Tayar v. Camelback Ski Corp., Inc.

957 A.2d 281, 2008 Pa. Super. 204, 2008 Pa. Super. LEXIS 2461, 2008 WL 4074498

• Court: Superior Court of Pennsylvania
• Decided: September 4, 2008
• Docket: 1160 EDA 2006
• Status: Published

Opinions

OPINION BY

PANELLA, J.:

¶ 1 This case once again raises issues concerning the enforceability of releases relating to recreational activities provided by commercial entities. Appellant, Barbara Lichtman Tayar, appeals from the order entered on March 31, 2006, in the Court of Common Pleas of Monroe County, that granted the motion for summary judgment filed by Appellees, Camelback Ski Corporation, Inc. and Brian Mona-ghan.

¶2 In this ease involving snow tubing, the exculpatory language is contained in a release which the facility requires the customer to sign prior to using the facilities, as well as in a lift ticket which is unsigned. We conclude that the phrase “negligence or any other improper conduct,” when used in a release of liability, absent other warnings, does not clearly convey an intent on the part of the releasor to waive all claims against the facility for reckless or intentional conduct. Because, at this stage of the litigation, there is no other evidence capable of establishing that Tayar intended to surrender her right to pursue a claim based upon allegations of recklessness, we find that the exculpatory clause does not immunize Appellees from Tayar’s complaint. Consequently, we reverse and remand.

¶ 3 Because the outcome of these cases is often factually specific, we begin with a review of the certified record. On December 20, 2003, Tayar and her children were snow tubing at a facility operated by Cam-elback Ski Corporation. The Camelback facility offered at least two different options under which customers could snow tube. One set of snow tubing slopes granted customers relatively uncontrolled access to multiple snow tube slopes. All of these slopes ended in a single common area at the base of the mountain.

¶ 4 In contrast, two of the snow tubing slopes were separated from the uncontrolled slopes. These two slopes were identified as family tubing slopes. On these slopes, access was controlled by an attendant employed by Camelback. The attendant was charged with the responsibility of ensuring that the previous tube occupants had traveled the entire slope and had been cleared from the segregated receiving area at the base of the mountain before starting the next tube down the slope. Furthermore, the family slopes ended in a restricted receiving area at the bottom of the mountain that was not mixed with the common area used by the other slopes.

¶ 5 Tayar arrived at the Camelback facility in the early afternoon. Prior to her family’s initial ride down the mountain, Tayar spent some time observing the family tubing area. After observing the family tubing area and concluding that it was operating as promised, Tayar took her family to the top of the mountain to begin their afternoon of snow tubing. Tayar and her family made approximately four successful runs down the family slopes without any incident.

¶ 6 After returning to the top of the mountain to begin another snow tubing run, Tayar was greeted by Brian Mona-ghan, who was the employee designated by Camelback to control entry onto that family slope. Monaghan gave them the slight push necessary to start them down the slope. The Tayars arrived without incident at the bottom of the slope in the segregated receiving area; after coming to a complete stop, Tayar stood up from the snow tube. At that moment, Tayar was hit by another snow tube.

¶ 7 Tayar felt a bone in her leg break, and fell to the ground. Camelback employees came rushing over to assist Tayar when yet another tube came careening down the slope, only missing Tayar because the attendants had quickly moved her. At this point several Camelback employees were frantically calling and gesturing for Monaghan to stop sending tubes down the slope, while others were attempting to assist Tayar.

¶ 8 Tayar suffered multiple comminuted fractures of her right leg, for which she underwent orthopedic surgery. Eventually, two metal plates and 14 screws were necessary to stabilize her right ankle.

¶ 9 Tayar initiated suit against appellees by way of a complaint filed in the Court of Common Pleas of Monroe County on January 6, 2005. Appellees filed an Answer and New Matter on February 11, 2005, in which, inter alia, they claimed that they were relieved of liability by the liability release which Tayar had signed prior to purchasing her lift ticket. Both parties subsequently engaged in discovery, and on February 2, 2006, Appellees filed a motion for summary judgment, asserting that Ta-yar’s claims were barred by the release. Tayar filed her answer to the motion for summary judgment on February 17, 2006. On March 31, 2006, the trial court granted the Appellees’ motion. This timely appeal followed.

