BBICKELL, C. J.
The appellee, one of the next of kin and distributees of her deceased father, Arnold Teal, who died intestate, leaving three children, his only next of kin, filed the original bill against her co-distributees, a brother and sister, for the recovery of her distributive share, upon allegations that the defendants had taken possession of the personal property of the intestate, wasting or converting much thereof. The bill alleges that the deceased left no debts whatever, and that there had been no administration taken on his estate. Subsequently, the bill was amended so as to make Palestine Teal, the wife of one of the defendants, A. L. Teal, a party defendant; and in- the amendment it is alleged that the deceased was the owner of á large amount of personal property other than-that stated in the original bill, and also of real estate, describing the two, as “all the real estate and personal property named in the instrument attached to the answer in this case of respondent A. L. Teal, marked as exhibits A and B,” and alleging a conversion of the personal property by Palestine Teal and ' her husband; and averring that Palestine claimed and was using it, “in connection with and by the consent of her husband;” and further averring the “fact to be that the said Palestine Teal is not the owner of any of the property mentioned or referred to in the original nor in this amended bill, nor has she any interest therein.” The prayer of the bill as amended, is that Palestine’s claim be cancelled, that she and her husband be charged with the property converted by them, to the extent of complainant’s interest, and for distribution of the estate, and for general relief.
The bill original and amended was demurred to by all the defendants, and numerous causes were assigned. The demurrers were overruled, and from the decree overruling them, the appeal is taken.
1. The causes of demurrer, it is perhaps the more orderly first to consider, rest upon the proposition, that for the grievances which make up the gravamen of the original and amended bill, the complainant has an ade[616]*616quate remedy at law. This to a certain extent would be true, if the title of the complainant, and her consequent' right to sue, was legal; but her title and her capacity to maintain suit is purely and strictly equitable. By the common law, the legal title to all personal property of a deceased person, devolves on his personal representative — if he dies testate, on the executor of his appointment, if intestate, upon the administrator of the future appointment of the court of probate ; the title of such administrator having relation to the death of the intestate. In courts of law. the personal representative only can maintain suits of which personal assets are the subject matter. — 1 Brick. Dig., 932, § 264. And in courts of equity, the general rule is, that personal assets are recoverable only by the personal representative. Neither creditors, nor legatees, nor distributees, can maintain suits concerning them, though when recovered the pei’sonal repx-esentative holds them in trust for their ultimate beixefit. There are recognized exceptions to the rxxle prevailing in coxxrts of-equity, all of which however proceed on the theory that the right and title of the creditor, or of the legatee, or of the distxúbutee, is purely equitable. We have concern xxow with only oxie of these exceptions, axid that is, that when a person dies intestate, owixig ixo debts, and the only duty which would devolve on the administrator if one were, appointed, would be that of making distxfibutioxx, the equity of the distributees is perfect, and the court will dispense with axi administration, exitertainixxg suits by them for the recovery of the pex’sonal assets. — Hopkins v. Miller, 92 Ala. 513 ; DeBardelaben v. Stoudenmire, 82 Ala. 574; Glover v. Hill, 85 Ala. 41; Fretwell v. McLemore, 52 Ala. 124, and authoxhties cited. It is sufficient now to say, that the bills make a case falling within this exception, and the demuxu-ers we are considering were properly overruled.
2. The bill is not exclusively a bill for partition — it is a bill for an accounting of the personal property which has been wasted or converted, and for the allotment to complainaxxt of her share in such parts thereof as may remaixx in specie, capable of division or partition. We may concede that it is showxx by the bill, that the possession of Palestine Teal to such parts of the property, as it is alleged she claims, was hostile and adverse to the [617]*617title of the complainant. The concession does not render the bill demurrable ; for, as we have already held, the right and title of the complainant was purely equitable, as was her remedy. The complainant stands in the relation of an administrator, so far as the recovery of her share of the personal assets is the matter of suit, with all the rights which would have devolved on him ; and surely, it would not be insisted, that he could not have recovered the assets from an adverse holder. Beside, an adverse possession is not in a court of equity a bar to a suit for partition of personal property, for the reason that a co-tenant has no remedy at law which he can pursue against the wrong-doer. — Freeman on Co-tenancy & Partition, § 426 ; Smith v. Dunn, 27 Ala. 315 ; Marshall v. Crow, 29 Ala. 278. There was of consequence, no error in overruling the third and ninth causes of demurrer to the amended bill.
