Filed 9/28/16 Sutton v. Vanderveen CA4/1 NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION ONE
STATE OF CALIFORNIA
MARK D. SUTTON, D068781
Plaintiff and Appellant, (Super. Ct. No. 37-2013-00031604- v. CU-PN-CTL)
JEFFREY T. VANDERVEEN,
Defendant and Respondent.
APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of San Diego County, Judith F.
Hayes, Judge. Affirmed.
Haskett & Associates, Steven P. Haskett and Andrew M. Haskett; Frederick C.
Phillips, for Plaintiff and Appellant.
Sandler, Lasry, Laube, Byer & Valdez, James G. Sandler and Jeffrey M. Byer for
Plaintiff Mark D. Sutton appeals a judgment in favor of defendant Jeffrey T.
Vanderveen following the trial court granting Vanderveen's summary judgment motion.
Sutton's complaint alleges a cause of action for legal malpractice arising from Vanderveen's estate planning for Sutton's deceased mother, Ruth Siano (Ruth).1 Ruth
died while her marriage to Vince Siano (Vince) was in dissolution proceedings, and
Sutton alleges that Vanderveen committed malpractice by not taking the necessary steps
to ensure that Ruth's heirs received her share of all community assets.
The trial court concluded Vanderveen owed no duty of care to Sutton. It also
determined Sutton lacked standing to pursue a successor in interest theory because the
allegations in the complaint did not purport to seek relief on Ruth's behalf. Based on
these findings, the trial court granted Vanderveen's summary judgment motion, and
entered judgment in Vanderveen's favor. We affirm the judgment.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
Sutton's Complaint
Sutton filed a legal malpractice complaint against Vanderveen in 2013.2 He
alleged Ruth became involved in a divorce proceeding in April 2010. At the
recommendation of her divorce attorney, Ruth retained Vanderveen in May 2010 to
establish a new estate plan to replace a revocable trust Ruth and Vince had previously
established, the Siano Family Trust. Ruth sought the new estate plan to ensure that her
heirs received her share of all community assets, including her one-half interest in a $2
million municipal bond. Vanderveen prepared documents revoking the Siano Family
1 To avoid confusion, we refer to certain individuals by their first names.
2 The complaint was filed on behalf of Sutton and Ruth's other heirs. However, because Sutton is the only appellant, and there is no dispute as to allocation of the estate amongst Ruth's heirs, for simplicity and ease of reference we will generally refer to the allegations and trial court proceedings as if Sutton were the only plaintiff. 2 Trust and establishing a new trust for Ruth (Ruth's Trust). Ruth's Trust reflected Ruth's
intent that, upon her death, the entirety of her estate be divided between Sutton and her
deceased daughter's children.
In August 2010, Ruth was seriously injured in a car accident. Thereafter, Ruth
asked Vanderveen to verify that, if she did not live long enough to complete the divorce,
her heirs would receive her one-half interest in all community property. Vanderveen was
aware of Ruth's precarious medical condition, "but did not preserve her testimony in any
manner." Ruth died in November 2010, after she had executed her new trust, but before
her community property was divided in the divorce.
Sutton alleged Vanderveen's conduct fell below the standard of care because he
did not sever any of Ruth's joint tenancy assets prior to her death; failed to properly
revoke the Siano Family Trust; failed to describe the assets comprising Ruth's Trust;
failed to fund Ruth's Trust; failed to investigate the nature of Ruth's assets; and failed to
ensure Ruth's estate plan would effectively distribute her share of the community
property to her heirs. Sutton further alleged that as a result of Vanderveen's negligence,
the will and trust Vanderveen drafted and Ruth executed did not carry out Ruth's intent to
leave one-half of the community property to her heirs. In addition, Sutton alleged
Vanderveen's fees were "excessive and unconscionable" and should be refunded.
Ruth's Trust
Ruth's Trust was an executed revocable trust and Ruth was designated as the sole
trustee. Sutton was designated as successor trustee in the event of Ruth's "death,
incapacity or resignation," with the same powers originally held by Ruth. Such powers
3 included the power to employ attorneys and engage in litigation on behalf of the trust, at
the trust's expense.