¶ 10 On appeal, Tayar raises the following issues for our review:

I. Is a personal injury claim barred where (a) the resort’s release identified the expected risks of snow tubing as common physical conditions of the premises and conduct of the snow tubers, neither of which caused plaintiffs injuries; and (b) her injuries were caused by an employee’s unexpected wrongful acts which created a dangerous situation that was not supposed to exist on the family tubing chutes?

II. Is a claim for injuries caused by the reckless and/or grossly negligent acts of an employee barred by a release which (a) did not mention any wrongful acts of the resort’s employees in its list of the common and expected risks of snow tubing; and also (b) did not say anything about the employees’ reckless or grossly negligent acts?

III. Is suit against a ski resort’s employee for his wrongful acts barred where (a) the release named “Camelback Ski Corporation” as the sole released party; (b) the only mention of releasing “employees” was in small print at the bottom of a folded ticket the injured party had not read or signed; (c) the ticket stated that the snow tuber “agrees to accept the risks of snowtubing” listed in the ticket, but the accident was not caused by one of the expected risks of snow tubing; (d) the accident was caused by the employee’s unanticipated wrongful acts, which created a dangerous situation that was not supposed to exist; and (e) the ticket only talked about suing “regardless of any negligence of Cam-elback or its employees” and did not mention recklessness or gross negligence?

Appellant’s Brief, at 3.

¶ 11 Our standard and scope of review on appeal from the grant of a motion for summary judgment are well-settled.

Our scope of review of a trial court’s order disposing of a motion for summary judgment is plenary. Accordingly, we must consider the order in the context of the entire record. Our standard of review is the same as that of the trial court; thus, we determine whether the record documents a question of material fact concerning an element of the claim or defense at issue. If no such question appears, the court must then determine whether the moving party is entitled to judgment on the basis of substantive law. Conversely, if a question of material fact is apparent, the court must defer the question for consideration of a jury and deny the motion for summary judgment. We will reverse the resulting order only where it is established that the court committed an error of law or clearly abused its discretion.

Estate of Higgins ex rel. Higgins v. Washington Mut. Fire Ins. Co., 838 A.2d 778, 780-81 (Pa.Super.2003) (citation omitted).

¶ 12 We begin by addressing the trial court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of Monaghan. “Upon appellate review, we are not bound by the trial court’s conclusions of law, but may reach our own conclusions.” Grandelli v. Methodist Hospital, 777 A.2d 1138, 1144 (Pa.Super.2001). Summary judgment is properly granted as a matter of law

if, after the completion of discovery relevant to the motion ..., an adverse party who will bear the burden of proof at trial has failed to produce evidence of facts essential to the cause of action or defense which in a jury trial would require the issues to be submitted to a jury.

Pa.R.C.P., Rule 1035.2, 42 Pa. Cons.Stat. Ann. The adverse party who bears the burden of proof at trial must come forward with evidence essential to preserve his cause of action. Id., Note. If such a party fails to produce such essential evidence, the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Grandelli, 111 A.2d at 1143-44 (citation omitted). However, we must review the record in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party and resolve all doubts against the moving party. Id.

¶ 13 We may only disturb the trial court’s grant or denial of summary judgment upon an error of law or an abuse of discretion.

An abuse of discretion exists when the trial court has rendered a judgment that is manifestly unreasonable, arbitrary, or capricious, has failed to apply the law, or was motivated by partiality, prejudice, bias, or ill will.... Where the record adequately supports the trial court’s reasons and factual basis, the court did not abuse its discretion.

Harman ex rel. Harman v. Borah, 562 Pa. 455, 469, 756 A.2d 1116, 1123 (2000) (quotation marks and citations omitted).

