T-Peg v . Vermont Timber 03-CV-462-SM 11/08/05 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
DISTRICT OF NEW HAMPSHIRE
T-Peg, Inc. and Timberpeg East, Inc., Plaintiffs
v. Civil N o . 03-cv-462-SM Opinion N o . 2005 DNH 152 Vermont Timber Works, Inc. and Douglas S . Friant, Defendants
O R D E R
Defendants (collectively “VTW”) prevailed in plaintiffs’
(collectively “Timberpeg”) copyright infringement suit.
Defendants now move for costs and attorneys’ fees. Plaintiffs
object. For the reasons given below, VTW’s motion for attorneys’
fees is granted.
Under the Copyright Act, “the court in its discretion . . .
may . . . award a reasonable attorney’s fee to the prevailing
party as a part of the costs.” 17 U.S.C. § 505. A number of
factors are properly considered in determining fee awards.
These factors include “frivolousness, motivation, objective unreasonableness (both in the factual and in the legal components of the case) and the need in particular circumstances to advance considerations of compensation and deterrence.” Lieb v . Topstone Industries, Inc., 788 F.2d 1 5 1 , 156 ([3d Cir.] 1986). We agree that such factors may be used to guide courts’ discretion, so long as such factors are faithful to the purposes of the Copyright Act and are applied to prevailing plaintiffs and defendants in an evenhanded manner.1
Fogerty v . Fantasy, Inc., 510 U.S. 5 1 7 , 534 n.19 (1994). When
assessing factors such as frivolousness and objective
unreasonableness, the analysis should focus on what a party knew
when it pressed a claim or defense, rather than on what decisions
that party might have made with the benefit of the court’s
subsequent resolution of the case. See InvesSys, Inc. v . McGraw-
Hill Cos., 369 F.3d 1 6 , 21 (1st Cir. 2004) (citing Tang v . R.I.
Dep’t of Elderly Affairs, 163 F.3d 7 , 13 (1st Cir. 1998)).
Here, it might be a stretch to say that Timberpeg’s suit was
patently frivolous from the outset. When Timberpeg filed suit,
its agents knew that: (1) Stanley Isbitski was a former
client/customer for whom Timberpeg prepared several sets of house
1 “[T]he overriding purpose of the Copyright Act [is] to encourage the production of original literary, artistic, and musical expression for the public good.” Lotus Dev. Corp. v . Borland Int’l, Inc., 140 F.3d 7 0 , 73 (1st Cir. 1998) (citing Fogerty, 510 U.S. at 5 3 4 ) .
2 plans; (2) one set of Timberpeg’s plans had been placed on file
by Isbitski with the Town of Salisbury; (3) Isbitski showed
Timberpeg’s plans to VTW; (4) VTW designed a post-and-beam frame
to support a portion of the house designed by Timberpeg; and (5)
the house ultimately built on the VTW frame was substantially
similar in appearance and lay-out to the house Timberpeg designed
for Isbitski. Based upon that knowledge, Timberpeg could have
plausibly thought, initially at least, that VTW copied its
architectural plans.
Objective reasonableness, however, is a different matter.
The objective reasonableness inquiry includes an examination of
both the factual basis and the legal basis for a party’s claim or
defense. Fogerty, 510 U.S. at 534 n.19.
Timberpeg argues, based upon the undisputed fact that the
VTW frame was capable of supporting a portion of the house
Timberpeg designed, that it was objectively reasonable for it to
conclude, as a factual matter, that VTW’s “timberframe must have
been prepared on the basis of [Timberpeg’s] architectural plans.”
The reasonableness of that conclusion was bolstered, Timberpeg
3 contends, by its discovery, prior to filing suit, that Isbitski
had actually shown Timberpeg’s plans to a VTW frame designer.
While it might have been objectively reasonable, as a factual
matter, for Timberpeg to have concluded that VTW based its frame
design on the floor plans and elevations Timberpeg had prepared
for Isbitski, it was certainly not reasonable for Timberpeg to
conclude that VTW copied a Timberpeg frame design, since
Timberpeg never designed a frame.
Timberpeg also contends that its legal theory of liability
was objectively reasonable. Relying upon language from Hunt v .
Pasternack, 192 F.3d 877 (9th Cir. 1999), and the legislative
history of the Architectural Works Copyright Protection Act
(“AWCPA”), Timberpeg grounded its copyright infringement claim on
VTW’s “mere use[] of the plans to design a structure, as opposed
to first duplicating the plans [and] then using the duplicated
plans to design/create a structure.” The question, then, is
whether it was objectively reasonable for Timberpeg to assert
that VTW’s timberframe design, or the timberframe itself,
constituted an infringing copy of Timberpeg’s architectural plans
4 or the architectural work embodied in those plans. The answer,
quite plainly, is “no.”