Ruth's Trust was funded with $10 which, "together with any additional property
that may later become subject to this Trust" comprised the "Trust estate." Ruth retained
the right to add other property to the trust during her lifetime and upon her death. The
trust included a page numbered "14," entitled "Assets Funded into Trust Estate," but the
page was otherwise blank. Other than the $10 used to fund the trust, Ruth's Trust did not
identify or list any specific assets.
Upon Ruth's death, one-half of the remainder of the trust estate was to be
distributed to Sutton and the other half was to be distributed in equal shares to the
children of Sutton's deceased sister.
Ruth's Will
Ruth executed her will in May 2010. The will noted that Ruth was in the process
of a divorce. The will reflected Ruth's "intention that [her] separate property be
transferred to and administered and distributed by the Trustee hereinafter referred to."
The will provided that the remainder of Ruth's estate was to be distributed by the trustee,
or successor trustee, of Ruth's Trust in accordance with the terms of the trust. Under the
will, all taxes were to be paid from the residue of the estate, even those "attributable to
property that does not form part of my Probate Estate (including but not limited to joint
tenancy property, life insurance proceeds and any property over which [Ruth] may have
general power of appointment." The will did not identify or list any specific assets.
Summary Judgment Motion
4 In March 2015, Vanderveen moved for summary judgment on the sole ground that
Sutton's malpractice claim was barred, because Vanderveen owed no duty of care to
Sutton. Vanderveen contended that under strict rules of privity, an attorney retained to
prepare an estate plan owes a duty only to the testator client, not to the testator's
beneficiaries. Relying on Chang v. Lederman (2009) 172 Cal.App.4th 67, 86 (Chang),
Vanderveen argued that to establish that the testator's attorney also owes a duty to the
beneficiaries, such beneficiaries must prove their inheritance violated the testator's
"express bequest in an executed will or trust." According to Vanderveen, because neither
the will nor trust demonstrated Ruth's intent that Sutton inherit the specific assets Sutton
claims should have been part of the estate, Sutton cannot establish Vanderveen owed any
duty to Sutton.
Sutton opposed the summary judgment motion, arguing Vanderveen
misinterpreted Chang. He further maintained that application of the six-factor balancing
test established by the California Supreme Court in Biakanja v. Irving (1958) 49 Cal.2d
647, 650 (Biakanja), to evaluate whether a duty exists to third-party beneficiaries,
showed that Vanderveen owed Sutton a duty of care. Sutton alternatively argued that
even if Vanderveen did not owe Sutton a duty, Sutton had standing to bring the
malpractice action as a successor in interest to Ruth's estate, pursuant to Code of Civil
Procedure section 377.30 et seq.3
3 All further statutory references are to the Code of Civil Procedure unless otherwise specified.
5 In the opposition, Sutton asserted that because Ruth had described all of her assets
to Vanderveen, including the $2 million bond,4 the family home in Oceanside, an annuity
from Jackson National Life Insurance (Jackson Annuity), Zion Bank Stock, and a home
in Washington State (Washington Residence), she had established her intent to leave her
separate property and her share of the community property to Sutton. Other than
Vanderveen's handwritten notes from his initial meeting with Ruth in April 2010, listing
"1/2 house; 1/2 in bond of SM; 1/2 in cash," Sutton offered no other evidence to support
this claim. Sutton further argued that three specific assets, the Jackson Annuity, Zion
Bank Stock, and Washington Residence were held in joint tenancy by Ruth and Vince,
and Vanderveen had taken no action to terminate the joint tenancy prior to Ruth's death.
On reply, Vanderveen argued that Sutton misconstrued the holding in Chang as
limited to a potential beneficiary, rather than encompassing a named intended beneficiary
like Sutton. Vanderveen reiterated that, pursuant to Chang, an estate attorney does not
have a duty to nonclient beneficiaries "where the estate planning document at issue,
'although properly executed and free of other legal defects, does not accurately express
the testator's intent.' " Consequently, Ruth's purported intent regarding certain specific
assets to be included in her trust raised no "triable issue of fact sufficient to defeat Mr.
Vanderveen's motion."
Concerning Sutton's joint tenancy argument, Vanderveen maintained Sutton had
"failed to offer any evidence that [the three specific] assets were in fact held in joint
4 Vince's heirs dispute that the $2 million City of San Marcos bond is community property. 6 tenancy, or that Mr. Vanderveen was even told about them." Regarding the $2 million
bond, Vanderveen argued that Sutton provided no evidence to support his argument that
the asset could have been included in Ruth's Trust, as "Ruth was legally restrained from
transferring assets into her trust" during the dissolution proceeding.
