OPINION OF THE COURT BY
NAKAMURA, J.
The question in this interlocutory appeal and cross-appeal from the Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law, and Order Granting in Part and Denying in Part Plaintiff’s Motion for Preliminary Injunction entered by the Circuit Court of the First Circuit is whether “actual bias” or “an appearance of impropriety” should be the test for disqualifying a member of the civil service commission whose impartiality has been challenged by the public employee who brought an appeal from an adverse action by his employing authority. Because an impartial tribunal is an essential component of due process in a quasi-judicial proceeding and “justice must satisfy the appearance of justice[,]”
Offutt
v.
United States,
348 U.S. 11, 14 (1954), we conclude “an appearance of impropriety” is the proper standard and any commissioner whose impartiality might reasonably be questioned should be disqualified from hearing the appeal.
I.
Malcolm A. Sussel was appointed Administrator of the Oahu Civil Defense Agency (OCDA) on June 2, 1982 by Mayor Eileen Anderson after he applied for the position, took a written examina
tion administered by the Department of Civil Service of the City and County of Honolulu, and was interviewed by a selection board. The position, he understood, was a civil service position, i.e., one subject to protection under the “system of personnel administration based on merit principles and generally accepted methods governing the classification of positions and the employment, conduct, movement and separation of public officers and employees[]” prescribed by the City ’ s charter. Revised Charter of the City & County of Honolulu (Rev. Charter), chapter 3, section 6-302. He therefore assumed the system provided “[reasonable job security for the competent employee[]” who occupied the position and he could not be moved arbitrarily therefrom.
Id.
But shortly after Frank A. Fasi was elected mayor again after a hiatus of four years, Sussel learned the mayor-elect intended to name George Kekuna Administrator of the OCDA. Sussel wrote Mr. Fasi advising him that the post was not exempted from civil service and asking the mayor-elect to reconsider his decision. Mr. Fasi, however, was not dissuaded by Sussel’s plea; upon assuming office in January of 1985, he appointed Mr. Kekuna as the Administrative Assistant to the City’s Managing Director. The Managing Director assigned Mr. Kekuna the powers and duties that had been exercised by the Administrator of the OCDA, and Mr. Sussel was relegated to tasks entailing lesser responsibilities.
Deeming the action a demotion, Mr. Sussel appealed to the Honolulu Civil Service Commission. He averred the demotion was a politically motivated act of the mayor breaching civil service policies and rules. Though the appeal was filed in January of 1985, the commission failed to conduct a hearing thereon for nine months. In the meantime, the composition of the commission had changed. By the time the hearing was convened, two of the four commissioners who were appointed by Mayor Anderson had been replaced by appointees of Mayor Fasi.
The hearing commenced with deputies of the Corporation Counsel advising the commission and representing the employing
authority. Mr. Sussel moved unsuccessfully to disqualify the deputy assigned to provide legal advice to the commission, citing Hawaii Revised Statutes (HRS) § 76-47 to support his position.
After hearing the evidence presented by the employee and the employing authority, the commission ruled the position to which Mr. Sussel had been appointed was not a civil service position.
Mr. Sussel sought judicial review of the administrative decision in the Circuit Court of the First Circuit.
The circuit court reversed the commission, holding the position to which Malcolm Sussel had been appointed was subject to civil service protection. The court remanded the case to the civil service commission for a determination of the merits of Mr. Sussel’s appeal. '
Upon remand of the case, Mr. Sussel moved to disqualify all members of the commission from hearing his appeal. They were, he averred, prejudicially biased because of the civil action then pending in the federal district court.
See supra
note 2. When the disqualification motion was denied, he filed a civil action in the circuit court, reiterating the claims alleged in the federal action and asserting a new claim premised on the commissioners’ refusal to remove themselves from his appeal. The state court suit was re
moved to the federal district court in June of 1988 and consolidated with the earlier civil action. The federal court, however, decided to abstain from ruling on Mr. Sussel’s claims against the commissioners and the other defendants in the suits.
