Mr. Justice Bean,
after making the foregoing statement, delivered the opinion of the court.
1. The defendants contend, at the outset, that the court had no right, as a matter of law, to alN'v the amended complaint to be filed, because it purposed to add a new and distinct cause of suit not embraced in the original complaint. The statute (Hill’s Ann. Laws, § 101) provides that: “The court may, at anytime before trial, in the furtherance of justice, and upon such terms as may be proper, allow any pleading or proceeding to be amended by adding the name of a party,' or other allegation material to the cause, and, in like manner and for like reasons, it may, at any time before the cause is submitted, allow such pleading or proceeding to be amended by striking out the name of any party or by correcting a mistake in the name of any party or a mistake in any other respect or when the amendment does not substantially change the cause of action or defense by conforming the pleading or proceeding to the facts proved.” The construction of this section has been much discussed, and, while it must be regarded as settled that a new cause of action [262]*262cannot be inserted by way of amendment on tbe trial (Foste v. Standard Insurance Company, 26 Or. 449, 38 Pac. 617), the question as to whether it may be done before trial has never been decided here, and the decisions elsewhere are conflicting. By one class of cases — of which Board of Supervisors v. Decker, 34 Wis. 378, is an example — it is held that a party cannot, under the form of an amendment before trial, change the scope of his action, or insert a new cause of action. But it is believed that this view is not in harmony with the great weight of authority, or the reason and spirit of the statute. In New York, under a statute practically the same as ours, the courts, after apparent vacillation, finally established the rule that an amendment before trial, setting up a new cause of action or suit, is permissible if in furtherance of justice, but that the power to grant amendments upon the trial is restricted to such amendments as do not change substantially the cause of action or defense: 1 Rumsey’s Practice, 284; Brown v. Leigh, 49 N. Y. 78; Hatch v. Central Bank, 78 N. Y. 487; Freeman v. Grant, 132 N. Y. 22 (30 N. E. 247).
In Brown v. Leigh, 49 N. Y. 78, the original complaint was to compel the determination of conflicting claims to real property, but under a statute providing that any pleading may be once amended by the party of course without prejudice to proceedings already had, the plaintiff served an amended complaint which set forth a cause of action in ejectment. This was stricken out on motion, upon the ground that it embraced a new and different cause of action from that set forth in the original complaint. Prom this order [263]*263an appeal was taken, and Mr. Justice Grover, after referring to the fact that some of the courts of the state had held that the statute only gave the right to amend and perfect what was previously set out in an imperfect manner, and that others had held that a new cause of action or defense might be set up, says: “ I think the construction adopted in the former cases too strict, and subversive of the true meaning of the section in this respect. That gives a party power to amend any pleading once without imposing any restriction upon it. The term ‘pleading’ includes all the pleadings of both parties. The ‘ complaint ’ is the statement of the plaintiff’s cause or causes of action. It is this statement or complaint that may be amended and perfected by the party so as to enable him to present his entire case upon trial. It is not confined to an amendment of such matter as has been defectively stated in the original complaint. The same remarks apply to the answer. This is a statement of the defense and of any counterclaim or claims. It is this statement that may be amended by the party so as to enable him to avail himself of all his defenses upon trial. It follows that new causes of action may be included in the complaint, and those in the original left out, and new defenses or counterclaims embraced in the answer. That this was the intention of the legislature clearly appears from the last clause of section 173, Code Procedure [which is similar to our section 101], by which the power of the court to grant amendments upon the trial by conforming the pleading to the facts proved is restricted to such amendments as do not change substantially the claim or defense. The [264]*264insertion of the restriction shows that the legislature, in its absence, understood that such change might be made under the power conferred. There is no such restriction in section 172, nor upon the general power conferred upon the court to allow amendments conferred by section 173. Were the power to amend upon trial unrestricted, parties might be compelled to litigate matters of which they had no notice, and for which they were unprepared, and injustice thereby done; but there is no such danger where the amendment is made before trial, so that the adverse party may come fully prepared to meet.” It is quite true, this decision was made under a section of the New York statute in substance the same as section 99 of our code, but it was no more liberal as to the character of the amendment which may be made than the first clause of section 101, now under consideration. The only difference is that in the one instance the amendment may be made as a matter of course, while in the other it can only be done by leave of the court, and in furtherance of justice; and therefore the reasoning of Judge Grover in the case referred to is just as applicable to the case in hand, and to the proper construction of the first clause of section 101, as it is to the construction of the section of the New York statute which he was then considering. The section quoted plainly provides for two classes of amendments, one made before trial and the other after the trial has begun, and before the final submission of the case. In the former, no limitation is placed upon the power of the court to allow an amendment except that it must be “in furtherance of justice,” and, if a [265]*265new allegation is added, it must be one “ material to the cause while in the latter the power is restricted to such amendments as do not substantially change the cause of action or defense.