Vanderveen further argued that Sutton could not proceed as a successor in interest
because Sutton did not comply with the procedural requirements necessary to commence
a successor action under section 377.32. In addition, Vanderveen noted that Sutton's
complaint did not seek redress for grievances Ruth suffered, which are the sole damages
recoverable in a successor action under the Code of Civil Procedure and, it is undisputed,
as part of the separate statement of facts, that Sutton sued Vanderveen for failing to
protect the interests of the heirs.
The Court's Summary Judgment Ruling
After conducting a hearing, the court granted Vanderveen's summary judgment
motion. In its written order, the court concluded Vanderveen owed no duty of care to
Sutton pursuant to Chang, supra, 172 Cal.App.4th at pages 82-83, 86. The court found
that although Sutton was an intended beneficiary of Ruth's estate, Vanderveen owed no
duty of care to ensure Sutton received specific property that was not expressly identified
in the testamentary documents. Because the complaint put Ruth's intent at issue,
Vanderveen cannot be liable for the alleged harm. (Chang, at pp. 82, 86.) In addition,
Sutton submitted no admissible evidence that Ruth intended or expressed the intention to
7 give Sutton the specific property he claims is due him.5 The court further found that
Sutton did not have standing to bring the claim on Ruth's behalf because the complaint
seeks to remedy alleged wrongs asserted against Sutton and not against Ruth.
DISCUSSION
I. Review Standards
Summary judgment is properly granted when there is no triable issue of material
fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. (§ 437c, subd. (c).)
"The issues on a summary judgment motion are framed by the pleadings. [Citation.] A
moving defendant has the initial burden to show one or more elements of the plaintiff's
cause of action cannot be established, or that there is a complete defense to the claim.
[Citation.] If the defendant meets this burden, the burden shifts to the plaintiff to show
the existence of a triable issue." (Kemper v. County of San Diego (2015) 242
Cal.App.4th 1075, 1087.)
We review an order granting a motion for summary judgment de novo. (Marshall
v. County of San Diego (2015) 238 Cal.App.4th 1095, 1107 (Marshall).) We make " 'an
independent assessment of the correctness of the trial court's ruling, applying the same
legal standard as the trial court in determining whether there are any genuine issues of
material fact or whether the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.' "
5 During oral argument on the motion for summary judgment, Sutton's attorney argued that Vanderveen "kind of admitted [Ruth] wanted these assets [the bond] in the trust," referencing Vanderveen's actions in filing a Probate Code section 850 petition to try to get the bond into the trust following Ruth's death. However, no admissible evidence of the petition or Vanderveen's related statements was cited to oppose the summary judgment motion. 8 (Trop v. Sony Pictures Entertainment, Inc. (2005) 129 Cal.App.4th 1133, 1143.) " 'We
will affirm a summary judgment if it is correct on any ground, as we review the
judgment, not its rationale.' " (Marshall, at p. 1107.)
However, "[t]he summary judgment procedure, inasmuch as it denies the right of
the adverse party to a trial, is drastic and should be used with caution." (Mann v.
Cracchiolo (1985) 38 Cal.3d 18, 35.) "Consequently, '[i]n performing our de novo
review, we must view the evidence in a light favorable to plaintiff as the losing party
[citation], liberally construing her evidentiary submission while strictly scrutinizing
defendants' own showing, and resolving any evidentiary doubts or ambiguities in
plaintiff's favor.' " (Zoran Corp. v. Chen (2010) 185 Cal.App.4th 799, 806.)
