NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO FILE REHEARING MOTION AND, IF FILED, DETERMINED
IN THE DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL OF FLORIDA SECOND DISTRICT
T.D., ) ) Appellant, ) ) v. ) Case No. 2D18-4291 ) K.F., ) ) Appellee. ) )
Opinion filed November 8, 2019.
Appeal from the Circuit Court for Lee County; Nicholas Thompson, Judge.
T.D., pro se.
K.F., pro se.
VILLANTI, Judge.
In this paternity action, T.D. (the Mother) appeals the order granting the
"Supplemental Petition To Modify Parental Responsibility, Visitation, Or Parenting
Plan/Time-Sharing Schedule And Other Relief" filed by K.F. (the Father). We agree
with the Mother that the trial court's order is deficient to the extent that it does not
identify the steps the Mother must take to regain unsupervised contact with her child in
Orange County, and we therefore reverse and remand for the trial court to make additional findings and enter an amended order on this single issue. In all other
respects, we affirm.
The record before this court shows that the Mother and Father were
unmarried, but living together, when the child was born and for several months
thereafter. When the child was a few months old, the Mother relocated with the child
from Lee County to Orange County. The Father, who was named on the child's birth
certificate, quickly filed a paternity action seeking a judgment on parental responsibility
and time-sharing and a determination of child support. The original paternity judgment,
which was rendered on April 3, 2014, gave the parties shared parental responsibility
and rotating time-sharing, and it ordered the Father to pay child support.
On February 28, 2017, the Father filed a supplemental petition to modify
parental responsibility, time-sharing, and visitation. The impetus for the filing was an
investigation of the Mother by the Department of Children and Families (DCF), which
was based on allegations of inappropriate sexual activity and drug usage in the
presence of the child. While the trial court initially denied several motions for
emergency pick-up orders because of DCF's involvement and supervision, on
February 13, 2018, the trial court granted the Father's emergency motion for temporary
custody, and the child has been living with the Father since that date.
The evidentiary hearing on the Father's supplemental petition was held on
March 13, 2018. At the conclusion of the hearing, the court entered a temporary order
that required the parties to continue to follow the safety plan that was in place from
DCF. The court ordered that the child remain primarily with the Father but also
permitted the Mother to have time-sharing with the child so long as it was supervised by
-2- either of two relatives. This temporary order did not restrict where the Mother's time-
sharing could be held.
On August 23, 2018, the trial court entered the final order granting the
Father's supplemental petition. In the final order, the court gave the Father primary
parental responsibility for the child and made him the primary residential parent. As to
time-sharing, the final order modified the temporary order by permitting the Mother to
have unsupervised time-sharing with the child, but it limited the location of her time-
sharing to Lee County. The final order contains no explanation for this modification of
the nature and location of the Mother's time-sharing, and it provides no steps for the
Mother to follow to regain any time-sharing—whether supervised or not—with the child
in Orange County. The Mother now brings this appeal, contending, among other things,
that the order is erroneous because it does not include any guidance on the steps she
must take to regain time-sharing with the child in Orange County.1 We agree that this
error requires reversal for further proceedings.
This court has repeatedly held that when a trial court modifies a parenting
plan to restrict one parent's right to time-sharing, the court must "identify 'concrete
steps' in the final judgment that the parent must take to reestablish time-sharing." Perez
v. Fay, 160 So. 3d 459, 467 (Fla. 2d DCA 2015) (quoting Grigsby v. Grigsby, 39 So. 3d
1The Mother also argued in her initial brief that the order on the Father's supplemental petition is not supported by the evidence presented at the hearing. However, no court reporter was present at the evidentiary hearing on the Father's petition, no transcript of the hearing is available to this court, and no statement of the evidence was prepared. See Fla. R. App. P. 9.200(b)(5). Because of this, we cannot review the Mother's claims alleging the various ways in which she contends that the trial court's order is not supported by the evidence. See Applegate v. Barnett Bank of Tallahassee, 377 So. 2d 1150, 1152 (Fla. 1979).
-3- 453, 457 (Fla. 2d DCA 2010)); see also Curiale v. Curiale, 220 So. 3d 554, 555 (Fla. 2d
DCA 2017). As we noted in those cases,
the court must give the parent the key to reconnecting with his or her children. An order that does not set forth the specific steps a parent must take to reestablish time-sharing, thus depriving the parent of that key, is deficient because it prevents the parent from knowing what is expected and prevents any successor judge from monitoring the parent's progress.
Perez, 160 So. 3d at 467 (quoting Grigsby, 39 So. 3d at 457). Essentially, we have
required the trial court to identify what the parent must do to return to the time-sharing
he or she enjoyed before the court entered the order that modified time-sharing.2
Here, as in both Perez and Grigsby, the trial court's order places new
restrictions on the Mother's time-sharing, and yet it does not identify what steps the
Mother must take to reestablish the time-sharing that she had before entry of the order.
