STONE, C. J.
The number of grand jurors in Cherokee county is limited to fifteen. No greater number can be drawn for any one term. — Acts of 1878-9, p. 204. • Every one of the said number drawn to serve at the December term, 1890, was summoned by the sheriff. When, at the opening of the court for said county, the venire was called, all appeared save two. Their places were supplied in statutory form, and the record shows that the court determined to have a grand jury of fifteen persons, namely: the remaining thirteen embraced, in the venire, and two additional ones, L. D. Griffiths and Henry McElrath. The court then organized the grand jury, composed of thirteen of the original venire, and the two additional ones summoned and selected to complete the jury of fifteen persons. The record then affirms that B. E. Wood, one of the original fifteen, was appointed and sworn as foreman. The record then proceeds to give the names of the grand jurors who “were duly impanelled, sworn and charged according to law, as grand jurors for the present term of this court.” In this list of names so given are only thirteen, in addition to Wood, the ajjpointed foreman. It will thus be seen that fifteen persons were ascertained and adjudged to possess the requisite qualifications of grand jurors, and, from all appearances, were accepted and assigned to that service. And while the record sets forth fourteen names as being “duly impanelled, [5]*5sworn and charged according to law,” it is silent on this subject as to the remaining .juror, Thomas F. Stewart. This, under ordinary interpretation of language, raises a strong impli■eation that, without being sworn as such, the said Stewart served as a grand juror when the indictment in this case was preferred.
No question was raised in the Circuit Court on this apparent irregularity, and it is raised here for the first time. It is at least possible that it was, at most, a clerical misprision; and that if the attention of the court liad been called to it, at any time before adjournment of the term at which the indictment was found, the record would have been corrected. Our statute, however, cures the irregularity. Its language is: “No objection can be taken to an indictment, . . on the ground that any member of the grand jury was not legally qualified, or that the grand jurors were not legally drawn or summoned, or on any other ground going to the formation of the grand jury, except that the jurors were not drawn in the presence of the officers designated by law.” — Code of 1886, § 4445. The objection in this case goes “to the formation of the grand jury,” and falls directly within the healing influence of the statute. We have heretofore regarded if as healing more palpable irregularities than that complained of in this case. In Roe v. State, 82 Ala. 68, the record shows that all the grand jurors were sworn except the foreman, and was silent as to him. We held that this was no ground of reversal. — Floyd v. State, 30 Ala. 511; Billingslea v State, 68 Ala. 486; Harrington v. State, 83 Ala. 9; Murphy v. State, 86 Ala. 45; Dotson v. State, 88 Ala. 208.
Nor was there anything in the demurrer for misjoinder of ■counts. The two offenses charged are not alone of the same family of crimes. They are identical in all that constitutes their criminality, and in the manner and measure of their punishment.' — State v. Coleman, 5 Porter, 32; Johnson v. State, 29 Ala. 62; Oliver v. State, 37 Ala. 134; Cawley v. State, Ib. 152; Snow v. State, 54 Ala. 138; Adams v. State, 55 Ala. 143. If, when the case or cases were developed in the testimony, it became apparent that there were two distinct, disconnected offenses, it then became the duty of the presiding judge, if moved thereto, to require the prosecution to elect on which offense a conviction would be claimed. — 3 Brick. Digest, p. 268, 242-3. That course -was pursued in this case.
The testimony for the prosecution tended to show that either Tanner or one of the Smiths fired a pistol at Johnson, and that one of them threw a rock at him, striking him. about the back of the head. The testimony was somewhat variant as to [6]*6who did these acts, whether the one or the other. The testimony further tended to show a community of purpose, or concert oí action, between Tanner and Jim and Bill Smith, at the time these alleged acts of violence were committed. It was admitted that Treadway, an absent witness for defendant, would testify, if present, that he, witness, was present,, and saw the entire difficulty; that Tanner fired no pistol, and took no part in either of the fights; and that he saw him, Tanner, take Jim Smith, one of the three alleged accomplices, away, and in the presence of Treadway, asked and begged him to-have no difficulty. If this be true, Tanner was acting as a peace-maker. It is not for us to attempt to reconcile the conflicting testimony, or to determine the facts of the case. That was a question for the jury.