II. Professional Negligence
"The elements of a claim for professional negligence are: ' "(1) the duty of the
professional to use such skill, prudence, and diligence as other members of his profession
commonly possess and exercise; (2) a breach of that duty; (3) a proximate causal
connection between the negligent conduct and the resulting injury; and (4) actual loss or
damage resulting from the professional's negligence." ' " (Paul v. Patton (2015)
235 Cal.App.4th 1088, 1095 (Paul).) " 'A key element of any action for professional
malpractice is the establishment of a duty by the professional to the claimant. Absent
duty there can be no breach and no negligence.' " (Moore v. Anderson Zeigler Disharoon
Gallagher & Gray (2003) 109 Cal.App.4th 1287, 1294 (Moore).) "The question of the
existence of a legal duty of care in a given factual situation presents a question of law
which is to be determined by the courts alone. Entry of summary judgment in favor of
9 the defendant in a professional negligence action is proper where the plaintiff is unable to
show the defendant owed such a duty of care." (Nichols v. Keller (1993) 15 Cal.App.4th
1672, 1682.)
III. Duty of Estate Attorney to Beneficiary
Over the last several decades, California law has developed to impose a limited
duty on a testator's attorney to the testator's intended beneficiary when the beneficiary is
"an expressly named beneficiary of an express bequest." (Chang, supra, 172 Cal.App.4th
at p. 82.) When a testator's intent is explicit and unambiguous, imposing a duty of care to
a beneficiary does not conflict with the attorney's undivided duty of loyalty to the
testator. (Paul, supra, 235 Cal.App.4th at p. 1100.)
Historically, California did not recognize any duty of care to a nonclient because
malpractice liability required strict privity. (Chang, supra, 172 Cal.App.4th at pp. 76-
77.) However, in 1958, the California Supreme Court rejected the strict privity
requirement in a case brought by a decedent's beneficiary against a notary public who
drafted the decedent's will and supervised its flawed execution. (Biakanja, supra, 49
Cal.2d at pp. 650-651.) The court concluded the plaintiff beneficiary should be allowed
to recover despite the absence of privity. (Id. at p. 651.) The court established a
balancing test to apply in such cases, including the following factors: (1) "the extent to
which the transaction was intended to affect the plaintiff"; (2) "the foreseeability of harm
to him"; (3) "the degree of certainty that the plaintiff suffered injury"; (4) "the closeness
of the connection between the defendant's conduct and the injury suffered"; (5) "the
10 moral blame attached to the defendant's conduct"; and (6) "the policy of preventing future
harm." (Id. at p. 650.)
A few years later, the California Supreme Court applied the Biakanja balancing
test in a case brought by a testator's beneficiaries against the testator's attorney for
professional negligence in drafting a testator's will. (Lucas v. Hamm (1961) 56 Cal.2d
583, 588 (Lucas).) The Lucas court reasoned that the same factors developed in Biakanja
also must be applied to determine whether a beneficiary may bring an action against an
attorney. (Lucas, at p. 588.) However, the court expressed concerns that liability to
attorneys "could be large and unpredictable in amount." (Id. at p. 589.) The Lucas court
therefore imposed an additional factor to those identified in Biakanja: "whether the
recognition of liability to beneficiaries of wills negligently drawn by attorneys would
impose an undue burden on the profession." (Lucas, at p. 589.) The court concluded that
extending the attorney's liability to beneficiaries of the negligently drawn will in that case
"would not place an undue burden on the profession." (Id. at p. 589.) The court therefore
held that lack of privity did not preclude the beneficiary's malpractice action against
testator's attorney. (Ibid.) However, the court concluded the attorney was not liable
either to the testator or beneficiaries, because his alleged error related to rules against
perpetuities and restraints on alienation, a confusing and unsettled area of law. (Id. at pp.
591-592.)
In contrast, an appellate court applying the Biakanja and Lucas factors concluded
a testator's attorney had no duty to the testator's beneficiaries to ascertain his client's
testamentary capacity. (Moore, supra, 109 Cal.App.4th at p. 1298.) In Moore, the court
11 emphasized an attorney's duty of loyalty to his client, and distinguished Biakanja and
Lucas as cases in which "there is clearly no potential for conflict between" the attorney's
duty to the client and any duty owed to intended beneficiaries. (Moore, at p. 1299.) The
Moore court observed that "the true intent of the testator is the central question" (ibid.)
and contrasted the issue of testamentary capacity, which cannot be ascertained from the
testamentary documents, with the circumstances in Lucas and Biakanja, in which the
testator's intent was "undisputed" and demonstrated by the testamentary documents
themselves. (Moore, at pp. 1300-1301.) The court concluded that extending a duty to
intended beneficiaries under the former circumstances "would place an intolerable burden
upon attorneys" because the attorney would "be subject to potentially conflicting duties to
the client and to potential beneficiaries," as well as "to conflicting duties to different sets
of beneficiaries." (Ibid.) The court further reasoned there are "practical and policy
reasons for refusing to extend the duty" when the issue cannot be determined from the
testamentary documents, as courts " 'must be sensitive to the potential for
misunderstanding and the difficulties of proof inherent in the fact that disputes such as
these will not arise until the decedent—the only person who can say what he or she
intended—has died.' " (Id. at p. 1297.)