¶ 14 In granting summary judgment to Monaghan, the trial court held that the following language, found on the reverse side of Tayar’s lift ticket, constituted a voluntary waiver of liability on the part of Tayar:

PLEASE READ! Acceptance of this ticket and the Acknowledgement Not to Sue that you have just signed constitute a contract. Snowtubing, including the use of lifts, is a dangerous sport with inherent and other risks. These risks include but are not limited to those risks outlined in the Acknowledgement of Risks you have signed. All of the inherent and other risks of snowtubing present the risk of serious and/or fatal injury.

In consideration of using Camelback’s snowtubing facilities, the purchaser or user of this ticket agrees to accept the risks of snowtubing and agrees not to sue Camelback or its employees if hurt while using the snowtubing facilities regardless of any negligence of Camelback or its employees or agents.

The purchaser or user of this ticket voluntarily assumes the risk of injury while participating in this sport and agrees to abide by the rules and regulations of the snowtubing park.

Motion for Summary Judgment, 2/2/2006, Exhibit D (emphasis in original).

¶ 15 As Appellees concede, the release contained on the reverse side of the lift ticket is controlled by our prior decision in Beck-Hummel v. Ski Shawnee, Inc., 902 A.2d 1266 (Pa.Super.2006), as the lift ticket is not attached to a signed release. Appel-lees’ Brief, at 26-27. In Beck-Hummel, this Court held that summary judgment on the basis of an unsigned waiver of liability was inappropriate, absent evidence that the customer was made aware of the release language. Id., at 1275.

¶ 16 In their brief, Appellees argue that Beck-Hummel is distinguishable from the present case based on the presence of two signs hung over the lift ticket windows at the Camelback ski resort. Appellees attached a picture of these signs to their motion for summary judgment, and Tayar, in her response, admitted that the signs were on the building. See Motion for Summary Judgment, 2/2/2006, Exhibit C; Plaintiffs Response, 2/17/2006, at ¶ 3. However, the content of the relevant signs is not clear from the picture attached to the motion for summary judgment. The words “PLEASE READ” can be made out at the top of the signs, but the significantly smaller, denser text below these admonitions cannot be deciphered. Nor does the record contain any evidence of what these signs contain.

¶ 17 In an attempt to remedy this deficiency, Appellees attach close-up photographs of the two signs as “Exhibit C” to their brief on appeal. Appellees’ proposed remedy, however, must fail as documents which are not part of the certified record on appeal are “considered to be non-existent.... And, these deficiencies may not be remedied by inclusion in a brief.” Lundy v. Manchel, 865 A.2d 850, 855 (Pa.Super.2004) (quotation marks and citation omitted). “It is well settled that an appellate court may consider only those facts which have been duly certified in the record on appeal.” Id. Moreover, there is nothing in the record which indicates that “Exhibit C” was before the trial court. Accordingly, the content of the signs beyond “PLEASE READ” cannot be considered for purposes of this appeal.

¶ 18 We are therefore left with the following facts concerning the exculpatory language contained in the fine print on the reverse side of the lift ticket. First, Tayar did not receive the ticket until after she had signed the release form and paid an entry fee. N.T., 9/22/2005, at 31. Tayar did not recall if she had read any part of the ticket. Id., at 30. Moreover, there is no evidence that Tayar was verbally informed that she was bound by the language on the back of the ticket. As in Beck-Hummel, the disclaimer language on the ticket, as evidenced by the photocopy attached to the motion for summary judgment, is just barely legible. The larger text on the ticket is reserved for the Camelback logo, as well as “NON-TRANSFERABLE,” “NOT FOR RESALE,” “VOID IF DETACHED,” and “NON-REFUNDABLE,” as well “Tubing Area Use Ticket,” and “2003-2004 Season.” Over half of the front of the ticket is reserved for a date stamp. Even the website address for Camelback is printed in a larger font size than the disclaimer language. As in Beck-Hummel, “[w]e cannot conclude as a matter of law that the disclaimer language on the ticket itself was sufficiently conspicuous such that, without any further indications from the ski facility, a purchaser would be put on notice of its contents.” Beck-Hummel, 902 A.2d at 1275. Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court erred in finding that Monaghan is shielded from liability by the language on the lift ticket.