The general doctrine appertaining to conspirators, or persons acting with a common, criminal purpose, may be thus stated: When two or more enter upon a common enterprise or adventure, whether by pre-arrangement, or entered into on the emergency, and that enterprise contemplates the commission of a criminal offense, then each is a conspirator, and if the purpose is carried out, each is guilty of the offense committed, whether he did any overt act or not. This rests on the principle, that one who is present, encouraging, aiding, abetting, or assisting,, or who is ready to aid, abet, or assist the active perpetrator in the commission of the offense, is a guilty participant, and, in the eye of the law, is equally guilty with the one who does the-act. And this criminal accountability extends, not alone to the enterprise, adventure, or encounter in which the conspirators are engaged, but it takes in the proximate, natural, and logical consequences of such adventure. This, because all men are presumed to intend the proximate, natural, and logical consequences of acts intentionally done; and one who is present, encouraging or ready to aid another in such conditions, must be presumed to be cognizant of that other’s intention, to-the extent above expressed. If such conspiracy, or community of purpose, embrace the contingency that a deadly encounter may ensue, with the common intention, express or implied, to encourage, aid, or assist, even to the taking of life, should the exigencies of the encounter lead up to that result; then,, as a general rule, the act of one becomes the act of all, and (lie one who encourages, or stands ready to assist, is alike guilty with the one who perpetrates the violence. And such community of purpose, or conspiracy, need not be proved by positive testimony. It rarefy is proved. The jury are lo determine whether it exists, and the extent of it, from the conduct of the parties, and all the testimony in the cause.- — Will[7]*7iams v. State, 81 Ala. 4; Martin v. State, 89 Ala. 115; Gibson v. State, Ib. 121.
We have said the accomplice, equally with the actor, is responsible for the acts done, if they are the proximate, natural, and logical result of the adventure upon which they enter with common purpose. This needs some explanation. The' accomplice, as we have seen, is criminally responsible for acts which are the direct, proximate, natural result of the conpiracy formed. lie is not responsible for any special act, not within the scope of the common purpose, but which grows out of the individual malice of the perpetrator.
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
STONE, C. J.
The number of grand jurors in Cherokee county is limited to fifteen. No greater number can be drawn for any one term. — Acts of 1878-9, p. 204. • Every one of the said number drawn to serve at the December term, 1890, was summoned by the sheriff. When, at the opening of the court for said county, the venire was called, all appeared save two. Their places were supplied in statutory form, and the record shows that the court determined to have a grand jury of fifteen persons, namely: the remaining thirteen embraced, in the venire, and two additional ones, L. D. Griffiths and Henry McElrath. The court then organized the grand jury, composed of thirteen of the original venire, and the two additional ones summoned and selected to complete the jury of fifteen persons. The record then affirms that B. E. Wood, one of the original fifteen, was appointed and sworn as foreman. The record then proceeds to give the names of the grand jurors who “were duly impanelled, sworn and charged according to law, as grand jurors for the present term of this court.” In this list of names so given are only thirteen, in addition to Wood, the ajjpointed foreman. It will thus be seen that fifteen persons were ascertained and adjudged to possess the requisite qualifications of grand jurors, and, from all appearances, were accepted and assigned to that service. And while the record sets forth fourteen names as being “duly impanelled, [5]*5sworn and charged according to law,” it is silent on this subject as to the remaining .juror, Thomas F. Stewart. This, under ordinary interpretation of language, raises a strong impli■eation that, without being sworn as such, the said Stewart served as a grand juror when the indictment in this case was preferred.
No question was raised in the Circuit Court on this apparent irregularity, and it is raised here for the first time. It is at least possible that it was, at most, a clerical misprision; and that if the attention of the court liad been called to it, at any time before adjournment of the term at which the indictment was found, the record would have been corrected. Our statute, however, cures the irregularity. Its language is: “No objection can be taken to an indictment, . . on the ground that any member of the grand jury was not legally qualified, or that the grand jurors were not legally drawn or summoned, or on any other ground going to the formation of the grand jury, except that the jurors were not drawn in the presence of the officers designated by law.” — Code of 1886, § 4445. The objection in this case goes “to the formation of the grand jury,” and falls directly within the healing influence of the statute. We have heretofore regarded if as healing more palpable irregularities than that complained of in this case. In Roe v. State, 82 Ala. 68, the record shows that all the grand jurors were sworn except the foreman, and was silent as to him. We held that this was no ground of reversal. — Floyd v. State, 30 Ala. 511; Billingslea v State, 68 Ala. 486; Harrington v. State, 83 Ala. 9; Murphy v. State, 86 Ala. 45; Dotson v. State, 88 Ala. 208.
