on June 8, 2006, and on October 26, 2006, by Cris W. Johnston, Ph.D., who reviewed Plaintiffs claim for Disability RMS.
On December 21, 2006, Plaintiff filed an action in this Court for review of the denial of benefits. . On September 21, 2007, Defendants moved for summary judgment on the ground that Plaintiff is not entitled to benefits for total disability under the LTD Policy. On October 31, 2007, Plaintiff moved for summary judgment on the ground that the record establishes he is totally disabled, and, therefore, he is entitled to benefits under the LTD Policy.
On January 16, 2008, the Court heard oral argument on the parties’ cross-motions for summary judgment and also granted in part and denied in part Plaintiffs Amended Motion to Admit Rebuttal Evidence (# 72) as indicated on the record.
For the following reasons, the Court concludes Plaintiff is disabled within the meaning of the LTD Policy and, accordingly, GRANTS Plaintiffs Amended Motion for Summary Judgment (# 69) and DENIES Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment (# 45).
FACTUAL BACKGROUND
The administrative record before the Court reflects the following facts:
At all relevant times Plaintiff Stuart I. Teicher was a lawyer and a partner in the law firm of Sussman Shank, LLP. Plaintiff is a participant in the firm’s LTD Policy. Plaintiff suffered a mild traumatic brain injury when he fell from a ladder on September 5, 2004. Plaintiff continued to work after September 5, 2004, but took 47 hours of sick leave during September. On September 28, 2005, Plaintiffs internist, Bradley J. Fancher, M.D., diagnosed Plaintiff with Post-Concussive Syndrome (PCS), but an MRI did not reveal any significant abnormalities. From October 2004 to May 2005, Plaintiff worked his normal schedule (1100 billable hours over a six-month period). Plaintiff, however, began to experience increasing imbalance, fatigue, headaches, and cranial pressure. According to Plaintiff, he tried to ignore his symptoms in the hope that they would abate.
By late May 2005, these symptoms had worsened. Plaintiff experienced radiating neck pain after sleeping with his neck sharply flexed on an airplane flight. Plaintiff had increasing difficulty concentrating, taking notes, and following complex discussions with partners and clients. On June 5, 2005, Dr. Fancher referred Plaintiff to a neurologist, Max B. Duncan, D.O., who concurred with the diagnosis of PCS despite another “negative” MRI. Dr. Duncan reported Plaintiff suffered from “significant ■ axonal disruption which accounts for his disruption of higher level executive function.”
Plaintiff took 24 hours of sick leave in June 2005, and at that time his clients and co-workers began to notice his subdued demeanor and a decline in his performance at work. Plaintiffs law partner, Nena Cook, noted Plaintiffs diminished cognitive
abilities were “readily apparent” and dramatically different from his pre-injury functioning. Ellen Teicher, Plaintiffs wife, also noticed Plaintiffs loss of energy and mental acuity.
In July 2005 Plaintiff began to work half-time. Because of Plaintiffs continued complaints of difficulty in concentrating due to nausea and headaches, Dr. Fancher performed a third MRI in early August. The MRI still did not reveal any significant structural abnormalities. Nevertheless, Plaintiff took medical leave from mid-August to early September 2005.
After returning to work for a week in early September 2005, Plaintiff continued to have difficulties and began transferring his cases to other lawyers in his firm because he felt he could not retain information or “connect the dots” and could not adequately and ethically discharge his duties. During that week in early September, Plaintiffs law partner, Jeffrey S. Tarr, noticed Plaintiff was unable to process information in a memorandum or follow an oral update on recent events in a case familiar to Plaintiff.
On September 18, 2005, Dr. Fancher reported Plaintiff had continuing cognitive problems and repeated his diagnosis of PCS with significant head trauma and cognitive impairment. Dr. Fancher recommended Plaintiff take a medical leave of absence and advised “it is unclear when or if you will be able to return to your usual occupational duties.” On the basis of these findings, Dr. Fancher referred Plaintiff to the Brain Injury Rehabilitation Center (BIRC), a branch of Progressive Rehabilitation Associates in Portland, Oregon, for further testing.
On September 27, 2005, Plaintiff attended a day-long transdisciplinary evaluation at BIRC conducted by, among others, neu-ropsychologist Andrew P. Ellis, Ph.D., and board-certified physiatrist Danielle L. Erb, M.D. The evaluation revealed mild impairments of Plaintiffs memory functioning and balance; moderate reductions of attention, concentration, processing speed, and executive functioning; inefficiencies of visual skills; reduced cognitive and physical endurance; impaired mobility and pain resulting from cervical radiculopathy; and anxiety and mild depression. The BIRC report indicates Plaintiff has “[m]oderate executive function skill deficits specifically in novel, unstructured situations with problems requiring multiple steps and complex material. It is felt these results reflect greater than indicated deficits for this client, given his high premorbid baseline level of function.” BIRC diagnosed Plaintiff with mild traumatic brain injury and PCS. The report indicated Plaintiff is “[u]nable to maintain full-time employment.” Although BIRC recommended Plaintiff for its rehabilitation program, Plaintiff declined to pay the $40,000 required to participate.