¶ 19 Appellees argue in the alternative that the form release signed by Tayar constitutes a waiver of any claim Tayar might have against Monaghan. The Supreme Court of Pennsylvania has had prior occasion to summarize the law regarding exculpatory agreements, and it is generally accepted that an exculpatory clause is valid where three conditions are met:

First, “the clause must not contravene public policy ... ”;

Second, “the contract must be between persons relating entirely to their own private affairs ... ”; and

Third, “each party must be a free bargaining agent to the agreement so that the contract is not one of adhesion....”

Topp Copy Products, Inc. v. Singletary, 533 Pa. 468, 471, 626 A.2d 98, 99 (1993). The Supreme Court has noted, however, that “once an exculpatory clause is determined to be valid, it will, nevertheless, still be unenforceable unless the language of the parties is clear that a person is being relieved of liability for his own acts of negligence.” Id.

¶ 20 Furthermore, in interpreting such clauses, the Supreme Court provided a list of guiding standards:

(1) the contract language must be construed strictly, since exculpatory language is not favored by the law;

(2) the contract must state the intention of the parties with the greatest particularity, beyond doubt by express stipulation, and no inference from words of general import can establish the intent of the parties;

(3) the language of the contract must be construed, in cases of ambiguity, against the party seeking immunity from liability; and

(4) the burden of establishing immunity is upon the party invoking protection under the clause.

Id. See, e.g., Valhal Corporation v. Sullivan Associates, Inc., 44 F.3d 195 (3d Cir. 1995).

¶ 21 The form release signed by Tayar before she engaged in any snow tubing activities stated:

CAMELBACK SNOWTUBING AC-KNOWLEDGEMENT OF RISKS AND AGREEMENT NOT TO SUE THIS IS A CONTRACT — READ IT

I understand and acknowledge that snowtubing, including the use of lifts, is a dangerous, risk sport and that there are inherent and other risks associated with the sport and that all of these risks can cause serious and even fatal injuries. I understand that part of the thrill, excitement and risk of snowtubing is that the snowtubes all end up in a common, runout area and counter slope at various times and speeds and that it is my responsibility to try to avoid hitting another snowtuber and it is my responsibility to try to avoid being hit by another snowtuber, but that, notwithstanding these efforts by myself and other snow-tubers, there is a risk of collisions.

I acknowledge and understand that some, but not necessarily all, of the risks of snowtubing include the following:

• Variations in the steepness and configuration of the snowtubing chutes, run- ■ out area, and counter slope, and the surface upon which snowtubing is conducted, which can vary from wet, slushy conditions to hard packed, icy conditions and everything in between;

• Fences and/or barriers at or along portions of the snowtubing area, the absence of such fences and/or barriers and the inability of fences and/or barriers to prevent or reduce injury;

• Changes in the speed at which snow-tubes travel depending on surface conditions, the weight of snowtubers and the inter-linking of snowtubes together to go down the snowtube runs;

• The chance that a patron can fall out, be thrown out or otherwise leave the snowtube;

• The chance that a snowtube can go from one run into another run, regardless of whether or not there is a barrier between runs, and the chance that a snowtube can go up and over the counter slope;

• The chance that a snowtube can go up the counter slope and then slide back into the general runout area;

• Collisions in the runout area or counter slope and other locations of the snowtubing facility, between snow-tubes, between a snowtube and another person, between a snowtube and a snowtubing facility attendant, collisions with fixed objects, obstacles or structures located within or outside of the snowtubing facility, and other sorts of collisions; and

• The use of the snowtubing lift or tow, including falling out of a tube, coasting backwards, becoming entangled with equipment and other risks.