Thereafter, an appellate court applied Biakanja and Lucas to conclude that
defendant attorney owed a duty to testator's beneficiaries when he drafted a will leaving
the testator's entire estate to her caregiver, as the testator intended, but failed to take the
necessary steps to ensure the bequest complied with legal standards. (Osornio v.
12 Weingarten (2004) 124 Cal.App.4th 304, 313, 330-334 (Osornio).)6 The court
concluded imposing liability under those facts placed no undue burden on the profession,
as the attorney clearly knew of his client's intent and therefore would not be faced with
conflicting loyalties in representing the testator client. (Id. at p. 335.) The court
distinguished the case from others in which no duty was found, clarifying that the
attorney had a duty "to take appropriate action to carry out the testator's wishes—that
were expressed and formalized in her signed will." (Id. at p. 336.)
More recently, in Chang, the Court of Appeal addressed the following two
questions: (1) "does a testator's lawyer owe a duty of care to a nonclient who alleges she
was a potential beneficiary of the testator's estate in the absence of an executed will or
trust instrument expressly reflecting the testator's intent"; and (2) "[d]oes the answer to
the question change if the nonclient was previously named in a will or trust instrument
executed by the testator and the allegation is the testator intended to revise his or her
estate plan to increase the gift to the beneficiary?" (Chang, supra, 172 Cal.App.4th at
pp. 71-72.) The court concluded the answer to both questions was no, "[b]ecause
recognizing an expanded duty of care in either situation would place an intolerable
burden on the legal profession." (Id. at p. 72.)
The Chang court, after reviewing the evolution of California decisions addressing
the duty of care to beneficiaries, concluded such duty arose only "when the plaintiff was
6 In applying the Biakanja and Lucas test, the Osornio court noted that California cases rarely apply the "moral blame" factor mentioned in Biakanja as a part of their analysis. (Osornio, supra, 124 Cal.App.4th at p. 321, fn. 15.) 13 an expressly named beneficiary of an express bequest." (Chang, supra, 172 Cal.App.4th
at p. 82.) In such cases, courts imposed a duty of care for defects in effecting the
testator's express intent, rather than "in the expression of the testator's intent," and the
court reasoned that in the absence of "an explicit manifestation of the testator's intentions,
the existence of a duty—a legal question—would always turn on the resolution of
disputed facts and could never be decided as a matter of law." (Id. at pp. 82-83.) The
court therefore concluded that the sixth Biakanja and Lucas factor, undue burden to the
profession, precluded imposing a duty owed to a potential beneficiary. (Chang, at p. 84.)
Chang argued that her case was different, as she was an expressly named intended
beneficiary, therefore the defendant owed her a duty of care not only as to the amount
specifically identified in the executed trust, but also to revise the trust to carry out the
testator's intent to expand his bequest to Chang. (Chang, supra, 172 Cal.App.4th at
p. 84.) The court reasoned that a testator's attorney owes only a "limited duty" to an
intended beneficiary "to properly effectuate a bequest expressly set forth in the
testamentary document." (Ibid.) The court further explained that the duty sought by
Chang would expose the attorney to conflicting duties to the various beneficiaries. (Id. at
p. 85.) The court concluded that because Chang's allegation was "not based on an
express bequest in an executed will or trust, [defendant] owed her no duty of care." (Id.
at p. 86.)
In contrast, in Paul, an appellate court concluded the testator's attorney owed a
duty to the beneficiaries when the decedent's attorney admitted that his drafting error in
an executed trust amendment resulted in the failure to carry out the testator's wishes.