It follows, we think, that it is within the power of the trial court to allow, before trial, an amended complaint to be filed containing a new cause of action or suit material to the subject matter of the controversy then before the court. A plaintiff cannot, of course, abandon his original cause of action or suit, and substitute an entirely new and different one, because in such case the new pleading would not be an amendment, but a substitution for the original. But so long as the amendment is germane to the subject matter of the controversy, we can see no objection to the court, in the exercise of a sound discretion, allowing the pleadings to be amended in furtherance of justice by inserting new and additional allegations material to such controversy, although they may, in effect, constitute a new cause of action or defense. That this is the intention of the statute is, it seems to us, made manifest from the latter clause of the section under consideration, which specially restricts the amendments made on the trial to such as do not substantially change the cause of action or defense.
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Mr. Justice Bean,
after making the foregoing statement, delivered the opinion of the court.
1. The defendants contend, at the outset, that the court had no right, as a matter of law, to alN'v the amended complaint to be filed, because it purposed to add a new and distinct cause of suit not embraced in the original complaint. The statute (Hill’s Ann. Laws, § 101) provides that: “The court may, at anytime before trial, in the furtherance of justice, and upon such terms as may be proper, allow any pleading or proceeding to be amended by adding the name of a party,' or other allegation material to the cause, and, in like manner and for like reasons, it may, at any time before the cause is submitted, allow such pleading or proceeding to be amended by striking out the name of any party or by correcting a mistake in the name of any party or a mistake in any other respect or when the amendment does not substantially change the cause of action or defense by conforming the pleading or proceeding to the facts proved.” The construction of this section has been much discussed, and, while it must be regarded as settled that a new cause of action [262]*262cannot be inserted by way of amendment on tbe trial (Foste v. Standard Insurance Company, 26 Or. 449, 38 Pac. 617), the question as to whether it may be done before trial has never been decided here, and the decisions elsewhere are conflicting. By one class of cases — of which Board of Supervisors v. Decker, 34 Wis. 378, is an example — it is held that a party cannot, under the form of an amendment before trial, change the scope of his action, or insert a new cause of action. But it is believed that this view is not in harmony with the great weight of authority, or the reason and spirit of the statute. In New York, under a statute practically the same as ours, the courts, after apparent vacillation, finally established the rule that an amendment before trial, setting up a new cause of action or suit, is permissible if in furtherance of justice, but that the power to grant amendments upon the trial is restricted to such amendments as do not change substantially the cause of action or defense: 1 Rumsey’s Practice, 284; Brown v. Leigh, 49 N. Y. 78; Hatch v. Central Bank, 78 N. Y. 487; Freeman v. Grant, 132 N. Y. 22 (30 N. E. 247).