I acknowledge and understand that I am accepting AS IS the snowtube and any other equipment involved with the snow-tubing activity, including lifts and tows, and further acknowledge and understand that NO WARRANTIES are being extended to me with respect to any aspect of the snowtubing facility. I agree and understand that snowtubing is a purely voluntary recreation activity and that if I am not willing to acknowledge the risks and agree not to sue, I should not go snowtubing.

IN CONSIDERATION OF THE ABOVE AND OF BEING ALLOWED TO PARTICIPATE IN THE SPORT OF SNOWTUBING, I AGREE THAT I WILL NOT SUE AND WILL RELEASE FROM ANY AND ALL LIABILITY CAMELBACK SKI CORPORATION IF I OR ANY MEMBER OF MY FAMILY IS INJURED WHILE USING ANY OF THE SNOWTUBING FACILITIES OR WHILE BEING PRESENT AT THE FACILITIES, EVEN IF I CONTEND THAT SUCH INJURIES ARE THE RESULT OF NEGLIGENCE OR ANY OTHER IMPROPER CONDUCT ON THE PART OF THE SNOWTUBING FACILITY. I FURTHER AGREE THAT I WILL INDEMNIFY AND HOLD HARMLESS CAMELBACK SKI CORPORATION FROM ANY LOSS, LIABILITY, DAMAGE OR COST OF ANY KIND THAT MAY INCUR AS THE RESULT OF ANY INJURY TO MYSELF, TO ANY MEMBER OF MY FAMILY OR TO ANY PERSON FOR WHOM I AM SIGNING THIS AGREEMENT, EVEN IF IT IS CONTENDED THAT ANY SUCH INJURY WAS CAUSED BY THE NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER IMPROPER CONDUCT ON THE PART OF CAMELBACK SKI CORPORATION. Notwithstanding the foregoing, if I sue Camelback Ski Corporation, I agree that I will only sue it, whether it be on my own behalf or on behalf of a family member, in the Court of Common Pleas of Monroe County or in the United State District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania and further agree that any and all disputes which might arise between Camelback Ski Corporation and myself shall be litigated exclusively in one of said Courts. I understand and agree that this Agreement is governed by the laws of Pennsylvania. I further agree that if any part of this Agreement is determined to be unenforceable, all other parts shall be given full force and effect.

I have read and understood the foregoing ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF RISKS AND AGREEMENT NOT TO SUE and am voluntarily signing below, intending to be legally bound hereby. If I am signing on behalf of a minor child, I represent and warrant that I am doing so with the consent and approval of my spouse (if any) and I understand that I may be giving up the rights of my child and spouse to sue as well as giving up my own right to sue.

Motion for Summary Judgment, 2/2/2006, Exhibit A.

¶ 22 As mentioned previously, this form release does not explicitly purport to exculpate Camelback’s employees from liability in their own capacity: “I WILL NOT SUE AND WILL RELEASE FROM ANY AND ALL LIABILITY CAMELBACK SKI CORPORATION.” In light of Monaghan’s burden of establishing that the release provides him with immunity from suit, combined with the standard that the language of the form agreement must be construed strictly and against Monaghan, we conclude that the form agreement does not, with the “greatest particularity,” exculpate Monaghan in his personal capacity.