On or about September 30, 2005, Plaintiff took medical leave of an indeterminate duration.
On October 31, 2005, Plaintiff submitted a claim for benefits under the LTD Policy. On the same day, Dr. Fancher referred Plaintiff to board-certified neurosurgeon Frederick T. Waller, M.D. On November 7, 2005, Dr. Fancher submitted a “Physician’s Statement” to Regence in support of Plaintiffs claim and noted his diagnosis of PCS and abnormal cognitive function were “confirmed by neuropsych testing.”
On November 15, 2005, Dr. Waller examined Plaintiff and noted his continued complaints of lapses in his ability to integrate and to process information and of headaches leading to imbalance and nausea. Dr. Waller reported he did not “feel qualified ... to make a diagnosis of impaired cognition, pending a more formal
neuropsychologic evaluation.” Accordingly, Dr. Waller referred Plaintiff to neurop-sychologist Lawrence M. Binder, Ph.D.
In late November 2005, Plaintiff spent a few hours a day conferring with partners at Sussman Shank. He continued, however, to experience difficulty in concentrating and processing auditory information during conferences and suffered fatigue after only a few hours at work.
On December 27, 2005, Plaintiff attended a follow-up appointment with Dr. Fancher, who noted Plaintiffs continued descriptions of significant cognitive impairment. Dr. Fancher directed Plaintiff to see Dr. Binder.
On January 11, 2006, Regence denied Plaintiffs claim under the LTD Policy. On that same day, Plaintiff reported feeling exhausted and sick with head pressure after taking a long drive to Vancouver, B.C.
On January 13, 2006, Plaintiff met with Dr. Binder, but he was “too distraught” to be validly tested. Plaintiff reported being upset over Regence’s denial of his claim and considered the denial an affront to his honesty.-
On January 18, 2006, Plaintiff returned to Dr. Binder for neuropsychological testing. Dr. Binder conducted a battery of tests and reported Plaintiff performed flawlessly on the Test of Memory Malingering, on the word-recall portion of the Warrington Recognition Memory Test, and on two measures designed to test motivation. Plaintiff also was in the 95th percentile on single-word reading and decoding, and Plaintiffs IQ scores on the WAISIII were verbal 125, performance 121, full-scale 126, verbal comprehension 120, perceptual organization 114, working memory 126, and processing speed 128. On most of these measures, Plaintiff scored in the 95th percentile or higher. Plaintiff performed extremely well on timed measures of verbal fluency.
Dr. Binder, however, noted Plaintiff performed “below expectations” on other timed measures: For example, Plaintiff scored in the 39th percentile on the PA-SAT and in the 25th percentile on complex measures requiring problem solving.
Dr. Binder concluded Plaintiff did not have any neuropsychological abnormalities, which he defined as scoring in the 15th percentile or below. Dr. Binder diagnosed Plaintiff with a “subtle cognitive problem” best described as PCS. Dr. Binder did not recommend Plaintiff return to work immediately as “[a]ny return to work date would be arbitrary.” Dr. Binder referred Plaintiff to McKay Moore Sohlberg, Ph.D., a specialist in speech-language pathology, to help Plaintiff with cognitive rehabilitation.
In late January and early February 2006, Plaintiff tried acupuncture to address his ongoing head pressure, dizziness, and nausea. These treatments improved Plaintiffs balance, but they had a limited effect on his other symptoms.
On February 7, 2006, Dr. Ellis, one of the neuropsychologists from BIRC, explained his findings to Daniel Yesu, Psy.D., who is not clearly identified in the record but who appears to be a consultant for Regence. Dr. Ellis described Plaintiffs cognitive deficits as consistent with PCS and mild traumatic brain injury reasonably attributable to Plaintiffs fall in September 2004. Dr. Ellis indicated Plaintiffs prognosis was guarded and that Plaintiff “would not be able to satisfy the daily challenges assumed by persons working in a busy full-time law practice” even though some people with such difficulties might not “necessarily be precluded from a successful return to work.” Dr. Ellis concluded Plaintiff would need a “quiet work environment, with few interruptions, minimal
time pressure, and the absence of novel ‘on the fljf problem-solving situations.”