3. The first, second, and third causes of demurrer, proceed on the theory, that the amended bill introduces a new cause of action, because it seeks the partition of lands, and of other personal property than that mentioned in the original bill. If this be true, there is no rule of equity practice which prevents a complainant from introducing a new cause of action by amendment, if the amendment does not make an' entirely new case. The only limitation of the right of amendment under our statute (Code of 1886, § 3449; Code of 1896, § 706) is, not that a new or additional cause of action may not be introduced, but that an entirely new case may not be made; nor, what is essentially the same thing, a radical departure from the cause of action as stated in the original bill, nor an entire change of parties plaintiff or defendant. Keeping within this limitation, all errors of omission or commission, all deficiency or insufficiency of allegation in the statement of the plaintiff’s case, ai*e curable by amendment. — 3 Brick. Dig. 380, § 209. Under the general rules of chancery practice prevailing prior to the statute, it was regarded as the proper office of an amendment to introduce new matter, not in its nature supplemental, germane to the matter of the original bill, though anew case could not be made. — Story'Eq. PI. §§ 865-890; 1 Dan. Ch. Pr. 402-426. The rule was, as it is now, under the statute, that an amendment has relation to [618]*618the filing of the original bill; but this was not and is not so applied as to prejudice the defendant — to deprive him of any defense as to the new matter, available at the time of its introduction. — King v. Avery, 37 Ala. 169 ; Adams v. Phillips, 75 Ala. 469. The material controlling inquiry, in determining whether an amended bill makes a new case,, or essentially departs from the case made by the original bill, is whether the allegations of fact setting forth the right and-title of the plaintiff, and the wrong or liability of the defendant are changed, and for them other facts substituted from which the right to relief is deduced. — Truss
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BBICKELL, C. J.
The appellee, one of the next of kin and distributees of her deceased father, Arnold Teal, who died intestate, leaving three children, his only next of kin, filed the original bill against her co-distributees, a brother and sister, for the recovery of her distributive share, upon allegations that the defendants had taken possession of the personal property of the intestate, wasting or converting much thereof. The bill alleges that the deceased left no debts whatever, and that there had been no administration taken on his estate. Subsequently, the bill was amended so as to make Palestine Teal, the wife of one of the defendants, A. L. Teal, a party defendant; and in- the amendment it is alleged that the deceased was the owner of á large amount of personal property other than-that stated in the original bill, and also of real estate, describing the two, as “all the real estate and personal property named in the instrument attached to the answer in this case of respondent A. L. Teal, marked as exhibits A and B,” and alleging a conversion of the personal property by Palestine Teal and ' her husband; and averring that Palestine claimed and was using it, “in connection with and by the consent of her husband;” and further averring the “fact to be that the said Palestine Teal is not the owner of any of the property mentioned or referred to in the original nor in this amended bill, nor has she any interest therein.” The prayer of the bill as amended, is that Palestine’s claim be cancelled, that she and her husband be charged with the property converted by them, to the extent of complainant’s interest, and for distribution of the estate, and for general relief.
The bill original and amended was demurred to by all the defendants, and numerous causes were assigned. The demurrers were overruled, and from the decree overruling them, the appeal is taken.
