Lively, Judge:
The jury returned a verdict in favor of defendant for $31.80 which, on motion, of plaintiff, was set aside and a new trial awarded, and defendant prosecutes this writ of error.
Plaintiff was operating a saw mill and employed E. T. Parsons to haul to his mill the saw logs in two hollows designated as 'the mill hollow, and the Willie Parsons hollow, at the price of $6.00 per thousand feet. Parsons engaged Fields, [28]*28the defendant, to help do the hauling, each to receive pay, for the number of feet hauled by him, and to divide the work equally. It was understood between .them, however, that defendant should be paid by Parsons for the hauling done by him. This arrangement was communicated to Taylor, the plaintiff, by Parsons and the former assented to the arrangement, but stated that he would make payment to Parsons who could distribute the money as he pleased. The work began, and some money was paid to Parsons who reported the payment to defendant. After a portion of the logs were hauled out of the Mill hollow, defendant concluded that he could not afford to haul out of the Willie Parsons hollow at $6.00 per thousand, as the work would be more difficult, and announced his intention to quit. This was communicated to plaintiff who agreed to pay $8.00 per thousand for the work in the Willie Parsons hollow, on condition that the job in the Mill hollow should be completed as contracted. During the progress of the work defendant met plaintiff and made some complaint that Parsons was being paid more than his share of the hauling came to, and plaintiff assured him that he would see that defendant was paid his part of the money for hauling, and to go ahead with the work. Afterwards he paid defendant $150.00 which was all that he received. Parsons was paid $300.00 for the hauling he did. The controlling point in the litigation arises out of this controversy in the logging agreement. It is contended by plaintiff that his contract was with Parsons alone, and that defendant and Parsons were partners or joint contractors in the performance of the contract and agreed between themselves to .divide equally the money paid to Parsons; and therefore if he, plaintiff, owed any money on the hauling, it was owing to Parsons, or owing to a partnership composed of Parsons and defendant. On the contrary it is contended by defendant that he did not look to Parsons for his pay per thousand, and his compensation did not depend upon whether Parsons was or was not paid, and it was so understood and agreed upon between himself and plaintiff.
After defendant had been paid $150.00 on the hauling, and after the mill had been shut down, he desired to purchase [29]*29some of the lumber on plaintiff’s lumber yard, and in the month of June, 1920, applied to plaintiff for that purpose, who told him that no more would be paid on the hauling job until it was completed, and remarked, “Some of these rainy days I will come over and see Parsons, and if it is satisfactory, I would just as soon let you people have lumber as money. ’ ’ A short time after this conversation defendant went to the mill yard, the mill not then being in operation, and hauled away several loads of lumber. Plaintiff was not present when the lumber was thus taken, and it was not then measured. A controversy arose over the amount of lumber taken, and this action was begun in March, 1921, before a Justice of the Peace. Plaintiff’s claim is for 5,000 feet of lumber at $40,00 per thousand and $50.00 damages for taking the culls out of the lumber hauled away; practically $50.00 a thousand for 5,000 feet, in all $250.00. Plaintiff was selling his lumber at $40.00 per thousand including the good and bad as piled in the yard, and it was claimed that defendant had taken out the bad and hauled away the good only, hence the' price of $50.00 per thousand instead of $40.00. A judgment was rendered by the Justice in favor of plaintiff, and an appeal taken to the Circuit Court, where new pleadings were made up and a trial had resulting in the verdict. Defendant filed as an offset his claim for hauling the logs as follows: 24,500 feet at $6.00 per thousand amounting to $147.00; 23,-000 feet at $8.00 per thousand amounting to $186.00; one gallon oil furnished plaintiff, 80 cents; two orders, each for $5.50, given by workmen who had cut timber for plaintiff and who had been paid by defendant, amounting to $11.00; in all the sum of $344.80, on which he credited the payment of $150.00 leaving a balance owing him from plaintiff of $194.80. Defendant admitted owing the sum of $126.90 for the lumber taken. The lumber, by actual measurement, was found to be 3,384 feet, and at $37.50, which defendant claims was the price, amounted to the above sum of $126.90. Plaintiff objected to the filing of this’ setoff for the reasons hereinbefore stated, but the court permitted it to be filed, and thereupon plaintiff filed, over objections of defendant, notice of recoupment for damages in the sum of $500.00 [30]*30arising out of breach of the hauling! contract. The parties then went to proof, resulting in the