Because the trial court imposed new restrictions on the Mother's time-sharing, it was
required to identify the steps the Mother must take to be able to return to having time-
sharing with her child in Orange County. The trial court's failure to do so constitutes
reversible error on the face of the judgment.
Because we must remand for further proceedings on this issue, we take
this opportunity to note the contours of what is expected. As the supreme court noted
almost forty years ago, "it is impossible to establish strict rules of law for every
conceivable situation which could arise in the course of a domestic relation proceeding.
The trial judge can ordinarily best determine what is appropriate and just because only
2We recognize that the First District has held to the contrary in Dukes v. Griffin, 230 So. 3d 155, 156 (Fla. 1st DCA 2017). We therefore certify conflict with Dukes.
-4- he can personally observe the participants and events of the trial." Canakaris v.
Canakaris, 382 So. 2d 1197, 1202 (Fla. 1980). Hence, there are no hard and fast rules
for what steps the trial court must order in any given case. Instead, the trial court must
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NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO FILE REHEARING MOTION AND, IF FILED, DETERMINED
IN THE DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL OF FLORIDA SECOND DISTRICT
T.D., ) ) Appellant, ) ) v. ) Case No. 2D18-4291 ) K.F., ) ) Appellee. ) )
Opinion filed November 8, 2019.
Appeal from the Circuit Court for Lee County; Nicholas Thompson, Judge.
T.D., pro se.
K.F., pro se.
VILLANTI, Judge.
In this paternity action, T.D. (the Mother) appeals the order granting the
"Supplemental Petition To Modify Parental Responsibility, Visitation, Or Parenting
Plan/Time-Sharing Schedule And Other Relief" filed by K.F. (the Father). We agree
with the Mother that the trial court's order is deficient to the extent that it does not
identify the steps the Mother must take to regain unsupervised contact with her child in
Orange County, and we therefore reverse and remand for the trial court to make additional findings and enter an amended order on this single issue. In all other
respects, we affirm.
The record before this court shows that the Mother and Father were
unmarried, but living together, when the child was born and for several months
thereafter. When the child was a few months old, the Mother relocated with the child
from Lee County to Orange County. The Father, who was named on the child's birth
certificate, quickly filed a paternity action seeking a judgment on parental responsibility
and time-sharing and a determination of child support. The original paternity judgment,
which was rendered on April 3, 2014, gave the parties shared parental responsibility
and rotating time-sharing, and it ordered the Father to pay child support.
On February 28, 2017, the Father filed a supplemental petition to modify
parental responsibility, time-sharing, and visitation. The impetus for the filing was an
investigation of the Mother by the Department of Children and Families (DCF), which
was based on allegations of inappropriate sexual activity and drug usage in the
presence of the child. While the trial court initially denied several motions for
emergency pick-up orders because of DCF's involvement and supervision, on
February 13, 2018, the trial court granted the Father's emergency motion for temporary
custody, and the child has been living with the Father since that date.
The evidentiary hearing on the Father's supplemental petition was held on
March 13, 2018. At the conclusion of the hearing, the court entered a temporary order
that required the parties to continue to follow the safety plan that was in place from
DCF. The court ordered that the child remain primarily with the Father but also
permitted the Mother to have time-sharing with the child so long as it was supervised by
-2- either of two relatives. This temporary order did not restrict where the Mother's time-
sharing could be held.
On August 23, 2018, the trial court entered the final order granting the
Father's supplemental petition. In the final order, the court gave the Father primary
parental responsibility for the child and made him the primary residential parent. As to
time-sharing, the final order modified the temporary order by permitting the Mother to
have unsupervised time-sharing with the child, but it limited the location of her time-
sharing to Lee County. The final order contains no explanation for this modification of
the nature and location of the Mother's time-sharing, and it provides no steps for the
Mother to follow to regain any time-sharing—whether supervised or not—with the child
in Orange County. The Mother now brings this appeal, contending, among other things,
that the order is erroneous because it does not include any guidance on the steps she
must take to regain time-sharing with the child in Orange County.1 We agree that this
error requires reversal for further proceedings.
This court has repeatedly held that when a trial court modifies a parenting
plan to restrict one parent's right to time-sharing, the court must "identify 'concrete
steps' in the final judgment that the parent must take to reestablish time-sharing." Perez
v. Fay, 160 So. 3d 459, 467 (Fla. 2d DCA 2015) (quoting Grigsby v. Grigsby, 39 So. 3d
1The Mother also argued in her initial brief that the order on the Father's supplemental petition is not supported by the evidence presented at the hearing. However, no court reporter was present at the evidentiary hearing on the Father's petition, no transcript of the hearing is available to this court, and no statement of the evidence was prepared. See Fla. R. App. P. 9.200(b)(5). Because of this, we cannot review the Mother's claims alleging the various ways in which she contends that the trial court's order is not supported by the evidence. See Applegate v. Barnett Bank of Tallahassee, 377 So. 2d 1150, 1152 (Fla. 1979).