¶23 Appellees argue that since Camelback is a corporation, it can act only through its employees, agents, and officers. This premise is well settled in our law. See Lokay v. Lehigh Valley Co-op. Farmers, Inc., 342 Pa.Super. 89, 492 A.2d 405, 408-410 (1985) (“A corporation is a creature of legal fiction, and must ‘act’ through its officers, directors or other agents.”). However, in terms of this type of case, it is an inapposite contention. A corporation is a separate, fictional legal person distinct from its shareholders or employees. See Viso v. Werner, 471 Pa. 42, 49, 369 A.2d 1185, 1188 (1977) (“Nor are we persuaded that because the corporation in the instant case was operated by the appellant as sole shareholder, its independent identity should be ignored.”). When a corporation enters into a contract, it does so only on behalf of its separate, fictional capacity, unless the contract or circumstances explicitly state otherwise. See id.; Electron Energy Corp. v. Short, 408 Pa.Super. 568, 597 A.2d 175 (1991) (corporation’s president was not a party to a contract he signed in his capacity as agent for the corporation), affd, 538 Pa. 66, 618 A.2d 395 (1993). In the same vein, a corporate officer may be held individually liable for torts committed while acting within the scope of his employment by the corporation. Wicks v. Milzoco Builders, Inc., 503 Pa. 614, 620, n. 5, 470 A.2d 86, 89, n. 5 (1983). As a result, Appellees’ argument that an agreement exculpating a corporation necessarily exculpates the corporation’s employees in their individual capacities is patently meritless.

¶ 24 Appellees argue in their brief that a “common sense reading” of the form release agreement reveals that Tayar agreed to release Monaghan, in his personal capacity, from liability. However, far from being common sense, an interpretation of the release agreement that immunizes Monaghan would require not only inserting language identifying employees as released parties, but also language that absolves Monaghan of liability for his reckless conduct.¹

K25 Reckless conduct has been defined as follows:

The actor’s conduct is in reckless disregard of the safety of another if he does an act or intentionally fails to do an act which it is his duty to the other to do, knowing or having reason to know of facts which would lead a reasonable man to realize, not only that his conduct creates an unreasonable risk of physical harm to another, but also that such risk is substantially greater than that which is necessary to make his conduct negligent.

Hutchison ex rel. Hutchison v. Luddy, 896 A.2d 1260, 1265-1266 (Pa.Super.2006) (quotation marks and citation omitted). In other words, to establish a reckless state of mind, a plaintiff must prove that the defendant knew or had reason to know that 1) his conduct created an unreasonable risk of harm to another; and 2) that the risk created by his conduct was substantially greater than the risk necessary to establish negligence.

¶ 26 In the present case, Monaghan gave the following deposition testimony regarding his duties as an employee at Camel-back:

Q. Do you specifically remember your training going down . the family tubes?

A. Yes.

Q. What did they tell you to do regarding the safety?

A. Before you send the tube down with somebody in it, you have to look down at the bottom to make sure that the pathway was clear before you sent another tube down.

Q. Why did you have to do that?

A. So nobody got hurt.

N.T., 10/25/2005, (Brian Monaghan) at 12. Monaghan further testified that not only had he been trained that very morning by senior Camelback employees regarding the family slopes, but that he had also read the Tubing Park Operations Manual. Id., at 10; 14. Monaghan specifically testified that he had read and understood the requirement, contained in the Operations Manual, that a family slope tubing attendant “will not allow family tube riders to leave the starting position until the previous tube riders have reached the bottom and exited the chute.” Id., at 14.

¶ 27 At this stage of the litigation, this evidence is sufficient to support a reasonable inference that Monaghan was aware of the substantially increased risk of injury that could occur if he sent a tube down the family slope before ensuring that the occupants of the prior tube had left the slope. In fact, Monaghan admitted that he was aware that it was his duty to prevent just such accidents from occurring on the family slopes. As such, Tayar has satisfied the first requirement for proving that Mona-ghan acted recklessly.

¶ 28 Monaghan also testified that from his position at the top of the slope, he could see the bottom of the slope. Id., at 13. He could see snow tubers getting into and out of the tubes at the bottom of the slope. Id. Monaghan’s supervisor at Cam-elback on the date of the accident, Ian Amato, also testified at a deposition that an operator in Monaghan’s position had a clear view of the entire slope. N.T., 10/25/2005 (Ian Amato), at 20. According to Amato, the Camelback employee has complete control and responsibility for when each tube goes down a family slope; the tubers themselves have no control over the process. Id., at 14-15.