verdict of $31.80 in favor of the defendant. Much of defendant’s' brief (plaintiff in error) relates to alleged error of the trial court in permitting the notice of recoupment to be filed, and introduction of evidence in support thereof. The jury evidently decided that claim in favor of defendant, and it is not pertinent to the question here presented, that is, whether this verdict in his favor should or should not be sustained. The controlling question presented by this record is the ruling of the court' in permitting defendant’s sets-off to be filed and proven. A joint demand cannot be set off against a separate demand. Perkins v. Hawkins, 9 Grat. 650; Choen v. Guthrie, 15 W. Va. 102; 34 Cyc. 727. Under this well settled principle of the law of setoff plaintiff vigorously insists that error was committed, and the court was justified in awarding a new trial. But was defendant’s claim for hauling a joint one with that of Parsons? While it is clear that the first agreement was made between plaintiff and Parsons and that Parsons afterwards procured defendant to help fulfill the contract, it is equally clear that plaintiff agreed to pay defendant for the logs he hauled, and induced [him tot continue in the v?ork on that assurance. Plaintiff denies that he so promised and contended that he was to pay Parsons, or on Parson’s order. He does not deny that he actually paid defendant the $150.00 but says it was done by direction of Parsons. On the other hand, Parsons, Fields the defendant, and other witnesses say that plaintiff agreed to pay direct to\ defendant for the work he did. We think the preponderance of evidence sustains defendant’s version, and hence, his setoff is a separate and personal demand, and was properly filed. It makes little difference whether the promise to pay defendant was at the beginning or after his work had been partly performed. Plaintiff’s action in paying the; $150.00, and in paying another hauling charge to Tilden Ray for 14,000 feet hauled by him under the Parsons agreement; and in agreeing to pay in lumber in lieu of money, is strongly indicative that he recognized defendant’s separate- claim. [31]*31The record discloses that Parsons and defendant hauled about 49,000 feet at $6.00 per thousand and about 46,000 feet at $8.00 per thousand, amounting in all to $086.00, on which he paid $380.00 to Parsons (including payment to Tilden Ray) and $150.00 to defendant, leaving a balance which he yet owed to one or the other.
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Lively, Judge:
The jury returned a verdict in favor of defendant for $31.80 which, on motion, of plaintiff, was set aside and a new trial awarded, and defendant prosecutes this writ of error.
Plaintiff was operating a saw mill and employed E. T. Parsons to haul to his mill the saw logs in two hollows designated as 'the mill hollow, and the Willie Parsons hollow, at the price of $6.00 per thousand feet. Parsons engaged Fields, [28]*28the defendant, to help do the hauling, each to receive pay, for the number of feet hauled by him, and to divide the work equally. It was understood between .them, however, that defendant should be paid by Parsons for the hauling done by him. This arrangement was communicated to Taylor, the plaintiff, by Parsons and the former assented to the arrangement, but stated that he would make payment to Parsons who could distribute the money as he pleased. The work began, and some money was paid to Parsons who reported the payment to defendant. After a portion of the logs were hauled out of the Mill hollow, defendant concluded that he could not afford to haul out of the Willie Parsons hollow at $6.00 per thousand, as the work would be more difficult, and announced his intention to quit. This was communicated to plaintiff who agreed to pay $8.00 per thousand for the work in the Willie Parsons hollow, on condition that the job in the Mill hollow should be completed as contracted. During the progress of the work defendant met plaintiff and made some complaint that Parsons was being paid more than his share of the hauling came to, and plaintiff assured him that he would see that defendant was paid his part of the money for hauling, and to go ahead with the work. Afterwards he paid defendant $150.00 which was all that he received. Parsons was paid $300.00 for the hauling he did. The controlling point in the litigation arises out of this controversy in the logging agreement. It is contended by plaintiff that his contract was with Parsons alone, and that defendant and Parsons were partners or joint contractors in the performance of the contract and agreed between themselves to .divide equally the money paid to Parsons; and therefore if he, plaintiff, owed any money on the hauling, it was owing to Parsons, or owing to a partnership composed of Parsons and defendant. On the contrary it is contended by defendant that he did not look to Parsons for his pay per thousand, and his compensation did not depend upon whether Parsons was or was not paid, and it was so understood and agreed upon between himself and plaintiff.