On February 28, 2006, Plaintiff had a two-hour initial consultation with Dr. Sohl-berg. Dr. Sohlberg noted Plaintiffs cognitive complaints, including loss of concentration and mental agility, headaches, and fatigue. Dr. Sohlberg found these symptoms “highly consistent” with PCS and indicated the delayed onset of symptoms was not an uncommon result of accidents such as the one suffered by Plaintiff. Dr. Sohlberg also found Plaintiffs “acknowledgment and relief at improved physical functioning [relating to his cervical radicu-lopathy and improved balance] suggests that symptom magnification or perceived secondary gains at being injured are probably not a part of his profile.”
On March 22, 2006, Plaintiff attended a follow-up appointment with Dr. Fancher. Plaintiff continued to report symptoms such as head pressure, nausea, and problems with multitasking and complex cognitive tasks. Dr. Fancher attributed these symptoms to PCS and referred Plaintiff to board-certified neurologist Hubert H. Leonard, M.D.
On April 18, 2006, neuropsychologist Cheryl S. Brischetto, Ph.D., examined Plaintiff for the purpose of determining the merits of Plaintiffs claim for Social Security benefits. Dr. Brischetto noted Plaintiff presented normally and scored in the normal range in her evaluation of his mental status, but Plaintiffs difficulties with “complex information processing ... [including] constantly learning new information, assimilating it and being able to process it, retain it and use it in a courtroom situation ... [are] not captured on the current mental status exam.” Dr. Brischetto concurred with Dr. Binder’s conclusion that Plaintiff had a subtle cognitive problem. Dr. Brischetto diagnosed Plaintiff with a “cognitive disorder NOS” and PCS.
On April 24, 2006, Dr. Leonard examined Plaintiff on referral from Dr. Faneher. Based on a physical examination and his review of Plaintiffs medical history, Dr. Leonard diagnosed Plaintiff with PCS, post-traumatic headache disorder, and cognitive problems secondary to concussion. Dr. Leonard deferred to Dr. Binder’s findings as to Plaintiffs specific neuropsycho-logical limitations. Dr. Leonard noted, “The things that impressed me most about this man was that he seemed quite honest about his specific complaints, but he was very anxious and had trouble keeping focused.”
On April 24, 2006, Regence inquired as to Plaintiffs functional limitations from PCS in light of Dr. Binder’s finding at his examination of Plaintiff on January 18, 2006, that Plaintiff did not have any neu-ropsychological “abnormalities.” On May 5, 2006, Dr. Binder responded Plaintiff suffered from the stated limitations despite the test scores and that “there is no one-to-one correspondence between neu-ropsychological test results and performance outside the office of a neuropsychologist.” Regence asked Dr. Binder whether “there is any objective evidence from your neuropsychological evaluation ... that would prompt you to either discourage him from [returning to work] or that would lead you to expect that he would have substantial difficulty [doing so]?” In response, Dr. Binder merely stated, “Not from my evaluation.”
From late April to early June, Plaintiff attended six treatment sessions with Dr. Sohlberg designed to help Plaintiff with cognitive rehabilitation. Dr. Sohlberg prescribed a set of cognitive exercises for Plaintiff that were designed to help him improve his attention. Plaintiffs initial scores on these exercises were normal, but
the exercises required “extraordinary” effort and often resulted in nausea, dizziness, and headache. Ellen Teicher, who assisted Plaintiff in his exercises at home, noted he was limited in his performance of the exercises by headaches and nausea.
Although Plaintiff was having some success in engaging in complex tasks for longer periods, he discontinued the cognitive exercises after suffering a possible seizure during the exercises on May 18, 2006. Dr. Sohlberg suggested it might be therapeutic for Plaintiff to return to Sussman Shank for a few hours a week. Dr. Sohl-berg recommended Plaintiff engage in legal work for two to three hours a day a few times a week under no time pressure, but he recommended Plaintiff not return to his normal duties. Sussman Shank, however, citing liability and ethical concerns, did not agree to allow Plaintiff to do “work as rehabilitation,” but Plaintiff was allowed to return on a limited basis to do work that did not involve clients.
On May 19, 2006, Due Nguyen, M.D., a doctor at Cedar Creek Internal Medicine where Plaintiff routinely saw Dr. Fancher, diagnosed Plaintiff with a possible seizure. On May 22, 2006, Plaintiff followed up with Dr. Fancher, who diagnosed him with a possible seizure disorder. An EEG performed on May 24, 2006, however, was normal.
On referral from Dr. Fancher, Dr. Duncan again examined Plaintiff on June 14, 2006, regarding his possible seizure. Dr. Duncan concluded Plaintiffs “spell” may have been a partial seizure or a response to a migraine headache. Dr. Duncan prescribed anti-migraine and anti-epilepsy medication to treat the symptom.