¶29 Most importantly, with respect to the incident at issue, Monaghan testified that

I remember sending the tube down, and then I didn’t really pay attention to see if the people had gotten out of the tube or whatnot, and I sent another tube down, and maybe I sent one more down. I don’t really remember. I know I sent at least one more down.

N.T., 10/25/2005, (Brian Monaghan), at 14. When asked whether he knew that it was wrong to send another tube down the slope without ensuring that the previous tube had exited, Monaghan admitted that he knew it was wrong, but claimed that he had not intended to harm Tayar.² Id., at 16. Taken in its entirety, this evidence is more than sufficient to allow for a reasonable inference that Monaghan was aware that the risk posed by his actions was a substantial one. Accordingly, we conclude that Tayar has provided sufficient evidence to establish a prima fade case of reckless conduct on the part of Monaghan.

¶ 30 Appellees argue that, even if Monaghan’s conduct amounted to recklessness, the release signed by Tayar precluded liability. Appellees specifically focus on the following partial sentence contained in the release:

IN CONSIDERATION OF THE ABOVE AND OF BEING ALLOWED TO PARTICIPATE IN THE SPORT OF SNOWTUBING, I AGREE THAT I WILL NOT SUE AND WILL RELEASE FROM ANY AND ALL LIABILITY CAMELBACK SKI CORPORATION IF I OR ANY MEMBER OF MY FAMILY IS INJURED WHILE USING ANY OF THE SNOWTUBING FACILITIES OR WHILE BEING PRESENT AT THE FACILITIES ...

Motion for Summary Judgment, 2/2/2006, Exhibit A. Appellees argue that this partial sentence is an express agreement waiving the right to sue Camelback under any theory of liability. However, it is important to note that the remainder of the sentence states “... EVEN IF I CONTEND THAT SUCH INJURIES ARE THE RESULT OF NEGLIGENCE OR ANY OTHER IMPROPER CONDUCT ON THE PART OF THE SNOW-TUBING FACILITY.” Id.

¶ 31 This further language is important as it constitutes a refinement of the clause agreeing not to sue Camelback. It explicitly mentions only negligence, while using a vague phrase of general import, i.e., “other improper conduct,” as a catch-all. If we were to accept Camelback’s argument, the term “other improper conduct” would preclude liability for a intentional physical assault committed by a Camelback employee during the course of business. It is incongruous to conclude that a customer of Camelback would understand this result from the general language employed by the form release agreement.

¶32 Rather, under the facts as established. by the record in this case, for the release agreement to have been effective against claims of reckless or intentional conduct, the release agreement had to explicitly state that the releasor was waiving claims based upon allegations of recklessness and intentional conduct. Mere catchall phrasing, in light of the specific examples provided by Camelback as to the general dangers of recreational snow tubing, was not sufficient to warn putative relea-sors of the important rights covered by the release. As such, we cannot conclude that, even if we inserted language into the release form that identified employees of Camelback as parties to the contract, the release would immunize Monaghan from Tayar’s claims of recklessness-.

¶ 33 We therefore conclude that Mona-ghan was not entitled to summary judgment on the basis of any purported release of liability. Accordingly, the trial court erred in granting Monaghan motion for summary judgment, and we must reverse that portion of the trial court’s order.

¶ 34 Turning to Camelback Ski Corporation in its separate legal identity as a defendant, we note that the preceding discussion of the signed release agreement with respect to Monaghan reveals several important ramifications regarding Camel-back. First, the release contained on the reverse of the lift ticket was not effective to relieve Camelback of liability pursuant to Beck-Hummel. Second, the form release agreement signed by Tayar does explicitly release Camelback from liability that results from its negligence. Further, by necessary implication, the release immunizes Camelback from liability that results from the negligence of its employees, agents and officers.

