On Motion for Preliminary Injunction:
Plaintiff Tu'ulima Talili is a member of the Satele family. For many years he and certain of his immediate relatives have been occupying a portion of Satele land called Tornea or To‘omea. Other portions of Tornea have long been occupied by the Pili branch of the Satele family, to which belongs the present holder of the Satele title, Satele Momosea. The Pilis and the Talilis have been quarreling over Tornea for many years. See, e.g., Satele v. Faga, 2 A.S.R. 26 (1938); Satele Mosegi v. Momosea, L.T. 1544-1975; Momosea v. Talili, L.T. 29-77; Talili v. Foma'i, L.T. 72-79; Momosea Satele v. Talili, L.T. 19-84; and Talili v. Satele, 4 A.S.R. 23 (1987).
[6]*6The most recent of these disputes arose from a decision by Satele Momosea to build a house for his sister on land that had long been occupied by the Talilis. The Court reaffirmed its earlier decisions with respect to Tornea. First, we reminded the parties that "‘the matai does not own the family lands for his own benefit,’ but is ‘a sort of trustee in whose name the family lands are held for the benefit of the family members.’" Talili v. Satele, supra, 4 A.S.R.2d at 24, quoting Satele v. Faga, supra, 2 A.S.R. at 27. We also reaffirmed the presumptive right of all family members to remain on those portions of family land currently occupied by them provided that they render service to the sa‘o and otherwise behave responsibly. We noted, however, that the right of a family member to occupy a particular piece of family land is not absolute; the sa‘o "can reallocate the land within the family provided that he provides the displaced family members with some other equivalent land.” Talili v. Satele, supra, 4 A.S.R.2d at 27 (emphasis added); see Ifopo v. Vaiao, 2 A.S.R. 472 (1949); Tiumalo v. Lio, 3 A.S.R. 176 (1955). We therefore ruled that Satele could build a home on land occupied by the Talilis provided that he did so only after full consultation with the Talilis and other family members affected by the transaction, and further provided that the Talilis should be compensated by the assignment of equivalent family land in place of that taken for the house. Talili v. Satele, supra, 4 A.S.R.2d at 28.
The Court was later informed by counsel for both parties that the consultation ordered in the 1987 Talili case had taken place and that the Talilis had withdrawn their objection to the building of the house. In exchange, Satele Momosea had pointed out to the Talilis the part of Tornea that would theretofore be occupied by them. From the information communicated to the Court by counsel in the 1987 case and from the testimony at the hearing on the present motion, it does not appear that the Talilis were given any additional land to replace that taken by Satele’s sister’s house. Their acceptance of this arrangement was presumably motivated by some combination of deference to Satele and expectation that their situation within the family would thereafter be more secure.
This expectation appears to have been unjustified. The present case arose in early 1989 when Satele Momosea once again authorized the building of a house for one of his own immediate relatives (Faga Williams is a member of the Pili clan and a first cousin of Momosea) on a part of Tornea occupied by Talili plantations. It is clear, moreover, that the proposed house site is within the very land whose assignment to [7]*7the Talilis was reiterated as part of the settlement that concluded the 1987 lawsuit.
The facts and the law pertaining to the current dispute appear virtually indistinguishable from those that generated the Court’s 1987 decision in Talili v. Satele. Indeed, it is difficult to characterize the assignment to Faga otherwise than as an attempt to avoid and undo the 1987 decision and the ensuing agreement among the parties. It therefore appears that plaintiff Talili has an extremely high probability of prevailing on the merits at trial.1
Counsel for Satele makes two principal arguments: First, that the power of a sa‘o over family land is virtually absolute, and that the many High Court precedents enforcing limits on such power are contrary and injurious to Samoan custom. Second, that any requirement that a family member whose assigned land is taken by the sa‘o for family purposes must be compensated by an assignment of equivalent land, assuming arguendo that it was consistent with Samoan tradition, is nevertheless inconsistent with modem conditions in which an expanding population must occupy an unexpanding amount of land.2
[8]*8The short answer to the first contention is that the body of law to which counsel now objects has been elaborated in dozens of reported High Court opinions, including several Appellate Division opinions, spanning eighty years. See, e.g., Mailo v. Fanene, 1 A.S.R. 191 (1907); American Samoa v. Iose, 2 A.S.R. 638, 640 (1939) ("[Ujnder the Samoan custom .... the plantation and the fruits thereof are the property of the man putting in the plantation subject to the duty of service to the matai."); Malaea v. Fiapapalagi, 2 A.S.R. 651 (1951); Vaotuua Family v. Puletele, 3 A.S.R. 145 (1955); Tago v. Faleulu, 3 A.S.R. 370 (1958); Tali v. Tupeona, 4 A.S.R. 199 (1961); Leapaga v. Masalosalo, 4 A.S.R. 868 (1962); Ifopo v. Vaiao, supra; Tiumalo v. Lio, supra; Satele v. Faga, supra; Talili v. Satele, supra. Notwithstanding the pre-eminent role of the matai in Samoan family land decisions, it was the considered judgment of the Court in all these cases that some situations do arise in which the matai’s power is subject to traditional limitations in favor of other family members, and that on some occasions these limitations are enforceable injudicial proceedings.