Academic support does exist for the proposition that a
completed building or structure can itself constitute an
infringing copy of an architectural work. See, e.g., Louis
Altman, Copyright on Architectural Works, 33 I D E A 1 , 61 (1992)
(“In contrast to the pre-1990 law, building designs covered by
the Architectural Works Copyright Protection Act can be infringed
not only by copying the design in the form of two-dimensional
plans or drawings or a three-dimensional model, but also by the
construction of a full-sized building which embodies the
protected design . . .”) (footnotes omitted); Andrew S . Pollock,
Comment, The Architectural Works Copyright Protection Act: An
Analysis of Probable Ramifications and Arising Issues, 70 N E B . L .
R E V . 873, 881-87 (1991). Moreover, as Timberpeg correctly notes,
Hunt characterizes the House Report on the A W C P A as making it
“clear that an unconstructed work, embodied only in plans or
drawings, can be infringed by a structure that embodies the
copied design.” 192 F.3d at 880 (emphasis added). And, H . R .
R E P . N o . 101-735, reprinted in 1990 U . S . C . C . A . N . 6935, uses the
5 term “infringing buildings” at several points. Id. at 6944 &
6953 n.50.
S o , it cannot be said that Timberpeg’s legal theory of
liability – that a structure can itself constitute an infringing
copy of an architectural work – was, in the abstract, objectively
unreasonable. But the issue here is more focused. First, VTW
did not design or construct a building that looked like the one
designed by Timberpeg. Indeed, VTW did not design or construct
any building at all; it designed and constructed a discrete
component of a building - a post-and-beam frame. Timberpeg did
not design a post-and-beam frame; it simply designed floor plans
and elevations according to the general specifications provided
by Isbitski. And, the record is clear that a number of
alternative frame types and designs would suffice to support the
building Timberpeg designed.
When Timberpeg filed suit it knew that it had not developed
a frame design for Isbitski (that i s , it never created an
architectural work related to a post-and-beam frame). Timberpeg
knew as well that it had not produced any drawing or plan related
6 to a frame design. And Timberpeg knew that VTW designed and
built only a timberframe. And Timberpeg necessarily understood
that its building design could be supported by any number of
frame types and designs. Accordingly, Timberpeg’s copyright
infringement claim consisted, essentially, of an assertion that
its architectural work (the overall house design), embodied
without a frame design, was infringed by VTW’s own timberframe
design, unembellished by other architectural details.
Timberpeg’s theory of infringement ignored the reality that
its frameless architectural work could be supported by a variety
of different frame designs and framing systems.2 It also ignored
the fact that the frame VTW designed and built was capable of
supporting a variety of different architectural designs - any
number of which would be non-infringing with respect to
Timberpeg’s house design. In other words, there was no necessary
infringing correlation between Timberpeg’s architectural work
(the house plans) and VTW’s frame design, just as there is no
2 That Timberpeg’s architectural work could be supported by several different frame designs and framing systems is borne out by the fact that Timberpeg’s preliminary plans for Isbitski’s house called for (but did not depict) a purlin and rafter framing system while its construction plans for the same house called for (but did not depict) a frame employing a bent system.
7 necessary correlation between VTW’s frame design and Timberpeg’s
architectural work.
It was, therefore, objectively unreasonable for Timberpeg to
sue VTW based upon a claim that VTW’s frame constituted an
embodiment of Timberpeg’s house plans. That VTW’s frame could
accommodate Timberpeg’s house design hardly made that frame an
infringing copy of Timberpeg’s house plans. Timberpeg’s legal
theory - that VTW’s frame infringed - was objectively
unreasonable in the context of this case, and amounted to an
attempt by Timberpeg to extend its copyright protection
substantially further than legally permissible. See Matthews v .
Freedman, 157 F.3d 2 5 , 29 (1st Cir. 1998) (affirming district
court’s determination of objective unreasonableness when
plaintiff tried “to extend her copyright protection far beyond
what [was] allowed by law”).
The remaining Fogerty factors also support an award of costs
and fees. Regarding Timberpeg’s motivation, the assertion of an
objectively unreasonable claim goes beyond any legitimate attempt
to clarify or extend the scope of copyright law but, rather,
8 suggests “a desire to discourage and financially damage a
competitor by forcing it into costly litigation.” Yankee Candle
C o . v . Bridgewater Candle Co., 140 F. Supp. 2d 1 1 1 , 116 (D. Mass.
2001) (citing NLFC, Inc. v . Devcom Mid-America, Inc., 916 F.
Supp. 7 5 1 , 759-60 (N.D. Ill. 1996)).