From June 15 to August 30, 2006, Plaintiff worked twice a week at Sussman Shank for two to three hours at a time. Plaintiff continued to experience fatigue, headache, nausea, and memory impairments. He also continued to struggle with tracking auditory information and found the concentration required to do the work exacerbated his symptoms. On July 3 and August 1, 2006, Dr. Fancher repeated his diagnosis of PCS. Dr. Fancher concluded on July 3, 2006, that “it is clear ... [Plaintiff] is not capable of performing complex cognitive tasks, and is unable to work as an attorney.”
At the request of Plaintiffs counsel, neu-ropsychologist Julia A. Wong-Ngan, Ph. D., reviewed on August 18, 2006, Plaintiffs records and, in particular, Dr. Binder’s evaluation. Dr. Wong-Ngan found Plaintiffs medical records support Dr. Binder’s finding that Plaintiff has a “subtle cognitive problem.” Dr. Wong-Ngan, however, disagreed with Dr. Binder’s conclusion that Plaintiff is not substantially impaired because his test scores were well above the 16th percentile (Plaintiffs lowest scores were in the 25th and 34th percentiles). Dr. WongNgan concluded the critical measure of impairment for an intelligent person such as Plaintiff is the relative change from his pre-injury abilities. Dr. Wong-Ngan notes a drop from the 99th percentile to the 50th percentile reflects a drastic change indicative of an impairment even though the 50th percentile is average. Thus, Dr. Wong-Ngan concludes Plaintiffs scores on the tests given by Dr. Binder demonstrate that Plaintiff is cognitively impaired as a result of his brain injury.
In a letter dated August 23, 2006, Dr. Duncan found Plaintiffs symptoms represent a “classic example” of PCS resulting from a “closed head injury.” Dr. Duncan explained his diagnosis that Plaintiff suffers from a cognitive impairment as follows:
The basis of the injury is most likely axonal disruption; this implies that the axons which connect neurons to one another and other parts of the nervous
system have been disrupted. Axonal disruption is not demonstrable on standard imaging studies; therefore, his negative MRI does not dissuade me from making this diagnosis.
The axons which connect neurons to one another literally allow one part of the brain to “talk” to another part. Thus, higher cortical functions are disrupted since several areas of the brain frequently work together to process information. This is somewhat akin to an old fashioned telephone switchboard in which some of the plugs have been pulled.
Obviously, with this type of disruption, in an individual like [Plaintiff] who performs complex civil litigations, this type of injury can be devastating.
Dr. Duncan also reported the delayed onset of Plaintiffs symptoms and their persistence over time are common with closed head injuries and in no way suggest Plaintiff is malingering.
In a letter dated September 11, 2006, Dr. Sohlberg found Plaintiff has classic physical symptoms associated with PCS and described the effects as “akin to being sea sick while trying to carry out your daily activities.” Dr. Sohlberg determined Plaintiff can only sustain concentration or perform cognitively demanding tasks for one to two hours. Dr. Sohlberg concluded Plaintiff “is able to perform activities that are routine and rely on old learning; if the information processing requirements are increased and he must attend to and integrate new information, his capacity is exceeded and he becomes ill.” Dr. Sohlberg noted Plaintiff worked “extremely hard” in therapy and “saw no hints of malingering or even influence of secondary gain.” Dr. Sohlberg concurred with Dr. Duncan and noted the literature on the effects of axonal injury and his own experience treating similar injuries confirm that the onset of symptoms in cases of mild head trauma are often delayed and occur over time.
STANDARDS
A denial of benefits challenged under ERISA is reviewed
de novo
unless the benefit plan gives the administrator discretion to construe the terms of the long-term disability policy.
Firestone Tire & Rubber Co. v. Bruch,
489 U.S. 101, 115, 109 S.Ct. 948, 103 L.Ed.2d 80 (1989). Review is
de novo
unless the discretion to grant or to deny claims is unambiguously retained by the plan administrator.
Kearney v. Standard Ins. Co.,
175 F.3d 1084, 1090 (9th Cir.1999).
On October 11, 2007, the Court issued an Opinion and Order (# 52) in which it concluded the appropriate standard of review in this matter is
de novo.
The Court, therefore, reviews
de novo
the plan administrator’s decision that Plaintiff is not totally disabled under the LTD Policy.
DISCUSSION
The LTD Policy defines “total disability” as follows:
1. unable to perform all of the material and substantial duties of [the insured’s] occupation on a full-time basis because of a disability:
a. caused by injury or sickness;
b. that started while insured under ■ this policy; and
2. after 24 months of benefits have been paid, the insured is unable to perform with reasonable continuity all of the material and substantial duties of his own or any other occupation for which he is or becomes reasonably fitted by training, education, experience, age and physical or mental capacity.
Thus, the Court must determine whether Plaintiff is totally disabled under the terms of the LTD Policy.
The terms of insurance policies subject to ERISA must be interpreted “in an ordinary and popular sense as would a person of average intelligence and experience.”