¶ 35 However, it is also clear from our previous discussion that the signed form release does not explicitly immunize Cam-elback from liability that results from the reckless or intentional torts committed by its employees or agents. Pursuant to Topp Copy, Camelback bears the burden of establishing that the signed form release covered the reckless actions of Mona-ghan. As the release contains only the term of general import, “other improper conduct,” it fails to explicitly and clearly convey that the releasor is surrendering the right to compensation for intentional and reckless torts committed by Camel-back employees. These types of allegations clearly fall outside the typical dangers of recreational activities, as all of the examples in the release relate, and of allegations of ordinary negligence.

¶ 36 Furthermore, we take heed that [a] court must be careful not to retire into that lawyer’s Paradise where all words have a fixed, precisely ascertained meaning; where men may express their purposes, not only with accuracy, but with fullness; and where, if the writer has been careful, a lawyer, having a document referred to him, may sit in his chair, inspect the text, and answer all questions without raising his eyes.

In re Breyer’s Estate, 475 Pa. 108, 115 n. 5, 379 A.2d 1305, 1309 n. 5 (1977), quoting 3 Corbin on Contracts § 535 n. 16, in turn quoting Thayer, Preliminary Treatise on Evidence 428. In the present case, while the signed form release explicitly mentions the risk of collisions in the run-off area as one of the risks inherent in the sport of snow tubing, it is also abundantly clear from the circumstances of this case that Camelback created and marketed family slopes as areas where this danger was eliminated. It is significant also that the danger was created not from a passive act or omission but from a volitional act that was a direct violation of company policy. As conceded by Camelback employee Am-ato at his deposition, if the family slope attendant performs his job properly, the possibility of collisions at the bottom of the slope is eliminated. See N.T., 10/25/2005, (Ian Amato), at 21.

¶ 37 Camelback, as releasee, consciously marketed a service that purported to eliminate a known and typical risk of a recreational activity. Based on the summary judgment record, particularly the testimony of Camelback employees as to the additional safeguards implemented in the area marketed by Camelback as the family tubing slope, we conclude that the trial court erred in granting summary judgment. We are duty bound to resolve all doubts against the moving party as to the existence of a genuine issue of material fact. Weaver v. Lancaster Newspapers, Inc., 592 Pa. 458, 465, 926 A.2d 899, 902 (2007). Here, a fair reading of the evidence is that Camelback, despite representations to the contrary, allowed a snow tube to go down the family slope without checking that the prior tube’s occupants had left the receiving area. A jury could fairly conclude from such evidence that the defendants acted in “reckless disregard of the safety of another.” If a business desires to market a product or service as safer, it should not then be able to disclaim the promise of safety through the use of boilerplate legalese; it must specifically and conspicuously disclaim the promise of safety.

¶ 38 We reverse the summary judgment and remand for further proceedings on the question of whether the defendants’ conduct was reckless or intentional, and, if so, whether such conduct caused the injuries to Tayar. As noted previously, we also reverse the trial court’s order that granted Monaghan’s motion for summary judgment.

¶ 39 Order reversed. Case remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. Jurisdiction relinquished.

¶ 40 Judge Bowes files a dissenting opinion in which Orie Melvin, Bender and Gantman, JJ., join.

1 . In the Complaint, Tayar alleges that Mon-aghan was "reckless and unmindful of [Taylar's] safety and health ...” and was therefore liable for his "carelessness and recklessness....” Complaint, ¶¶ 25-26.

2 . Of course, application of the Nanty-Glo rule prohibits the entry of summary judgment based on the deposition testimony of Mona-ghan. The trial court reasoned that Mona-ghan’s testimony absolved him of any allegation that he had acted recklessly. Trial Court Opinion, 3/31/06, at 11-12. However, the Nanty-Glo rule prohibits summary judgment "where the moving party relies exclusively on oral testimony, either through testimonial affidavits or deposition testimony, to establish the absence of a genuine issue of material fact except where the moving party supports the motion by using admissions of the opposing party or the opposing party’s own witness.” Linebergerv. Wyeth, 894 A.2d 141, 149 (Pa.Super.2006) (quotation marks and citations omitted). Here, as stated above, Tayar has presented significant evidence to create an inference that Monaghan acted recklessly.