14 (Paul, supra, 235 Cal.App.4th at p. 1098.) As in Chang, the claim in Paul turned on the
testator's intent, which is "a prerequisite to the imposition of a duty on the attorney to the
plaintiff." (Paul, at p. 1098.) In contrast to Chang, the Paul court concluded that the
sixth Biakanja and Lucas factor favored the plaintiff beneficiaries, because no undue
burden is imposed on the legal profession by requiring an estate attorney to properly
document a testator's wishes using basic terms; and imposition of liability does not
conflict with an attorney's duty of loyalty to the testator client when the testator's intent is
undisputed. (Paul, at p. 1100.) The court distinguished Chang, noting that in Paul
defendant had admitted to the drafting error, which is "not an allegation most
disappointed beneficiaries can make." (Paul, at p. 1100.)
In applying these cases, we conclude the trial court did not err in entering
judgment on Vanderveen's summary judgment motion. Vanderveen owed Sutton, an
expressly named intended beneficiary, only the limited duty to exercise ordinary care and
skill to effectuate the bequest expressly set forth in Ruth's Trust. (See Chang, supra, 172
Cal.App.4th at p. 84; Osornio, supra, 124 Cal.App.4th at p. 336.) Where the testator's
"intent is placed in issue—the lawyer will not be held accountable to the potential
beneficiary." (Chang, at p. 82.)
Although Ruth's Trust explicitly stated her intent to pass the entirety of her estate
to her descendants, it is undisputed that there is no express reference to any of the four
assets at issue here in any executed document. In Ruth's Trust, her "trust estate" is
defined to include only the $10 used to fund the trust "together with any additional
property that may later become subject to this trust." Ruth's will similarly does not
15 identify or reference any specific assets. Sutton's claims are based on Ruth's express
general intent to leave all of her estate to her beneficiaries in combination with Ruth's
intent regarding specific assets as expressed in Vanderveen's handwritten notes from a
meeting with Ruth, which list "1/2 house; 1/2 in bond of SM; 1/2 in cash." However,
these notes are not signed by Ruth and are not explicit7 and there is no evidence that
Ruth had any intention other than to wait until the completion of the divorce to fund her
trust with these assets.
Sutton argues that application of the full six factor Biakanja and Lucas test would
establish his standing to bring a legal malpractice action against Vanderveen. However,
the same test was applied in Chang and the court held that even if all five other factors
weighed in favor of Chang, the sixth factor (undue burden on the profession from
imposing liability) required a rejection of Chang's claim. (Chang, supra, 172
Cal.App.4th at pp. 83-84.)
Sutton further argues that his case is distinguishable from Chang because there is
no conflict of interest relating to Ruth's intended beneficiaries. He reads the test too
narrowly. In addition to conflicts among potential beneficiaries, if a beneficiary's claim
is based on the alleged intent of a decedent, who is no longer able to testify to this intent,
there is potential conflict between the decedent's actual intent and the intent as depicted
by the beneficiary when a claim is based on anything other than decedent's intent as
expressly stated in the testamentary instrument. (Paul, supra, 235 Cal.App.4th at p. 1100
7 For example, it is unclear whether the reference to "1/2 house" refers to the family residence in Oceanside or the Washington Residence. 16 [when "there is no dispute regarding the decedent's intent, the imposition of liability will
not compromise the attorney's duty of undivided loyalty to the testator"].) Because
Ruth's intent is not express and unambiguous, imposition of liability may conflict with
Vanderveen's duty of loyalty to Ruth, and he does not owe Ruth's beneficiaries a duty of
care.
Sutton contends that his case is "directly in line" with several other cases in which
courts concluded there was no undue burden on the profession and imposed a duty of
care. The cases Sutton refers to are distinguishable: in each case the duty of care arose
from the testator's undisputed and unambiguous intent. In Heyer v. Flaig (1969) 70
Cal.2d 223, the Supreme Court recognized an attorney's duty to testator's daughters when
the testator sought to leave them her entire estate, but the testator's attorney omitted
language in the will necessary to defeat the claims of decedent's posttestamentary spouse.
(Id. at p. 229, overruled on other grounds in Laird v. Blacker (1992) 2 Cal.4th 606, 617.)