Padfield v. AIG Life Ins. Co.,
290 F.3d 1121, 1125 (9th Cir.2002). Courts must interpret policy provisions in light of the explicit language of the policy and in the context of the policy as a whole.
Richardson v. Pension Plan of Bethlehem Steel Corp.,
112 F.3d 982, 985 (9th Cir.1997). Ambiguities in the policy terms should be construed against the insurer.
Kunin v. Benefit Trust Life Ins. Co.,
910 F.2d 534, 539-40 (9th Cir.1990).
I. The LTD Policy.
In its definition of “total disability,” the LTD Policy does not define any of the terms in the phrase “all material and substantial duties of his occupation.” Thus, at oral argument, the Court requested the parties to file supplemental memoranda addressing the meaning of the term “all” and the phrase “material and substantial duties of his occupation.”
A. “All.”
Neither the parties nor the Court found a Ninth Circuit decision that ultimately defines the term “all” in the context of a long-term disability policy such as the one at issue here. Plaintiff and Defendants, however, each point to decisions in other circuits that formulate competing constructions of the term “all” generally referred to as “quantitative” and “qualitative.”
In their supplemental brief, Defendants assert the quantitative construction is the appropriate one. Defendants argue the provisions for total and partial disability must be read as an “integrated whole,” and, therefore, “all” clearly means “each and every one” in light of the definition of partial disability: the inability to perform “one or more, but
not all
of the material and substantial duties” of the insured’s occupation. (Emphasis added.) Thus, Defendants contend Plaintiff must prove he cannot perform each and every one of the material and substantial duties of his occupation to be entitled to total disability benefits under the LTD Policy.
To further support their position, Defendants rely on
Ellis v. Liberty Life Assurance Company of Boston,
a Fifth Circuit decision in which the court addressed the meaning of the term “all” in a policy that included provisions for partial and total disability almost identical to those in the LTD Policy.
See
394 F.3d 262, 266 (5th Cir.2004),
cert. denied,
545 U.S. 1128, 125 S.Ct. 2941, 162 L.Ed.2d 867 (2005). In
Ellis,
total disability was defined in the policy as “unable to perform all of the material and substantial duties of his occupation.”
Id.
at 266. Interpreting the term “all,” the court held: “We conclude that in the context of the Policy as a whole, a fair reading of the term ‘unable to perform all’ is that Ellis is
not
disabled for purposes of LTD if she
can
perform ‘at least one’ of the material and substantial duties of her occupation.”
Id.
at 271. In reaching its conclusion, the court considered a definition of partial disability nearly identical to the definition in the LTD Policy as “able to perform
one or more, but not all,
of the material and substantial duties of his own or any other occupation.”
Id.
at 271-72 (emphasis in original). The court held:
Liberty reasons with irrefutable logic that if we were to credit Ellis’s [qualitative] interpretation of “Disability,” the definitions of “Disability” and “Partial Disability” would conflate these separate categories into one,
i.e.,
there would be no difference between the eligibility pre
requisites for
total
disability and those for
partial
disability. * * *
If the definition of long term disability were interpreted to mean “unable to perform just one,” as Ellis urges, “unable to perform all” in the definition of
Disability
would be synonymous with “unable to perform one or more” in the definition of
Partial Disability.
That simply cannot be: Such a reading would render partial disability’s phrase “but not all” meaningless surplusage....
Id.
at 271-72 (emphasis in original).
See also House v. Am. United Life Ins. Co.,
499 F.3d 443, 453-54 (5th Cir.2007). The Court notes, however, the Fifth Circuit’s construction of the term “all” falls under the “quantitative” approach. Under that approach, the insured’s duties are explicitly enumerated and the insured is entitled to total disability benefits only if he proves he can no longer perform every one of those duties.
On the other hand, Plaintiff argues in his supplemental brief that (1) the term “all” in the context of the LTD Policy is not ambiguous and means “any one, not every one” and (2) even if the term were ambiguous, the Court should construe “all” against Defendants as required by
Kunin
(i.e., to mean any one, not every one).
See
910 F.2d at 539-40. Plaintiff also notes “all” modifies “material and substantial duties” in the LTD Policy, and, therefore, Plaintiff contends “the inability to perform” any of those material and substantial duties “precludes the ability to perform the occupation as a whole.”
Plaintiff relies on
Hamaker v. Paul Revere Life Insurance Company,
an unpublished opinion from the Southern District of Indiana, in which the trial court recognized the competing constructions of the term “all” and held the qualitative approach was the most practical:
In one line of cases, mostly involving policies with residual disability provisions, courts have interpreted the wording to mean that an insured must be unable to perform “all” of his important duties, or material and substantial duties, to qualify for a total disability. These courts have held that the wording is not ambiguous, particularly if there is a residual provision providing benefits if the insured is able to perform “some but not all” of the important duties. Under this mathematically oriented reasoning, an insured’s ability to perform just one important duty precludes a total disability.... The problem with this line of reasoning is that it skirts the real issue, and ambiguity, present in such policies-defining the important duties, or in the language of other policies, the material and substantial duties.