In Brown v. Leigh, 49 N. Y. 78, the original complaint was to compel the determination of conflicting claims to real property, but under a statute providing that any pleading may be once amended by the party of course without prejudice to proceedings already had, the plaintiff served an amended complaint which set forth a cause of action in ejectment. This was stricken out on motion, upon the ground that it embraced a new and different cause of action from that set forth in the original complaint. Prom this order [263]*263an appeal was taken, and Mr. Justice Grover, after referring to the fact that some of the courts of the state had held that the statute only gave the right to amend and perfect what was previously set out in an imperfect manner, and that others had held that a new cause of action or defense might be set up, says: “ I think the construction adopted in the former cases too strict, and subversive of the true meaning of the section in this respect. That gives a party power to amend any pleading once without imposing any restriction upon it. The term ‘pleading’ includes all the pleadings of both parties. The ‘ complaint ’ is the statement of the plaintiff’s cause or causes of action. It is this statement or complaint that may be amended and perfected by the party so as to enable him to present his entire case upon trial. It is not confined to an amendment of such matter as has been defectively stated in the original complaint. The same remarks apply to the answer. This is a statement of the defense and of any counterclaim or claims. It is this statement that may be amended by the party so as to enable him to avail himself of all his defenses upon trial. It follows that new causes of action may be included in the complaint, and those in the original left out, and new defenses or counterclaims embraced in the answer. That this was the intention of the legislature clearly appears from the last clause of section 173, Code Procedure [which is similar to our section 101], by which the power of the court to grant amendments upon the trial by conforming the pleading to the facts proved is restricted to such amendments as do not change substantially the claim or defense. The [264]*264insertion of the restriction shows that the legislature, in its absence, understood that such change might be made under the power conferred. There is no such restriction in section 172, nor upon the general power conferred upon the court to allow amendments conferred by section 173. Were the power to amend upon trial unrestricted, parties might be compelled to litigate matters of which they had no notice, and for which they were unprepared, and injustice thereby done; but there is no such danger where the amendment is made before trial, so that the adverse party may come fully prepared to meet.” It is quite true, this decision was made under a section of the New York statute in substance the same as section 99 of our code, but it was no more liberal as to the character of the amendment which may be made than the first clause of section 101, now under consideration. The only difference is that in the one instance the amendment may be made as a matter of course, while in the other it can only be done by leave of the court, and in furtherance of justice; and therefore the reasoning of Judge Grover in the case referred to is just as applicable to the case in hand, and to the proper construction of the first clause of section 101, as it is to the construction of the section of the New York statute which he was then considering. The section quoted plainly provides for two classes of amendments, one made before trial and the other after the trial has begun, and before the final submission of the case. In the former, no limitation is placed upon the power of the court to allow an amendment except that it must be “in furtherance of justice,” and, if a [265]*265new allegation is added, it must be one “ material to the cause while in the latter the power is restricted to such amendments as do not substantially change the cause of action or defense.
It follows, we think, that it is within the power of the trial court to allow, before trial, an amended complaint to be filed containing a new cause of action or suit material to the subject matter of the controversy then before the court. A plaintiff cannot, of course, abandon his original cause of action or suit, and substitute an entirely new and different one, because in such case the new pleading would not be an amendment, but a substitution for the original. But so long as the amendment is germane to the subject matter of the controversy, we can see no objection to the court, in the exercise of a sound discretion, allowing the pleadings to be amended in furtherance of justice by inserting new and additional allegations material to such controversy, although they may, in effect, constitute a new cause of action or defense. That this is the intention of the statute is, it seems to us, made manifest from the latter clause of the section under consideration, which specially restricts the amendments made on the trial to such as do not substantially change the cause of action or defense. This construction is in harmony with the rule governing the allowance of amendments, which has in view the determination of the actual controversy with as little expense and delay as possible. “While the parties are in court,” says Chief Justice