Timberpeg’s commitment to protecting its intellectual
property through litigation, or the threat of litigation, is
apparently strong, as it should b e . But this case crosses the
line between vigorous protection and unwarranted intimidation.
An award of costs and fees will serve the important purpose of
deterring Timberpeg and others from the kind of imaginative
overreaching represented by the legal theory it attempted to
force upon the unsuitable facts of this case.
VTW has demonstrated its entitlement to costs and attorneys’
fees under 17 U.S.C. § 505. Accordingly, its motion for costs
and fees (document n o . 100) is granted. All that remains is to
determine the amount.
9 VTW initially requested an award of $118,631.933 and has
since requested an additional $1,840, representing fees generated
by its review of and reply to Timberpeg’s objection to its fee
request. Timberpeg counters that the amount requested by VTW is
unreasonable, and seeks several specific reductions, each of
which is addressed below.
Under the fee-shifting provisions of the Copyright Act, as
“[u]nder most federal fee-shifting statutes . . . the trial judge
must determine ‘the number of hours reasonably expended on the
litigation multiplied by a reasonable hourly rate.’” Gay Officers
Action League v . Puerto Rico, 247 F.3d 2 8 8 , 295 (1st Cir. 2001)
(quoting Hensley v . Eckerhart, 461 U.S. 4 2 4 , 433 (1983)). “In
implementing this lodestar approach, the judge calculates the
time counsel spent on the case, subtracts duplicative,
unproductive, or excessive hours, and then applies prevailing
rates in the community (taking into account the qualifications,
experience, and specialized competence of the attorneys
involved).” Gay Officers, 247 F.3d at 295 (citing Lipsett v .
3 This figure includes $772.50 in billings from two previous attorneys, plus 553 hours of Attorney Whittington’s time, billed at $200 per hour, and 56 hours of Attorney Whittington’s paralegal’s time, billed at $85 per hour.
10 Blanco, 975 F.2d 9 3 4 , 937 (1st Cir. 1992); United States v .
Metro. Dist. Comm’n, 847 F.2d 1 2 , 15-17 (1st Cir. 1988);
Grendel’s Den, Inc. v . Larkin, 749 F.2d 945, 950-51 (1st Cir.
1984)).
Timberpeg correctly points out that VTW has not offered
affidavits or other evidence supporting the reasonableness of
Attorney Whittington’s hourly rate of $200. But based upon the
court’s knowledge of legal practice in New Hampshire, $200 per
hour falls comfortably within the range of reasonable billing
rates for practitioners of Attorney Whittington’s level of
experience and ability.
Timberpeg argues that $53,837 should be deducted from VTW’s
award, to prevent VTW from realizing a windfall. Timberpeg
points to the fee arrangement between VTW and Whittington, and
suggests that the actual fee charged will be less than that
claimed in the fee petition. But unlike the fee agreement in
Jewish Employment & Vocational Service, Inc. v . Pleasantville
Educational Supply Corp., 601 F. Supp. 224 (E.D. P a . 1983), under
which the attorney charged half his usual fee but promised to
11 pursue full reimbursement and allow the client to pocket the
difference, the fee agreement between VTW and Attorney
Whittington explicitly precludes any such outcome. All fees
collected by VTW will be paid to Whittington’s firm, at the full
billing rate. That the client might incur a reduced obligation
if full fees are not recovered is a benefit that does not extend
to Timberpeg, nor should i t . Accordingly, the requested
reduction, based upon Jewish Employment, is denied.
Timberpeg requests an additional reduction of ten percent,
based upon the alleged lack of detail in Attorney Whittington’s
billing records. This is not a case like Grendel’s Den, where
there was an absence of contemporaneous billing records. 749
F.2d at 951. Nor is it a case like Yankee Candle, in which the
prevailing defendant’s request for fees was reduced by ten
percent primarily because of “the rather substantial amount of
time [the defendant’s] attorneys spent in conferences with each
other.” 140 F. Supp. 2d at 125. Timberpeg has not identified
any specific “excessive hours, duplication of services, [or]
fruitless pursuits,” id. (citation omitted), and it is not
entitled to a ten-percent reduction in fees.
12 Timberpeg also argues that VTW’s fee award should be reduced
by $4,640 - the amount billed for VTW’s unsuccessful motion to
dismiss. But that motion, while denied, was neither tangential
nor frivolous. Rather, work on the motion to dismiss, which
focused on the same issues raised in the subsequent motion for
summary judgment, contributed to VTW’s success on that latter
motion and was, therefore, neither fruitless nor unproductive.