The other approach-and the one adopted by our circuit ... assesses a total disability if an insured’s inability to perform certain duties precludes continuation in his or her regular occupation. In this approach, the determination of a total disability could depend on the number of duties that an insured is unable to perform However, a total disability may also result from the type of duties that an insured is unable to perform. This approach essentially looks more closely at effects and recognizes that some skills or duties are essential to continued employment in a particular occupation in any capacity. Under this line of reasoning, regardless of the number of important duties an insured can still perform in isolation, he or she is totally disabled if unable to practice his or her regularly occupation
in toto
and residually disabled if merely restricted in that practice.
No. IP02-0632-C-M/S, 2004 WL 963701, at *4-*5 (S.D.Ind. Apr.2, 2004)(internal citations omitted).
In
McFarland v. General American Life Insurance Company,
the policy definition of total disability did not use the term “all,” but defined total disability merely as “unable to perform the material and substantial duties of his regular occupation.” 149 F.3d 583, 586 (7th Cir.1998). The Seventh Circuit assessed the threshold for total disability in light of the undisputed fact that the plaintiffs injury left him able to perform 35% of the duties of his occupation.
Id.
at 585. The Seventh Circuit held:
A qualitative reduction would be one like that proposed by General American’s baseball analogy. In that example, the first shortstop was no longer able to perform one core and essential aspect of his job (throwing) as a result of an injury. This disability, while affecting only one of several core skills, would be enough to prevent him from continuing to perform as a shortstop. We agree with General American that a person purchasing disability insurance with the definition of totally disabled at issue here would reasonably expect that, if he was no longer able to perform an essential duty of his regular occupation, resulting in the loss of his position, he would be “totally disabled.” This would be the case even if, in percentage terms, the disability affected an essential duty that comprised, for example, only 5% of the person’s overall duties.
In contrast with an injury or sickness resulting in a qualitative performance reduction, a quantitative performance reduction would be one in which the injury or sickness would not physically prevent an employee from performing any given task, but the injury instead renders the person unable to perform enough of the tasks or to perform for a long enough period to continue working at his regular occupation. Therefore, although the person is still able to perform the actual tasks themselves, the person is reduced perhaps to 25% of the prior output. We think it possible that a reasonable interpretation of the policy language would indicate that a person whose quantitative performance was greatly reduced would also no longer be able to perform the “material and substantial” duties of his occupation.
Id.
at 588.
In its interpretation of a disability policy without a partial disability benefit, the Eighth Circuit also held in
Seitz v. Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
that “when a Plan uses an individual’s own occupation to determine whether he or she is totally disabled, being able to perform
some
job duties is insufficient to deny benefits.” 433 F.3d 647, 651 (8th Cir.2006)(emphasis in original).
As noted, the Ninth Circuit has not specifically addressed the term “all” in the context of an insured seeking total disability benefits who has cognitive impairments of the abilities integral to the essential functions of a professional such as a managing partner in a law firm. In
Saffle v. Sierra Pacific Power Company Bargaining Unit Long Term Disability Plan,
however, the Ninth Circuit recognized the difficulties that arise from the polar extremes of both the quantitative and qualitative constructions. 85 F.3d 455, 456-57 (9th Cir.1996). In
Saffle,
the issue was whether the plan administrator abused his discretion in his interpretation of the definition of total disability, which was defined in the policy as “completely unable to perform each and every duty of his regular occupation.” The court held the administrator’s interpretation of “each and every” was not an abuse of discretion but noted
the difficult issues raised by the competing interpretations:
Reading “each and every” literally could mean either that a claimant is not totally disabled if she can perform any single duty of her job, no matter how trivial-or that a claimant is totally disabled if, she cannot perform any single duty, no matter how trivial. There is little question that the phrase should not be given the former construction, as “total disability” would only exist if the person were essentially non-conscious. On the other hand, Saffle’s preferred construction would effectively convert benefits for total disability into benefits for partial disability. Given two possible literal meanings that are not wholly sensible, it cannot be unreasonable for the Committee to interpret the Plan so as neither to qualify, nor to disqualify, virtually everyone.
Having said that, it is not entirely clear what the Committee meant by its substantial portion standard. We do not accept as reasonable a substantial portion standard that connotes an inability to do a substantial number of the tasks in one’s job description. This would arbitrarily substitute quantity for quality. However, we cannot say that the Committee lacks discretion to construe each and every duty of [the participant’s] regular occupation to mean all of the substantial and material duties of her regular occupation.