-3- 453, 457 (Fla. 2d DCA 2010)); see also Curiale v. Curiale, 220 So. 3d 554, 555 (Fla. 2d
DCA 2017). As we noted in those cases,
the court must give the parent the key to reconnecting with his or her children. An order that does not set forth the specific steps a parent must take to reestablish time-sharing, thus depriving the parent of that key, is deficient because it prevents the parent from knowing what is expected and prevents any successor judge from monitoring the parent's progress.
Perez, 160 So. 3d at 467 (quoting Grigsby, 39 So. 3d at 457). Essentially, we have
required the trial court to identify what the parent must do to return to the time-sharing
he or she enjoyed before the court entered the order that modified time-sharing.2
Here, as in both Perez and Grigsby, the trial court's order places new
restrictions on the Mother's time-sharing, and yet it does not identify what steps the
Mother must take to reestablish the time-sharing that she had before entry of the order.
Because the trial court imposed new restrictions on the Mother's time-sharing, it was
required to identify the steps the Mother must take to be able to return to having time-
sharing with her child in Orange County. The trial court's failure to do so constitutes
reversible error on the face of the judgment.
Because we must remand for further proceedings on this issue, we take
this opportunity to note the contours of what is expected. As the supreme court noted
almost forty years ago, "it is impossible to establish strict rules of law for every
conceivable situation which could arise in the course of a domestic relation proceeding.
The trial judge can ordinarily best determine what is appropriate and just because only
2We recognize that the First District has held to the contrary in Dukes v. Griffin, 230 So. 3d 155, 156 (Fla. 1st DCA 2017). We therefore certify conflict with Dukes.
-4- he can personally observe the participants and events of the trial." Canakaris v.
Canakaris, 382 So. 2d 1197, 1202 (Fla. 1980). Hence, there are no hard and fast rules
for what steps the trial court must order in any given case. Instead, the trial court must
attempt to balance the "longstanding and fundamental liberty interest of parents in
determining the care and upbringing of their children free from the heavy hand of
government paternalism," Beagle v. Beagle, 678 So. 2d 1271, 1275 (Fla. 1996) (quoting
Padgett v. Dep't of Health & Rehab. Servs., 577 So. 2d 565, 570 (Fla. 1991)), against
the best interests of the child, see § 61.13(2)(c), Fla. Stat. (2018) (providing that the
best interests of the child are paramount when considering time-sharing and parental
responsibility). To maintain this balance when the trial court has modified one parent's
time-sharing to be more restrictive than it previously was, the court must not only
identify the specific steps the parent must take to regain the prior time-sharing but it
must also ensure that those steps are designed to address and correct the specific
deficiencies that led to the modification. See Curiale, 220 So. 3d at 555 ("The steps
necessary to reestablish time-sharing will be different in each case because they should
be designed to assist the parent in remedying the problems that led to the parent losing
time-sharing in the first place."); see also Witt-Bahls v. Bahls, 193 So. 3d 35, 39 (Fla.
4th DCA 2016) (suggesting that a court could identify anger management therapy or
substance abuse counseling as steps a parent might take to reestablish time-sharing in
an appropriate case); Forssell v. Forssell, 188 So. 3d 880, 881 (Fla. 4th DCA 2016)
(suggesting that the court could, on remand, "consider the need for a psychological
evaluation, a parenting course, and/or an anger management course before the father
-5- may resume time-sharing"). In this way, the parent gains the key to reconnecting with
his or her children in the manner that existed before the modification.
Here, because the order that modified the Mother's time-sharing did not
identify any steps that the Mother could take to regain her former time-sharing with her
child, we reverse and remand for further proceedings on this single issue. In all other
Affirmed in part; reversed in part; remanded for further proceedings;
conflict certified.
LUCAS, J., Concurs in result only. ROTHSTEIN-YOUAKIM, J., Concurs specially with opinion in which LUCAS, J., Concurs.
ROTHSTEIN-YOUAKIM, Judge, Specially concurring.
I concur in the result based on our precedent. I am troubled, however, by
our requirement that a trial court must "identify 'concrete steps' in the final judgment that
the parent must take to reestablish time-sharing." Perez v. Fay, 160 So. 3d 459, 467
(Fla. 2d DCA 2015) (quoting Grigsby v. Grigsby, 39 So. 3d 453, 457 (Fla. 2d DCA
2010)). Section 61.13(3), Florida Statutes, provides that modification of a time-sharing
schedule requires, in part, "a determination that the modification is in the best interest of
the child"—a determination that "shall be made by evaluating all of the factors affecting
the welfare and interests of the particular minor child and the circumstances of that
family." The section then goes on to identify a nonexclusive list of twenty general
considerations that may inform that determination.
-6- Accordingly, to the extent that our precedent suggests that a parent
wishing to reestablish time-sharing need only jump through a couple of hoops and
requires the trial court to specifically identify those hoops, I believe that it is contrary to
the plain language of section 61.13(3). But as I am not writing on a clean slate and
stare decisis binds me to follow it, I concur in the result here.
LUCAS, J., Concurs.
-7-