Perhaps the most obvious occasion for such enforcement is when a matai, perhaps newly selected by the Court itself, begins an ambitious program of reallocation of family land to members of his own branch of the family at the expense of more distant relatives. Indeed, before he acquired the Satele title Momosea himself sought and received judicial protection against such an attempted reallocation of part of Tornea by the then incumbent Satele. Satele v. Momosea, LT No. 1544-75. Even if it were not so late in the day to argue for an unconditional and unreviewable power of the sa‘o to divest family members of the land they occupy, it would seem awkward for the present defendants to make such an argument with respect to Tornea. Moreover, this summary pre-trial proceeding is hardly the appropriate vehicle for such a dramatic reversal of settled law.
[9]*9The argument that overcrowding may necessitate a change in the law is more interesting. If it appeared that the assignment to Faga were even arguably explicable by reference to the absence of other suitable Satele family land, the Talilis would be hard pressed to insist on the full extent of their current holdings. On the contrary, however, the record affirmatively reflects that there is a suitable house site immediately behind the house belonging to Satele’s sister which was the subject of the 1987 case.
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
On Motion for Preliminary Injunction:
Plaintiff Tu'ulima Talili is a member of the Satele family. For many years he and certain of his immediate relatives have been occupying a portion of Satele land called Tornea or To‘omea. Other portions of Tornea have long been occupied by the Pili branch of the Satele family, to which belongs the present holder of the Satele title, Satele Momosea. The Pilis and the Talilis have been quarreling over Tornea for many years. See, e.g., Satele v. Faga, 2 A.S.R. 26 (1938); Satele Mosegi v. Momosea, L.T. 1544-1975; Momosea v. Talili, L.T. 29-77; Talili v. Foma'i, L.T. 72-79; Momosea Satele v. Talili, L.T. 19-84; and Talili v. Satele, 4 A.S.R. 23 (1987).
[6]*6The most recent of these disputes arose from a decision by Satele Momosea to build a house for his sister on land that had long been occupied by the Talilis. The Court reaffirmed its earlier decisions with respect to Tornea. First, we reminded the parties that "‘the matai does not own the family lands for his own benefit,’ but is ‘a sort of trustee in whose name the family lands are held for the benefit of the family members.’" Talili v. Satele, supra, 4 A.S.R.2d at 24, quoting Satele v. Faga, supra, 2 A.S.R. at 27. We also reaffirmed the presumptive right of all family members to remain on those portions of family land currently occupied by them provided that they render service to the sa‘o and otherwise behave responsibly. We noted, however, that the right of a family member to occupy a particular piece of family land is not absolute; the sa‘o "can reallocate the land within the family provided that he provides the displaced family members with some other equivalent land.” Talili v. Satele, supra, 4 A.S.R.2d at 27 (emphasis added); see Ifopo v. Vaiao, 2 A.S.R. 472 (1949); Tiumalo v. Lio, 3 A.S.R. 176 (1955). We therefore ruled that Satele could build a home on land occupied by the Talilis provided that he did so only after full consultation with the Talilis and other family members affected by the transaction, and further provided that the Talilis should be compensated by the assignment of equivalent family land in place of that taken for the house. Talili v. Satele, supra, 4 A.S.R.2d at 28.
The Court was later informed by counsel for both parties that the consultation ordered in the 1987 Talili case had taken place and that the Talilis had withdrawn their objection to the building of the house. In exchange, Satele Momosea had pointed out to the Talilis the part of Tornea that would theretofore be occupied by them. From the information communicated to the Court by counsel in the 1987 case and from the testimony at the hearing on the present motion, it does not appear that the Talilis were given any additional land to replace that taken by Satele’s sister’s house. Their acceptance of this arrangement was presumably motivated by some combination of deference to Satele and expectation that their situation within the family would thereafter be more secure.
This expectation appears to have been unjustified. The present case arose in early 1989 when Satele Momosea once again authorized the building of a house for one of his own immediate relatives (Faga Williams is a member of the Pili clan and a first cousin of Momosea) on a part of Tornea occupied by Talili plantations. It is clear, moreover, that the proposed house site is within the very land whose assignment to [7]*7the Talilis was reiterated as part of the settlement that concluded the 1987 lawsuit.