In August of 1988, Mr. Susscl brought yet another action in the circuit court. He prayed, among other things, for preliminary relief enjoining the commissioners from hearing his appeal. He called the circuit court’s attention to this court’s decision in
Honolulu Roofing Co.
v.
Felix,
49 Haw. 578, 426 P.2d 298 (1967), where we directed a circuit judge to recuse himself because the circumstances were such as to raise doubts about his fairness, and urged the circuit court to apply “an appearance of impropriety” test in the situation at hand and disqualify the commissioners.
The circuit judge concluded a preliminary injunction should be issued. Applying an “actual bias” test, she concluded one of the five commissioners should be disqualified. She further concluded the commission’s chairman could not be disqualified under the foregoing standard, but she found his sitting in judgment of Mr. Sussel’s claim of a wrongful politically motivated demotion would give “an appearance of impropriety.” Though she did not enjoin the chairman’s participation in the appeal, she recommended that he recuse himself. She neither enjoined the participation of the other commissioners in the appeal nor suggested that they recuse themselves.
The circuit judge also granted Mr. Susscl leave to seek interlocutory review of her ruling that a civil service commissioner is disqualified from hearing a public employee’s appeal from an adverse action of the employing authority only upon a demonstration of “actual bias.”
n.
Mr. Sussel seeks a ruling on appeal that the circuit court erred in applying an “actual bias” test in judging a civil service commis
sioner’s qualification to sit in judgment of a public employee’s appeal to the commission from a demotion. The commission and the commissioners, who have cross-appealed, urge a reversal of the disqualification of Commissioner Ernest Dias.
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OPINION OF THE COURT BY
NAKAMURA, J.
The question in this interlocutory appeal and cross-appeal from the Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law, and Order Granting in Part and Denying in Part Plaintiff’s Motion for Preliminary Injunction entered by the Circuit Court of the First Circuit is whether “actual bias” or “an appearance of impropriety” should be the test for disqualifying a member of the civil service commission whose impartiality has been challenged by the public employee who brought an appeal from an adverse action by his employing authority. Because an impartial tribunal is an essential component of due process in a quasi-judicial proceeding and “justice must satisfy the appearance of justice[,]”
Offutt
v.
United States,
348 U.S. 11, 14 (1954), we conclude “an appearance of impropriety” is the proper standard and any commissioner whose impartiality might reasonably be questioned should be disqualified from hearing the appeal.
I.
Malcolm A. Sussel was appointed Administrator of the Oahu Civil Defense Agency (OCDA) on June 2, 1982 by Mayor Eileen Anderson after he applied for the position, took a written examina
tion administered by the Department of Civil Service of the City and County of Honolulu, and was interviewed by a selection board. The position, he understood, was a civil service position, i.e., one subject to protection under the “system of personnel administration based on merit principles and generally accepted methods governing the classification of positions and the employment, conduct, movement and separation of public officers and employees[]” prescribed by the City ’ s charter. Revised Charter of the City & County of Honolulu (Rev. Charter), chapter 3, section 6-302. He therefore assumed the system provided “[reasonable job security for the competent employee[]” who occupied the position and he could not be moved arbitrarily therefrom.
Id.
But shortly after Frank A. Fasi was elected mayor again after a hiatus of four years, Sussel learned the mayor-elect intended to name George Kekuna Administrator of the OCDA. Sussel wrote Mr. Fasi advising him that the post was not exempted from civil service and asking the mayor-elect to reconsider his decision. Mr. Fasi, however, was not dissuaded by Sussel’s plea; upon assuming office in January of 1985, he appointed Mr. Kekuna as the Administrative Assistant to the City’s Managing Director. The Managing Director assigned Mr. Kekuna the powers and duties that had been exercised by the Administrator of the OCDA, and Mr. Sussel was relegated to tasks entailing lesser responsibilities.