After defendant had been paid $150.00 on the hauling, and after the mill had been shut down, he desired to purchase [29]*29some of the lumber on plaintiff’s lumber yard, and in the month of June, 1920, applied to plaintiff for that purpose, who told him that no more would be paid on the hauling job until it was completed, and remarked, “Some of these rainy days I will come over and see Parsons, and if it is satisfactory, I would just as soon let you people have lumber as money. ’ ’ A short time after this conversation defendant went to the mill yard, the mill not then being in operation, and hauled away several loads of lumber. Plaintiff was not present when the lumber was thus taken, and it was not then measured. A controversy arose over the amount of lumber taken, and this action was begun in March, 1921, before a Justice of the Peace. Plaintiff’s claim is for 5,000 feet of lumber at $40,00 per thousand and $50.00 damages for taking the culls out of the lumber hauled away; practically $50.00 a thousand for 5,000 feet, in all $250.00. Plaintiff was selling his lumber at $40.00 per thousand including the good and bad as piled in the yard, and it was claimed that defendant had taken out the bad and hauled away the good only, hence the' price of $50.00 per thousand instead of $40.00. A judgment was rendered by the Justice in favor of plaintiff, and an appeal taken to the Circuit Court, where new pleadings were made up and a trial had resulting in the verdict. Defendant filed as an offset his claim for hauling the logs as follows: 24,500 feet at $6.00 per thousand amounting to $147.00; 23,-000 feet at $8.00 per thousand amounting to $186.00; one gallon oil furnished plaintiff, 80 cents; two orders, each for $5.50, given by workmen who had cut timber for plaintiff and who had been paid by defendant, amounting to $11.00; in all the sum of $344.80, on which he credited the payment of $150.00 leaving a balance owing him from plaintiff of $194.80. Defendant admitted owing the sum of $126.90 for the lumber taken. The lumber, by actual measurement, was found to be 3,384 feet, and at $37.50, which defendant claims was the price, amounted to the above sum of $126.90. Plaintiff objected to the filing of this’ setoff for the reasons hereinbefore stated, but the court permitted it to be filed, and thereupon plaintiff filed, over objections of defendant, notice of recoupment for damages in the sum of $500.00 [30]*30arising out of breach of the hauling! contract. The parties then went to proof, resulting in the verdict of $31.80 in favor of the defendant. Much of defendant’s' brief (plaintiff in error) relates to alleged error of the trial court in permitting the notice of recoupment to be filed, and introduction of evidence in support thereof. The jury evidently decided that claim in favor of defendant, and it is not pertinent to the question here presented, that is, whether this verdict in his favor should or should not be sustained. The controlling question presented by this record is the ruling of the court' in permitting defendant’s sets-off to be filed and proven. A joint demand cannot be set off against a separate demand. Perkins v. Hawkins, 9 Grat. 650; Choen v. Guthrie, 15 W. Va. 102; 34 Cyc. 727. Under this well settled principle of the law of setoff plaintiff vigorously insists that error was committed, and the court was justified in awarding a new trial. But was defendant’s claim for hauling a joint one with that of Parsons? While it is clear that the first agreement was made between plaintiff and Parsons and that Parsons afterwards procured defendant to help fulfill the contract, it is equally clear that plaintiff agreed to pay defendant for the logs he hauled, and induced [him tot continue in the v?ork on that assurance. Plaintiff denies that he so promised and contended that he was to pay Parsons, or on Parson’s order. He does not deny that he actually paid defendant the $150.00 but says it was done by direction of Parsons. On the other hand, Parsons, Fields the defendant, and other witnesses say that plaintiff agreed to pay direct to\ defendant for the work he did. We think the preponderance of evidence sustains defendant’s version, and hence, his setoff is a separate and personal demand, and was properly filed. It makes little difference whether the promise to pay defendant was at the beginning or after his work had been partly performed. Plaintiff’s action in paying the; $150.00, and in paying another hauling charge to Tilden Ray for 14,000 feet hauled by him under the Parsons agreement; and in agreeing to pay in lumber in lieu of money, is strongly indicative that he recognized defendant’s separate- claim. [31]*31The record discloses that Parsons and defendant hauled about 49,000 feet at $6.00 per thousand and about 46,000 feet at $8.00 per thousand, amounting in all to $086.00, on which he paid $380.00 to Parsons (including payment to Tilden Ray) and $150.00 to defendant, leaving a balance which he yet owed to one or the other. Evidently he retained this balance until all of the logs were hauled and the contract completed, as he understood it, and this balance he attempted to cancel by recoupment without success before the jury. The hauling was begun in the winter months and by mutual agreement the mill was shut down, and the logging ceased in order that the parties might plant corn, and it was late in the summer when plaintiff desired to resume sawing ; but Parsons refused! to go back, claiming that the hauling had been about finished. It appears that Homer Mitchell was then hired by plaintiff to do hauling. It appears that there had been left about 12 or 14 logs in one of the hollows when the mill shut down in the spring, and Parsons says he helped take the logs out under Mitchell’s contract, and having sold his team, requested defendant to help haul the remaining logs, which he did; but the work was done after this suit had been tried before the Justice. It is alleged as error that this part of the hauling wa^ included in defendant’s setoff, and not being due at the beginning of the suit, was improperly included therein. It is not clear that any charge was made for this work, or any account taken of it. Parsons says no work was done on the contract after they quit hauling in the spring, and defendant says he helped at, the request of Parsons and for the latter’s benefit. The amount would be small, and we do not think we would be justified in assuming that it was included in the setoff, or that it would have made substantial difference in the verdict, if it had been included. No instructions were asked for or given, and no errors assigned upon introduction or refusal of evidence. The parties have had! a full and fair ‘presentation of their respective claim's to the jury, and we perceive no error which would warrant a new trial. We reverse the [32]*32judgment of the court setting aside the verdict, reinstate the verdict, and enter judgment thereon.
Reversed, and judgment for defendant.