Nor was there anything in the demurrer for misjoinder of ■counts. The two offenses charged are not alone of the same family of crimes. They are identical in all that constitutes their criminality, and in the manner and measure of their punishment.' — State v. Coleman, 5 Porter, 32; Johnson v. State, 29 Ala. 62; Oliver v. State, 37 Ala. 134; Cawley v. State, Ib. 152; Snow v. State, 54 Ala. 138; Adams v. State, 55 Ala. 143. If, when the case or cases were developed in the testimony, it became apparent that there were two distinct, disconnected offenses, it then became the duty of the presiding judge, if moved thereto, to require the prosecution to elect on which offense a conviction would be claimed. — 3 Brick. Digest, p. 268, 242-3. That course -was pursued in this case.
The testimony for the prosecution tended to show that either Tanner or one of the Smiths fired a pistol at Johnson, and that one of them threw a rock at him, striking him. about the back of the head. The testimony was somewhat variant as to [6]*6who did these acts, whether the one or the other. The testimony further tended to show a community of purpose, or concert oí action, between Tanner and Jim and Bill Smith, at the time these alleged acts of violence were committed. It was admitted that Treadway, an absent witness for defendant, would testify, if present, that he, witness, was present,, and saw the entire difficulty; that Tanner fired no pistol, and took no part in either of the fights; and that he saw him, Tanner, take Jim Smith, one of the three alleged accomplices, away, and in the presence of Treadway, asked and begged him to-have no difficulty. If this be true, Tanner was acting as a peace-maker. It is not for us to attempt to reconcile the conflicting testimony, or to determine the facts of the case. That was a question for the jury.
The general doctrine appertaining to conspirators, or persons acting with a common, criminal purpose, may be thus stated: When two or more enter upon a common enterprise or adventure, whether by pre-arrangement, or entered into on the emergency, and that enterprise contemplates the commission of a criminal offense, then each is a conspirator, and if the purpose is carried out, each is guilty of the offense committed, whether he did any overt act or not. This rests on the principle, that one who is present, encouraging, aiding, abetting, or assisting,, or who is ready to aid, abet, or assist the active perpetrator in the commission of the offense, is a guilty participant, and, in the eye of the law, is equally guilty with the one who does the-act. And this criminal accountability extends, not alone to the enterprise, adventure, or encounter in which the conspirators are engaged, but it takes in the proximate, natural, and logical consequences of such adventure. This, because all men are presumed to intend the proximate, natural, and logical consequences of acts intentionally done; and one who is present, encouraging or ready to aid another in such conditions, must be presumed to be cognizant of that other’s intention, to-the extent above expressed. If such conspiracy, or community of purpose, embrace the contingency that a deadly encounter may ensue, with the common intention, express or implied, to encourage, aid, or assist, even to the taking of life, should the exigencies of the encounter lead up to that result; then,, as a general rule, the act of one becomes the act of all, and (lie one who encourages, or stands ready to assist, is alike guilty with the one who perpetrates the violence. And such community of purpose, or conspiracy, need not be proved by positive testimony. It rarefy is proved. The jury are lo determine whether it exists, and the extent of it, from the conduct of the parties, and all the testimony in the cause.- — Will[7]*7iams v. State, 81 Ala. 4; Martin v. State, 89 Ala. 115; Gibson v. State, Ib. 121.
We have said the accomplice, equally with the actor, is responsible for the acts done, if they are the proximate, natural, and logical result of the adventure upon which they enter with common purpose. This needs some explanation. The' accomplice, as we have seen, is criminally responsible for acts which are the direct, proximate, natural result of the conpiracy formed. lie is not responsible for any special act, not within the scope of the common purpose, but which grows out of the individual malice of the perpetrator. — 1 Wharton Grim. Law, § 397.