Timberpeg also contends that Attorney Whittington spent
excessive time on VTW’s motion for summary judgment and that
VTW’s request for $18,000 in fees for that motion should be
reduced by fifty percent. In Timberpeg’s words, “[t]o a
significant extent, defense counsel billed for his education in
copyright law for which Timberpeg should not be forced to pay.”
Attorney Whittington’s billing records disclose that over the
course of the entire case, the number of hours he and his
paralegal devoted to legal research fell somewhere between 31 and
131. In those billing records, 31 hours are accounted for by
entries listing only research activities, while another 100 hours
are accounted for in listings that include both research and
other activities. Assuming that half the time represented by
13 those mixed entries was devoted to research, VTW seeks
reimbursement for approximately 80 hours of research time. That
seems a reasonable amount of time to have devoted to legal
research, over seventeen months, in a case whose complexity
flowed, largely, from Timberpeg’s legal theory.
Timberpeg argues, as well, that VTW’s request for fees
should be reduced by $5,405, the amount Attorney Whittington
billed for representing Kim Hentschel at her deposition. While
Hentschel was no longer a VTW employee at the time of her
deposition, she was employed by VTW at the time Isbitski dealt
with the company, and those dealings were the subject of the
deposition. Attorney Whittington billed VTW, not Hentschel, for
the cost of representing Hentschel at the deposition. But
whether he was, strictly speaking, representing Hentschel, or
attended the deposition on behalf of VTW, or both, the fees would
have been substantially identical. The record suggests that
Whittington’s representation was dual but the fees charged were
not. VTW was properly charged for that time for services
rendered to i t .
14 Timberpeg also challenges: (1) an invoice dated December 2 9 ,
2004, in the amount of $2,250, which VTW subsequently identified
as an expert witness fee; (2) another expert witness fee of
$1,350, on an invoice dated April 1 2 , 2005; and (3) a $229.50
billing for legal research and a memorandum related to VTW’s
inadvertent disclosure of information to Timberpeg during
discovery.
VTW may not recover expert witness fees. “[C]osts that may
be assessed to reimburse a prevailing party [in a copyright
infringement case] for its expert witness fees are limited to the
$40 limit provided for in 28 U.S.C. § 1821(b).” Artisan
Contractors Ass’n of Am., Inc. v . Frontier Ins. Co., 275 F.3d
1038, 1040 (11th Cir. 2001); see also Pinkham v . Camex, Inc., 84
F.3d 2 9 2 , 295 (8th Cir. 1996) (“we conclude costs under 17 U.S.C.
§ 505 are limited to the costs expressly identified in 28 U.S.C.
§ 1920, and that expert witness fees in excess of the 28 U.S.C. §
1821(b) $40 limit are not recoverable”); Barrera v . Brooklyn
Music, Ltd., 346 F. Supp. 2d 4 0 0 , 406 (S.D.N.Y. 2004) (“Given
that the authority provided by § 505 of the Copyright Act mirrors
that of 28 U.S.C. § 1920 recovery [of expert witness fees in
15 excess of $40] is also barred under the Copyright Act.”); NLFC,
916 F. Supp. at 764 (denying expert witness fees in excess of $40
in copyright infringement case). Accordingly, VTW’s fee request
must be reduced by $3,600, the amount of the expert witness fees.
Finally, regarding the $229.50 billing for research into
remedies for VTW’s inadvertent disclosure of information to
Timberpeg during discovery, it is perhaps more appropriate that
VTW bear that cost. After all, the work was necessary only
because VTW was careless. It is a small amount, but Timberpeg’s
point is well taken. The fee request is reduced by $229.50.
Conclusion
For the reasons given, Attorney Whittington’s hourly rate,
and that of his paralegal, are reasonable. The hours expended on
VTW’s defense against Timberpeg’s claims are also reasonable, for
the following reasons: (1) duplication of effort and excessive
consultation were minimized by Attorney Whittington’s status as a
sole practitioner; (2) the case involved several complicated
discovery disputes; (3) the case was vigorously contested on both
sides; and (4) the stakes were high for VTW due to the company’s
16 relatively small size and the potentially debilitating effect of
an unfavorable outcome. Because the hourly rates and the number
of hours expended on the defense of this case are both
reasonable, the lodestar figure that results from multiplying the
latter by the former is presumed reasonable. Accordingly, VTW is
entitled to costs and attorneys’ fees in the amount of
$116,642.43. That figure represents V T W s original request, plus
the cost of litigating the issue of fees ($1,840), minus the non-
recoverable expert witness fees ($3,600), and the fee associated
with the inadvertent disclosure ($229.50).
SO ORDERED.
Steven J. McAuliffe /Chief Judge
November 8, 2005
cc: W. E. Whittington, IV, Esq. Daniel E. Will, Esq.