In Bucquet v. Livingston (1976) 57 Cal.App.3d 914, the testator's attorney owed a duty to
the beneficiaries when "there was no ambiguity, either as to the tax saving intent of
[testator] or of the identity of the beneficiaries," and the attorney's drafting errors led to
avoidable tax consequences. (Id. at pp. 921-922, 924-925.) In Garcia v. Borelli (1982)
129 Cal.App.3d 24 (Garcia), the court assumed, without deciding, that an attorney owed
a duty to beneficiaries when the will expressly stated the testator's intent regarding the
17 specific disposition of his separate, joint and community property.8 (Id. at pp. 28, 32.)
Finally, in Osornio, the court concluded that an attorney had a duty of care to the
beneficiary caregiver when, despite testator's express intent that her estate be bequeathed
to the caregiver, the bequest failed as a result of the attorney's failure to ensure that the
transfer of property was free from avoidable challenge. (Osornio, supra, 124
Cal.App.4th at pp. 312, 335.) In each of these cases, the testator's intent was undisputed,
thus there was no potential conflict between the testators' attorneys' duty to their clients
and any duty of care imposed on behalf of the intended beneficiaries.
On the facts of this case, the trial court did not err in finding no triable issue of
material fact with respect to the absence of any duty owed by Vanderveen to Sutton.
Vanderveen is entitled to judgment as a matter of law on that ground.9
IV. Standing as Successor in Interest
Sutton further contends even if Vanderveen does not owe Sutton any duty, he has
standing to bring a malpractice claim on Ruth's behalf as her successor in interest.
Under section 377.30, a decedent's successor in interest may bring a claim on the
decedent's behalf, but the damages recoverable from such action "are limited to the loss
8 Moreover, any language Sutton relies on in Garcia is dicta—the only issue considered there was whether the action was barred by collateral estoppel—the negligence allegations were uncontested. (Garcia, supra, 129 Cal.App.3d at pp. 30-31.)
9 On appeal, Sutton raised for the first time the issue of Vanderveen's breach of duty of care, and Vanderveen responded, arguing that there was no breach. Because we have concluded that Vanderveen does not owe Sutton a duty of care as a matter of law, we need not address the issue of breach. (Moore, supra, 109 Cal.App.4th at p. 1294 [" 'Absent duty there can be no breach and no negligence.' "].) 18 or damage that the decedent sustained or incurred before death" (§ 377.34). In addition,
section 377.32 requires that a successor in interest seeking to commence an action "shall
execute and file an affidavit" that includes various information. (§ 377.32, subd. (a),
italics added.) "It is a well-settled principle of statutory construction that the
word . . . 'shall' is ordinarily construed as mandatory. . . ." (Common Cause v. Board of
Supervisors (1989) 49 Cal.3d 432, 443.) Consequently, a plaintiff who has not fulfilled
the requirements of section 377.32 may not proceed in an action on a decedent's behalf.
(In re A.C. (2000) 80 Cal.App.4th 994, 1003 (A.C.).)
Sutton has not established his standing to bring an action as Ruth's successor in
interest. As a threshold matter, Sutton did not file an affidavit with his malpractice
complaint as required by section 377.32. Because Sutton failed to comply with the
mandatory requirements of section 377.32, he cannot bring his claim based on a
successor in interest theory under section 377.30. (A.C., supra, 80 Cal.App.4th at p.
1003.)
Furthermore, Sutton does not allege that he is bringing his claim as a successor in
interest to Ruth. Instead, Sutton's complaint focuses on the harm to Ruth's beneficiaries,
alleging as follows: (1) because joint tenancy assets were not severed "the heirs have
been deprived of those assets"; (2) with exercise of proper care, "Plaintiffs would have
obtained one-half interest in all of the community property owned by Plaintiffs' decedent
at her death"; (3) the "will and trust executed by Plaintiffs' decedent was ineffective in
carrying out her intention to leave her entire estate to Plaintiffs, all to Plaintiffs' damage";
and (4) "attorney's fees charged to Plaintiffs' decedent, and to Plaintiff Mark Sutton, were
19 excessive and unconscionable." Only a single allegation references any injury to Ruth,
from allegedly "excessive and unconscionable" attorney fees. However, on summary
judgment it was undisputed that Ruth's beneficiaries sued Vanderveen "for professional
negligence for (1) failing to ensure they inherited Ruth's alleged community property
interest in [the bond]; and (2) failing to ensure they inherited Ruth's alleged one-half
interest in three specific [joint tenancy assets]," rather than for any breach of duty to
Ruth. Sutton therefore lacks standing as Ruth's successor in interest to bring the claims
he has asserted on his own behalf.