Deeming the action a demotion, Mr. Sussel appealed to the Honolulu Civil Service Commission. He averred the demotion was a politically motivated act of the mayor breaching civil service policies and rules. Though the appeal was filed in January of 1985, the commission failed to conduct a hearing thereon for nine months. In the meantime, the composition of the commission had changed. By the time the hearing was convened, two of the four commissioners who were appointed by Mayor Anderson had been replaced by appointees of Mayor Fasi.
The hearing commenced with deputies of the Corporation Counsel advising the commission and representing the employing
authority. Mr. Sussel moved unsuccessfully to disqualify the deputy assigned to provide legal advice to the commission, citing Hawaii Revised Statutes (HRS) § 76-47 to support his position.
After hearing the evidence presented by the employee and the employing authority, the commission ruled the position to which Mr. Sussel had been appointed was not a civil service position.
Mr. Sussel sought judicial review of the administrative decision in the Circuit Court of the First Circuit.
The circuit court reversed the commission, holding the position to which Malcolm Sussel had been appointed was subject to civil service protection. The court remanded the case to the civil service commission for a determination of the merits of Mr. Sussel’s appeal. '
Upon remand of the case, Mr. Sussel moved to disqualify all members of the commission from hearing his appeal. They were, he averred, prejudicially biased because of the civil action then pending in the federal district court.
See supra
note 2. When the disqualification motion was denied, he filed a civil action in the circuit court, reiterating the claims alleged in the federal action and asserting a new claim premised on the commissioners’ refusal to remove themselves from his appeal. The state court suit was re
moved to the federal district court in June of 1988 and consolidated with the earlier civil action. The federal court, however, decided to abstain from ruling on Mr. Sussel’s claims against the commissioners and the other defendants in the suits.
In August of 1988, Mr. Susscl brought yet another action in the circuit court. He prayed, among other things, for preliminary relief enjoining the commissioners from hearing his appeal. He called the circuit court’s attention to this court’s decision in
Honolulu Roofing Co.
v.
Felix,
49 Haw. 578, 426 P.2d 298 (1967), where we directed a circuit judge to recuse himself because the circumstances were such as to raise doubts about his fairness, and urged the circuit court to apply “an appearance of impropriety” test in the situation at hand and disqualify the commissioners.
The circuit judge concluded a preliminary injunction should be issued. Applying an “actual bias” test, she concluded one of the five commissioners should be disqualified. She further concluded the commission’s chairman could not be disqualified under the foregoing standard, but she found his sitting in judgment of Mr. Sussel’s claim of a wrongful politically motivated demotion would give “an appearance of impropriety.” Though she did not enjoin the chairman’s participation in the appeal, she recommended that he recuse himself. She neither enjoined the participation of the other commissioners in the appeal nor suggested that they recuse themselves.
The circuit judge also granted Mr. Susscl leave to seek interlocutory review of her ruling that a civil service commissioner is disqualified from hearing a public employee’s appeal from an adverse action of the employing authority only upon a demonstration of “actual bias.”
n.
Mr. Sussel seeks a ruling on appeal that the circuit court erred in applying an “actual bias” test in judging a civil service commis
sioner’s qualification to sit in judgment of a public employee’s appeal to the commission from a demotion. The commission and the commissioners, who have cross-appealed, urge a reversal of the disqualification of Commissioner Ernest Dias. Thus, the dispositive issue before us is what standard applies in deciding whether a civil service commissioner is disqualified or not.
A.
The civil service commission is the body within the City government empowered to hear employee appeals. Rev. Charter, section 6-310. “Any person aggrieved by any action of the director of civil service or who has been suspended, demoted or dismissed may appeal to the... commission for redress, pursuant to its rules and regulations.” Rev. Charter, section 6-308. The commission, therefore, is the administrative agency authorized by law to adjudicate Mr. Sussel’s claim that he has been deprived of certain rights and privileges bestowed by the “system of personnel administration based on merit principles” which has been adopted by the City. Rev. Charter, section 6-302.
“[T]here are certain fundamentals of just procedure which are the same for every type of tribunal and every type of proceeding.” R. Pound,
Administrative Law
75 (1942). “Concededly, a ‘fair trial in a fair tribunal is a basic requirement of due process.’