1. The causes of demurrer, it is perhaps the more orderly first to consider, rest upon the proposition, that for the grievances which make up the gravamen of the original and amended bill, the complainant has an ade[616]*616quate remedy at law. This to a certain extent would be true, if the title of the complainant, and her consequent' right to sue, was legal; but her title and her capacity to maintain suit is purely and strictly equitable. By the common law, the legal title to all personal property of a deceased person, devolves on his personal representative — if he dies testate, on the executor of his appointment, if intestate, upon the administrator of the future appointment of the court of probate ; the title of such administrator having relation to the death of the intestate. In courts of law. the personal representative only can maintain suits of which personal assets are the subject matter. — 1 Brick. Dig., 932, § 264. And in courts of equity, the general rule is, that personal assets are recoverable only by the personal representative. Neither creditors, nor legatees, nor distributees, can maintain suits concerning them, though when recovered the pei’sonal repx-esentative holds them in trust for their ultimate beixefit. There are recognized exceptions to the rxxle prevailing in coxxrts of-equity, all of which however proceed on the theory that the right and title of the creditor, or of the legatee, or of the distxúbutee, is purely equitable. We have concern xxow with only oxie of these exceptions, axid that is, that when a person dies intestate, owixig ixo debts, and the only duty which would devolve on the administrator if one were, appointed, would be that of making distxfibutioxx, the equity of the distributees is perfect, and the court will dispense with axi administration, exitertainixxg suits by them for the recovery of the pex’sonal assets. — Hopkins v. Miller, 92 Ala. 513 ; DeBardelaben v. Stoudenmire, 82 Ala. 574; Glover v. Hill, 85 Ala. 41; Fretwell v. McLemore, 52 Ala. 124, and authoxhties cited. It is sufficient now to say, that the bills make a case falling within this exception, and the demuxu-ers we are considering were properly overruled.
2. The bill is not exclusively a bill for partition — it is a bill for an accounting of the personal property which has been wasted or converted, and for the allotment to complainaxxt of her share in such parts thereof as may remaixx in specie, capable of division or partition. We may concede that it is showxx by the bill, that the possession of Palestine Teal to such parts of the property, as it is alleged she claims, was hostile and adverse to the [617]*617title of the complainant. The concession does not render the bill demurrable ; for, as we have already held, the right and title of the complainant was purely equitable, as was her remedy. The complainant stands in the relation of an administrator, so far as the recovery of her share of the personal assets is the matter of suit, with all the rights which would have devolved on him ; and surely, it would not be insisted, that he could not have recovered the assets from an adverse holder. Beside, an adverse possession is not in a court of equity a bar to a suit for partition of personal property, for the reason that a co-tenant has no remedy at law which he can pursue against the wrong-doer. — Freeman on Co-tenancy & Partition, § 426 ; Smith v. Dunn, 27 Ala. 315 ; Marshall v. Crow, 29 Ala. 278. There was of consequence, no error in overruling the third and ninth causes of demurrer to the amended bill.
3. The first, second, and third causes of demurrer, proceed on the theory, that the amended bill introduces a new cause of action, because it seeks the partition of lands, and of other personal property than that mentioned in the original bill. If this be true, there is no rule of equity practice which prevents a complainant from introducing a new cause of action by amendment, if the amendment does not make an' entirely new case. The only limitation of the right of amendment under our statute (Code of 1886, § 3449; Code of 1896, § 706) is, not that a new or additional cause of action may not be introduced, but that an entirely new case may not be made; nor, what is essentially the same thing, a radical departure from the cause of action as stated in the original bill, nor an entire change of parties plaintiff or defendant. Keeping within this limitation, all errors of omission or commission, all deficiency or insufficiency of allegation in the statement of the plaintiff’s case, ai*e curable by amendment. — 3 Brick. Dig. 380, § 209. Under the general rules of chancery practice prevailing prior to the statute, it was regarded as the proper office of an amendment to introduce new matter, not in its nature supplemental, germane to the matter of the original bill, though anew case could not be made. — Story'Eq. PI. §§ 865-890; 1 Dan. Ch. Pr. 402-426. The rule was, as it is now, under the statute, that an amendment has relation to [618]*618the filing of the original bill; but this was not and is not so applied as to prejudice the defendant — to deprive him of any defense as to the new matter, available at the time of its introduction. — King v. Avery, 37 Ala. 169 ; Adams v. Phillips, 75 Ala. 469. The material controlling inquiry, in determining whether an amended bill makes a new case,, or essentially departs from the case made by the original bill, is whether the allegations of fact setting forth the right and-title of the plaintiff, and the wrong or liability of the defendant are changed, and for them other facts substituted from which the right to relief is deduced. — Truss v. Miller, 116 Ala. 494. The combination of .facts which constitute the plaintiff's cause of action, and from which the wrong and liability of the defendant arises, is not varied .by the amendment, and these .causes of demurrer were properly overruled.