Sutton likewise has failed to establish his standing to bring the claims as a
successor trustee on behalf of Ruth's Trust. Although an estate attorney's duty to a
client's beneficiaries is strictly limited, a successor in interest has broad rights to bring an
action on behalf of a decedent's estate pursuant to the Probate Code.10 (Prob. Code,
§§ 8524, subd. (c), 9820, subd. (a).) As explained by the California Supreme Court, in
the case of a successor fiduciary, "the absence of privity, viewed as an impediment to
standing, is a gap the Legislature has filled." (Borissoff v. Taylor & Faust (2004) 33
Cal.4th 523, 530 (Borissoff).)
In Borissoff, the executor of an estate brought a malpractice suit against tax
attorneys hired by the prior administrator; the suit was dismissed on the ground
defendants owed no duty to plaintiff, due to the absence of privity; and the decision was
10 However, to bring an action under the Probate Code, a plaintiff still must comply with the Code of Civil Procedure, which Sutton has failed to do. (Prob. Code, § 9820, Editor's Notes, 1990 Enactment.) 20 affirmed by the Court of Appeal. (Borissoff, supra, 33 Cal.4th at pp. 527-528.) The
California Supreme Court reversed, concluding that Probate Code "provisions strongly
support the inference that a successor fiduciary does have standing to sue an attorney
retained by a predecessor fiduciary. . . ." (Borissoff, at p. 530 [referencing Prob. Code,
§§ 8524, 9820, 10801].) The court explained that the Probate Code provisions applied
only to successor fiduciaries, not beneficiaries, and concluded that a "successor fiduciary
must have standing to sue the predecessor's attorney if there is to be an effective remedy
for legal malpractice that harms estates and trusts administered by successor fiduciaries."
(Borissoff, at p. 531.)
We recently applied Borissoff to conclude that a successor trustee adequately
pleaded a claim on behalf of the prior trustee "in her capacity as trustee, not in her
personal capacity," when the complaint contained the following allegations: (1)
defendants provided legal advice to the prior trustee concerning trust administration; (2)
defendants represented themselves to the court as attorneys for the prior trustee; (3) the
trust had paid defendants' legal fees; and (4) the trust agreement granted trustees the
power to employ attorneys and compensate them from the trust property. (Kelly v. Orr
(2016) 243 Cal.App.4th 940, 946 (Kelly).)
In contrast, no standing is available under Borissoff when a plaintiff fails to allege
an injury to the trust. In Paul, successor trustees (who were also the beneficiaries of
decedent testator's estate) brought a claim alleging injuries to the plaintiffs as
beneficiaries, with respect to their portion of the distribution. (Paul, supra, 235
Cal.App.4th at p. 1094.) The appellate court concluded that "Borissoff and its progeny
21 are inapposite," because the complaint did not allege any harm to the trust estate. (Id. at
p. 1101.)
Here, Sutton's claims are more analogous to those in Paul than in Kelly. Ruth's
Trust designates Sutton as the successor trustee in the event of her death, with all of the
powers and rights of the trustee, including the power to employ attorneys and to
commence litigation. However, the allegations of Sutton's complaint are based on the
injury to Ruth's beneficiaries and the undisputed purpose of his action is to remedy the
beneficiaries' injuries, as described above. Unlike the complaint in Kelly, Sutton's
complaint does not allege that he is bringing his action as a successor in interest to Ruth,
in her role as former trustee of Ruth's Trust. Although the complaint contains an
allegation that Ruth was charged "excessive and unconscionable" attorney fees, there is
no allegation that such fees came from the trust estate. The complaint does not allege
that Ruth retained Vanderveen in her capacity as trustee for the benefit of the trust, or that
the trust paid for Vanderveen's services, and Sutton did not identify any facts in dispute
regarding these issues at summary judgment. On this record, we conclude that there are
no triable issues of fact with respect to Sutton's claim that he has established standing to
bring the malpractice claim as a successor in interest.
22 DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed. Respondent to recover costs on appeal.
HALLER, J.
WE CONCUR:
HUFFMAN, Acting P. J.
O'ROURKE, J.