Id.
at 458-59 (internal citations omitted). Although in
Saffle
the Ninth Circuit did not determine the proper legal construction of the term “all” because the court’s review was limited to whether the administrator’s decision was an abuse of discretion, the court’s reasoning generally appears to resemble more closely the qualitative approach of the Seventh and Eighth Circuits favoring a practical reading of the term.
In any event, a careful review of the administrative record in the case before this Court as set out below reveals Plaintiff in these particular circumstances is totally disabled under either the quantitative or qualitative construction of “all” when the term is considered practically and the purpose and context of the LTD Policy are taken into account. Thus, this Court need not adopt the qualitative or quantitative construction for purposes of resolving the pending Motions.
B. The “Material and Substantial Duties” of Plaintiffs Occupation.
As noted, the LTD Policy does not define the “material and substantial duties” of Plaintiffs occupation. As noted, the Court asked the parties to identify these duties in their supplemental briefs. In his supplemental Memorandum, Plaintiff draws on a combination of documents in the record to identify his duties, including Regence’s Job Analysis form, Sussman Shank’s Job Description, a description of Plaintiffs job by Portland attorney Stephen F. Crew, and the United States Department of Labor’s Dictionary of Occupational Titles (DOT) description of “Lawyer.” From these documents, Plaintiff collects a long list of specific cognitive abilities required to fulfill his professional duties as a lawyer and managing partner in his law firm. Defendants, however, contend in their Memorandum that the Court should rely solely on the general description of a lawyer’s occupational duties found in the DOT. Neither party provides authority for choosing one description over the other.
With 28 years of legal experience (in a civil trial practice and as a state and federal trial judge), this Court knows the duties of a trial lawyer who manages a complex
commercial law practice. The Court is also well aware of the high professional and ethical standards required by the Oregon State Bar and Oregon Courts as to a lawyer’s representation of clients and their interests.
See Kearney,
175 F.3d at 1091 (“A district judge would likely know, as this judge’s remarks indicated he did, what trial lawyers do, without the assistance of a secondary source such as the Occupational Outlook Handbook.”). It is also apparent that Plaintiffs position as a lawyer and managing partner of a large law firm demands a high level of mental acuity and the ability to synthesize rapidly, to integrate, and to make use of voluminous amounts of information to advance the interests of his clients.
II. Analysis.
Plaintiff asserts his impairments resulting from PCS associated with concentration and cognitive function, including headache, nausea, dizziness, and fatigue, render him “unable to perform all of the material and substantial duties of his occupation on a full-time basis.” In other words, Plaintiff contends whether he is totally disabled and entitled to benefits can only be determined by assessing whether his cognitive function is impaired to such an extent that he cannot perform the duties required by his occupation. Specifically, Plaintiff maintains his reduced cognitive endurance, impaired high-level executive functioning, and inability to rapidly process auditory information in real-time is so detrimental to his ability to practice law that he is totally disabled.
In their Motion for Summary Judgment and at oral argument, Defendants contend, however, Plaintiff is not totally disabled within the meaning of the LTD Policy because he is able to perform some of the material and substantial duties of his occupation. Defendants also point out that Plaintiffs three MRIs indicated “no significant abnormalities,” which, according to Defendants, underscores the absence of objective evidence of significant impairment. In addition, Defendants contend the fact that Plaintiff did not seek any additional medical treatment between late September 2004 and May 2005 and was able to work long hours during that period suggests a nonphysical cause of his “perceived cognitive difficulties.” Thus, Defendants maintain the delayed onset of symptoms indicates a mere psychological reaction to a mild impairment.
The record, however, is replete with evidence reflecting Plaintiffs cognitive impairments and the functional limitations that he suffers as a result. Nearly two years of medical evidence reflect Plaintiff consistently sought treatment for the PCS symptoms that physicians and specialists agree are the result of Plaintiffs brain injury. Drs. Duncan, Ellis, Fancher, and Sohlberg, in addition to the team of brain-injury specialists and therapists at BIRC, determined Plaintiff cannot perform his occupational duties as an attorney as a result of his brain injury. From September 2005-06, Dr. Fancher repeated this conclusion on three separate occasions.
Moreover, Defendants do not point to any medical evidence in the record that indicates Plaintiff is able to return to work as an attorney. At best, Defendants argue Dr. Binder implied Plaintiff could return to work. Although Dr. Binder indicated in his response to Regence’s questionnaire that nothing in his evaluation suggests Plaintiff cannot return to work, he noted Plaintiff continued to report cognitive limitations. In the end, Dr. Binder concluded “there is no one-to-one correspondence between neuropsychological test results and performance outside the office of a neurop-sychologist.”