A further explanation : Many public offenses consist oí an act done, coupled with a constituent element which extends beyond the act, and takes in something outside of it. Knowledge and intent, when constituents of crime, are of this class. .When knowledge is one of the required elements, then the accomplice must have knowledge, or he is not guilty. Buying or receiving stolen goods, knowing them to be stolen, furnishes an illustration of this principle. So, when intent is one of the required constituent elements, the co-conspirator, or accomplice, to authorize his conviction, must himself have entertained the intent, or must have known .that the actor, whom he was encouraging, aiding, or abetting, entertained it. Without this individual intent, or personal knowledge, it can not be affirmed that he aided or abetted in the crime charged. This need not, however, be positively proved. If it fall ..within the scope of the common purpose, formed and entered into, it is enough. — 1 Whar. Cr. Law, § 214; People v. Leith, 52 Cal. 251; Savage v. State, 18 Fla. 909; 1 Amer. & Eng. Encyc. of Law, 64.
Applying these principles to this case: If Tanner did not fire the pistol at Johnson, then he was not guilty as charged, unless, first, he entertained individual malice or intent, and was present encouraging or aiding, or ready to encourage or aid in carrying it out; or, second, unless he had knowledge that the perpetrator entertained such malice or intent, and was present as an accomplice to encourage, aid, or assist in its execution.
Whether defendant entertained this personal intent, or whether he knew Smith, or whoever fired the pistol, entertained it, and fired at Johnson with intent to kill and murder him, were questions lor the jury. It is not required that such intent or knowledge shall positively be proven. Like most other inquiries of fact, it may be inferred from circumstances, if sufficiently convincing. If, from the conduct of the parties, [8]*8as shown in the testimony, and the other testimony in the cause, the jury were satisfied beyond a reasonable doubt that Tanner 'entertained the intent, or knew that the one who fired the pistol entertained the intent, thereby to kill and murder Johnson, and with such intent or knowledge he was present, encouraging, aiding, or abetting him, or ready to do so, then he was an accomplice, and alike guilty with him who fired the pistol. Of course, in such conditions, his guilt would depend on the further inquiry, whether the firing of the pistol was done under such circumstances as to render the perpetrator guilty of an assault with the intent to murder.
Under the principles declared above, the Circuit Court did not err in refusing to give the first nine charges asked by the defendant. The 10th charge asked by the defendant is in the following language: “Malice upon the part of Jim Smith, and not indulged by the defendant, will not authorize a conviction of the defendant Tanner of the offense chárged in the indictment.” Our first impression was, that this charge ought to have been given, for two reasons: First, there can be no conviction of an assault with an intent to commit murder, without a specific intent to take the life of the pérson assaulted. Walls v. State, 90 Ala. 678. Second, unless defendant was personally influenced by malice, he could not have been moved by the actual intent to take the life of Johnson, or to have it taken, which is generally a necessary ingredient in this .statutory crime. Further examination has changed our mind. The defendant was rightly convicted, if he himself entertained-what the law calls malice — an intent to take the life of another, without legal excuse for the act, and without mitigating circumstances which would reduce the crime attempted below the grade of murder; or, if the one who fired the pistol entertained such malice and intent, and Tanner, being chargeable with knowledge of such malice and intent, encouraged, aided, or assisted him in the assault. In- other words, if Smith, with malice' aforethought, fired a pistol at Johnson with intent to kill and murder him, and defendant was present, and, with knowledge of. his intent, made himself his accomplice, as we have defined that term, this is the equivalent of legal malice, and justified his conviction.
It is not every charge which can be shown by technical reasoning to be abstractly correct, that the court is bound, under all circumstances, to give. Charges must be guaged and interpreted in the light of the testimony; and if a charge asked, no matter how faultless in law in a proper case, nevertheless be inadapted to the testimony, ignore any of its qualifying tendencies, or has a tendency to mislead the jury, it should be [9]*9refused. — S. & N. R. R. Co. v. Wood, 71 Ala. 215; Alexander v. Alexander, Ib. 295; 3 Brick. Dig. p. 1123, §§ 85, 110. Charge 10 entirely ignores the question of Smith’s malice and intent, Tanner’s knowledge of it, and any and all encouragement and assistance he may have rendered him, or been ready to render him in the encounter; questions which the testimony for the prosecution clearly raised. For that reason, if lor no other, it was rightly refused.
Affirmed.
McClellan, J. dissenting as to the correctness of the 10th charge asked and refused.