Strahan, “they ought to be permitted to shape their pleadings in such form as they may be advised, so as to present [266]*266the real questions at issue that the same may be determined with as little delay and expense as possible. Nothing is ever gained by turning a party out of court, or compelling him to take a nonsuit, on account of some defect in his pleadings not discovered, perhaps, until during the progress of the case, when an amendment could supply the defect, and the action or suit be brought to an early determination”: Baldock v. Atwood, 21 Or. 73 (26 Pac. 1058). As illustrating tbe power of the court, under a statute similar to ours, to allow the pleadings to be amended, the case of Hatch v. Central Bank, 78 N. Y. 487, is instructive. In that case the original complaint alleged, in substance, that plaintiff purchased of defendant what purported to be four United States treasury notes for $1,000, which were counterfeited. Upon issue joined the plaintiff had judgment for the amount paid for the counterfeit notes, with interest; but, after this judgment had been paid and satisfied, the court granted a motion that it be opened, and the satisfaction thereof can-celled, and that plaintiff be allowed to serve an amended complaint, adding a count setting forth the purchase of four other similar counterfeited notes, which it was claimed was omitted from the original complaint by mistake, on condition that the plaintiff refund and repay the amount of the judgment which had been paid, and upon compliance with certain other terms and conditions, although the effect of such amendment was to avoid the statute of limitations. The order allowing this amendment was affirmed on appeal, the court, through Mr. Justice Dannokth, saying that “it was going a great way to [267]*267grant the relief sought, but the application was not without merit, and was one which, under a long series of authorities, the court had power to grant.” Within this construction of the statute, supported by the authorities cited, the court had power to allow the amendment sought to be made in this case, although it would have added an additional ground for relief to that contained in the original complaint. It was not intended to change the real gist of the controversy between the parties, or the subject matter of the litigation. The original purpose of the suit was to determine the rights of the respective parties and their priorities in and to the real property in question; and the allegation of any fact material to the controversy, either as a ground of relief or as a defense, could, within the discretion of the trial court, in our opinion, be permitted by amendment before trial.
2. Nevertheless the statement of the new matter in the amended complaint as filed is clearly insufficient as a basis for the relief sought, because it is not alleged that the cancellation of the mortgages was made in ignorance of the defendants’ judgment. It is unquestioned that a court of equity will, in a proper case, restore the lien of a mortgage cancelled by mistake; but before it will do so it must be made to appear that at the time of the cancellation or release the mortgagee did not know of the intervening lien. This is so elementary that its mere statement is sufficient. Manifestly, a mortgagee who, with complete knowledge of the existence of another lien on the mortgaged premises, deliberately cancels and releases his security, cannot subsequently ask a court of equity to re[268]*268store him to his original priority. For this reason the allegations of the amended complaint concerning the mortgages in question and their cancellation were wholly immaterial, and the motion to strike them out ought to have been sustained. Nor can it be said that this defect was cured by the verdict — if it could be so cured — because there is not a scintilla of proof in the record anywhere to show that the mortgagee did not know of defendants’ judgment at the time he released his mortgage. It follows, therefore, that the court below erred in entering a decree giving the cancelled mortgages priority over defendants’ judgment, because there is neither allegation nor proof to support it.
3. The only question remaining for discussion is as to the validity of such a judgment. The contention is that it is void because entered by the clerk in vacation, under section 249 of Hill’s Ann. Laws, which provides that, if no answer be filed within the time specified within the summons, or such further time as may have been granted by the court, or judge thereof, the clerk, upon the application of plaintiff, shall enter the default of the defendant, and immediately enter judgment against him for the amount specified in the summons. The contention is that this statute is unconstitutional and void, because it attempts to confer judicial powers upon the clerk. But this point was made and decided adversely to the plaintiff’s contention in Crawford v. Beard, 12 Or. 447 (8 Pac. 537), and this decision has become a rule of property, and ought not at this late date be disturbed, whatever the view of the individual members of the court as now constituted may be upon the question here suggested. The [269]*269decree of the court below is therefore reversed, and the complaint dismissed, without prejudice, however, to another suit to restore the cancelled mortgages referred to in the amended complaint if the plaintiff shall be so advised.
Be VERSED,