The record also includes Plaintiffs detailed correspondence tracking his symptoms, detailing his efforts to recover, and explaining the limiting effects of his condition. The letters from Plaintiffs colleagues at Sussman Shank and from his wife Ellen Teicher further corroborate the existence and effects of Plaintiffs symptoms. The Court notes the record fully supports a conclusion that Plaintiff is completely honest in his personal accounts, and there is not any basis to believe Plaintiff is exaggerating or lacking in motivation.
Defendants’ contention that there is not any objective evidence of Plaintiffs impairment because Plaintiff had a normal MRI and EEG is also belied by the opinions of Drs. Duncan and Wong-Ngan. As noted, Dr. Wong-Ngan explained Dr. Binder’s neuropsychological evaluation and tests demonstrate Plaintiff is impaired despite the absence of scores below the 16th percentile because the test results reflect the dramatic decline in Plaintiffs scores post-injury. In addition, Dr. Duncan pointed out that the axonal disruption caused by Plaintiffs closed head injury would not be reflected in MRIs or EEGs. Furthermore, Drs. Duncan and Sohlberg both strongly disagreed with Defendants’ contention that Plaintiffs symptoms should have been worse immediately following his injury if his brain injury were significant, and both doctors pointed out the clinical and research literature supports the fact that delayed symptoms are normal for closed head injuries.
Defendants’ LTD Policy is written in terms of Plaintiffs occupation, and, therefore, the Court must determine whether Plaintiff retains the skills and the capacity to perform “his occupation” as a lawyer. The record reflects Plaintiffs high-level executive functions, including his abilities to process and to learn new and complex information, are fundamentally impaired. These abilities are integral to all of the core functions an attorney must perform to integrate, to synthesize, and ultimately to put to use vast amounts of detailed information in order to represent his clients adequately and to advance his clients’ interests in negotiations or before a court. Moreover, an attorney is not permitted to satisfy only some of the standards required by the profession. The fact that Plaintiff can still read and write is not sufficient standing alone to meet the requirements of the profession even though those skills are important in performing the job of an attorney.
Accordingly, whether the Court applies a quantitative standard to find Plaintiff cannot perform each and every material and substantial duty of his occupation because of his cognitive impairment or applies a qualitative standard to find Plaintiff cannot perform a particular, critical duty that renders him unable to meet the standards of his profession, the practical outcome on this record is that Plaintiff is unable to perform “all of the material and substantial duties of his occupation.”
Moreover, even if Plaintiff were able to perform one or more of the material and substantial duties of his occupation, the record establishes Plaintiff cannot perform such duties “on a full-time basis” because of his reduced cognitive endurance. As noted, Dr. Sohlberg concluded in his report dated September 11, 2006, that Plaintiff could not perform demanding cognitive tasks for more than one or two hours. Dr. Sohlberg’s conclusion is supported in the record by BIRC’s evaluation of Plaintiff, by Plaintiffs accounts of his symptoms, and by the statements of Mrs. Teicher. Thus, even if Plaintiff were able to perform all of the duties of his occupation, the record reflects his lack of cognitive endurance would render him unable to do so for
more than one or two hours a day. Thus, the Court also concludes Plaintiffs impairments render him unable to fulfill his professional and ethical duties as a. lawyer.
If Plaintiffs was not viewed as totally disabled in light of his impairments and his inability to meet the high cognitive demands required of a lawyer, the coverage of the LTD Policy would seem to be triggered only if Plaintiff “were essentially non-conscious.”
See Saffle,
85 F.3d at 458. Such a perspective would contradict the purpose of the LTD Policy and the intent of the parties, which is to provide the insured with financial protection against a loss of the ability to work resulting from injury or sickness. The Court declines to read the policy in such a limited fashion.
In summary, the Court finds Plaintiff suffers from a cognitive impairment as a result of a closed head injury that he sustained while he was a participant in the Sussman Shank LLP Long Term Disability Plan. As a result of Plaintiffs injury, he suffers from PCS. The symptoms associated with PCS have impaired Plaintiffs cognitive functions to the point that he cannot continue to work as a lawyer and managing partner at Sussman Shank. The Court, therefore, concludes Plaintiff is totally disabled within the meaning of the LTD Policy and is entitled to benefits because he is unable to perform all of the material and substantial duties of his occupation as set out herein.
CONCLUSION
For these reasons, the Court concludes Plaintiff is totally disabled within the meaning of the LTD Policy. Accordingly, the Court GRANTS Plaintiffs Amended Motion for Summary Judgment (# 69) and DENIES Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment (# 45).
The Court directs the parties to confer concerning an appropriate form of judgment and to submit to the Court not later than June 6, 2008, a stipulated form of judgment or, if the parties do not agree on a form of judgment, a joint status report summarizing their competing proposals and the reasons for any differences.
Finally, the Court requests the parties to confer as to whether this Opinion and Order should remain under seal and to inform the Court of their views by June 6, 2008.
IT IS SO ORDERED.