The facts and the law pertaining to the current dispute appear virtually indistinguishable from those that generated the Court’s 1987 decision in Talili v. Satele. Indeed, it is difficult to characterize the assignment to Faga otherwise than as an attempt to avoid and undo the 1987 decision and the ensuing agreement among the parties. It therefore appears that plaintiff Talili has an extremely high probability of prevailing on the merits at trial.1
Counsel for Satele makes two principal arguments: First, that the power of a sa‘o over family land is virtually absolute, and that the many High Court precedents enforcing limits on such power are contrary and injurious to Samoan custom. Second, that any requirement that a family member whose assigned land is taken by the sa‘o for family purposes must be compensated by an assignment of equivalent land, assuming arguendo that it was consistent with Samoan tradition, is nevertheless inconsistent with modem conditions in which an expanding population must occupy an unexpanding amount of land.2
[8]*8The short answer to the first contention is that the body of law to which counsel now objects has been elaborated in dozens of reported High Court opinions, including several Appellate Division opinions, spanning eighty years. See, e.g., Mailo v. Fanene, 1 A.S.R. 191 (1907); American Samoa v. Iose, 2 A.S.R. 638, 640 (1939) ("[Ujnder the Samoan custom .... the plantation and the fruits thereof are the property of the man putting in the plantation subject to the duty of service to the matai."); Malaea v. Fiapapalagi, 2 A.S.R. 651 (1951); Vaotuua Family v. Puletele, 3 A.S.R. 145 (1955); Tago v. Faleulu, 3 A.S.R. 370 (1958); Tali v. Tupeona, 4 A.S.R. 199 (1961); Leapaga v. Masalosalo, 4 A.S.R. 868 (1962); Ifopo v. Vaiao, supra; Tiumalo v. Lio, supra; Satele v. Faga, supra; Talili v. Satele, supra. Notwithstanding the pre-eminent role of the matai in Samoan family land decisions, it was the considered judgment of the Court in all these cases that some situations do arise in which the matai’s power is subject to traditional limitations in favor of other family members, and that on some occasions these limitations are enforceable injudicial proceedings.
Perhaps the most obvious occasion for such enforcement is when a matai, perhaps newly selected by the Court itself, begins an ambitious program of reallocation of family land to members of his own branch of the family at the expense of more distant relatives. Indeed, before he acquired the Satele title Momosea himself sought and received judicial protection against such an attempted reallocation of part of Tornea by the then incumbent Satele. Satele v. Momosea, LT No. 1544-75. Even if it were not so late in the day to argue for an unconditional and unreviewable power of the sa‘o to divest family members of the land they occupy, it would seem awkward for the present defendants to make such an argument with respect to Tornea. Moreover, this summary pre-trial proceeding is hardly the appropriate vehicle for such a dramatic reversal of settled law.
[9]*9The argument that overcrowding may necessitate a change in the law is more interesting. If it appeared that the assignment to Faga were even arguably explicable by reference to the absence of other suitable Satele family land, the Talilis would be hard pressed to insist on the full extent of their current holdings. On the contrary, however, the record affirmatively reflects that there is a suitable house site immediately behind the house belonging to Satele’s sister which was the subject of the 1987 case. In light of this fact and of the history of the dispute over Tornea, this case seems a singularly inappropriate vehicle for a change in the general rule that a family member whose plantations are taken for family purposes must be assigned equivalent land in return.
It is the Court’s fervent hope that this controversy will be amicably settled within the family — as it appeared to have been after the 1987 trial — rather than come to court again. Despite whatever discussions have taken place, there remain important areas in which the parties appear simply to misunderstand each other. For instance, Satele testified that the Talilis have been unwilling to render tautua to Satele. Plaintiff Talili, on the other hand, testified that he had attempted to render tautua but that it had been rejected by Satele. Relations within the family would undoubtedly be put on a stronger basis if it were made clear that the Talilis were willing to give, and Satele to accept, the full measure of traditional service owing from a branch of the family with substantial plantations on family land.
Finally, we note our concern for Faga Williams, who appears to have been innocently injected into a dispute that has been ongoing for a number of years. If Satele is sincere about finding a place on family land for Faga to build his house, some site can undoubtedly be located that will be less threatening than the present site to the peace and harmony of the family. If Satele nevertheless has his heart set on establishing Faga amidst the Talili plantations, we do not hold that he can never do so. We do hold that such a dramatic reallocation of family land could only be accomplished after strict observance of the traditional requirements of full consultation and fair compensation.
For the reasons stated, the preliminary injunction will issue. The defendants and those in concert with them are enjoined pending trial from any further construction on that part of Tornea occupied by the plantations of plaintiff Talili and his immediate relatives and from any further destruction of or interference with such plantations. Trial on the merits will be scheduled upon motion of any party at any time after the [10]*10passage of ninety days, during which time the parties are urged to engage in further discussions in an effort to resolve the case amicably and to restore harmony within the Satele family.
It is so ordered.