4. The several causes of demurrer proceeding on the hypothesis that the amendment .seeks,,or has an appropriate prayer for, the .partition of the lands of the intestate, are founded in misconception of the amendment. In .the first paragraph of the . amendment,, it is alleged that at.the.time of his death the intestate was the owner of a large amount of real estate and personal property other than that named in the .original bill'of. complaint, to-wit, all the real estate and personal property-named in the instrument attached to the answer in this case of respondent A. L, Teal, marked exhibit “A & B” ; .“that, Palestine Teal, wife of said A.L. Teal, sets up claim to all of said property named or embraced in the original bill of complaint, and she has,taken the possession thereof, and has held or holds the same, asserting ,,and.claiming that it is hers, and has used and is so using it in connection, with and by the consent of her said husband, and as her,own property.” This is the only reference .or allusion to .land in the original or amended bill, and obviously, .there is no more than the allegation that the. intestate owned real estate, without allegation on which relief in reference to it could be based.
5. , The eighth cause of demurrer was properly overruled- Palestine Teal was properly joined-as a defendant with her husband. According to the allegations of ;the amendment (and the truth of. the allegations, the demurrer admits), she and her husband had participated in the waste or conversion of much of the personal prop[619]*619erty of the intestate, and in the wrongful withholding of such as remained, not wasted or converted. At common law, the husband was liable for the torts and frauds of the wife committed during coverture. If they wTere committed in his presence, or.by his command, he alone was liable.' -If not,, they were jointly liable,- and the' wife must have been joined in the suit with the husband. — 2 Kent 169. The statute (Code of 1886, § 2345, • Code of 1896, § 2525) relieved the husband from liability for the torts of the wife in which he does not participate ; but if he participates, renders them jointly liable. The plain purpose of the statute, when there is participation by the husband, is, to place them in the relation,..and subject them to the liability, of all joint tort-feasors. For another reason,.the demurrer was not well taken. If the wife had been improperly joined,-the misjoinder was not an objection available to her co-defendants, and yet all join in the demurrer.- — 1 Brick. Dig. 753, § 1689.
6. The remaining causes of demurrer rest on the ground that the bill is multifarious. We deem it necessary to say no more in reference to these causes of de: murrer than that several of them are founded in-the mis--1 conception, we have already pointed out, that the bill seeks a partition of the lands. Multifariousness is d$j' scribed generally, “as the joinder of distinct, and'ihdependent matters, thereby confounding them, or the uniting in one bill of several matters, properly distinct and unconnected, against one defendant, or the demand of’several matters of a distinct and independent nature against several defendants in the same bill.” — Story Eq. PE § 271. The object and purpose of this bill is the recovery of, or accounting for, the personal assets of the intestate, and the allotment of her share thereof to'the complainant. There is'no party joined as a defendant, who is not liable for the assets, or-waste or conversion ; and it seems difficult to conceive of a bill less .subject to the objection of multifariousness. We must not be understood as intimating the opinion that the bill would have been multifarious if. partition of the lands had been united with an accounting for or the recovery of the personal assets — that question is not now presented.
We have considered all the causes of demurrer insisted on in argument of counsel for appellant, and are of opinion they were properly overruled.
Let the decree of the chancellor be affirmed.