In re Murchison,
349 U.S. 133, 136 (1955). This applies to administrative agencies which adjudicate as well as to courts.
Gibson v. Berryhill,
411 U.S. 564, 579 (1973).”
Withrow v. Larkin,
421 U.S. 35, 46-47 (1975). Of course, “a biased decisionmaker [is] constitutionally unacceptable^]”
Id.
at 47. But “no one would argue seriously that the disqualification of [decision-makers] on grounds of actual bias... prevents unfairness in all cases.”
State v. Brown,
70 Haw. 459, 467, 776 P.2d 1182, 1187 (1989). So “our system of [justice] has always endeavored to prevent even the probability of unfairness.”
In re Murchison, supra.
The Supreme Court teaches us too that justice can “perform its high function in the best way [only if it satisfies] ‘ the appearance of justice.’
Offutt
v.
United States,
348 U.S. 11, 14.”
In re Murchison, supra.
For in a popular government, ‘“justice must not only be done but must manifestly be seen to be done____’
Rex
v.
Justices of Bodmin,
[1947] 1 K.B. 321, 325.”
Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Comm. v. McGrath,
341 U.S. 123, 172 n. 19 (Frankfurter, J., concurring) (1951)). And,
“[t]here can be little question that use of a truly independent adjudicator is essential to attainment of this goal. Indeed, if there exists any reasonable doubt about the adjudicator’s impartiality at the outset of a case, provision of the most elaborate procedural safeguards will not avail to create [an] appearance of justice.”
M. Redish & L. Marshall,
Adjudicatory Independence and the Values of Procedural Due Process,
95 Yale L.J. 455, 483-84 (1986). Our Code of Judicial Conduct and a recent opinion of this court reflect these teachings.
An issue in
State v. Brown
was “whether a judge who causes a criminal contempt proceeding to be instituted may then sit with impunity in judgment of the accused.” 70 Haw. at 465, 776 P.2d at 1187. We ruled the judge could not do so, relying in part on
Turney v. Ohio,
273 U.S. 510, 532 (1927), where the Court said:
Every procedure which would offer a possible temptation to the average man as a judge to forget the burden of proof required to convict the defendant, or which might lead him not to hold the balance nice, clear and true between the State and the accused, denies the latter due process of law.”
Our ruling, we noted, was “consistent with our general admonition [to judges] that ‘A Judge Should Avoid Impropriety and the Appearance of Impropriety in all his Activities,’ Code of Judicial Conduct, Canon 2, and our expectation that [a judge would] ‘disqualify himself in a proceeding in which his impartiality might rea
sonably be questioned[.] ’ Code of Judicial Conduct, Canon 3 C.(l).”
State v. Brown,
70 Haw. at 467 n.3, 776 P.2d at 1188 n.3.
Since the fundamentals of just procedure impose a requirement of impartiality on “administrative agencies which adjudicate as well as [on] courts[,]”
Withrow
v.
Larkin,
421 U.S. at 46, we see no reason why an administrative adjudicator should be allowed to sit with impunity in a case where the circumstances fairly give rise to an appearance of impropriety and reasonably cast suspicion on his impartiality.
State
v.
Brown,
70 Haw. at 467 n.3, 776 P.2d at 1188 n.3. “Few situations more severely threaten trust in the [adjudicative] process than the perception that a [party] never had a chance because the decisionmaker may have owed the other side special favors.” M. Redish & L. Marshall,
supra,
at 483.
B.
The circuit court, after hearing Malcolm Sussel’s motion for a preliminary injunction, found no evidence that Commissioners Tagala, Nagy, and Silva were biased against him or that their participation in his civil service appeal would create “an appearance of impropriety.” It found “evidence of [Commissioner] Dias’ actual bias against Sussel.” And it found Commission Chairman Miyagi “has known Mayor Frank F. Fasi for many years[,]... has contributed to [the mayor’s and the managing director’s] fund raisers[, and] is the president and . . . majority stockholder (70%) of MTL, Inc., a non-profit corporation which is under exclusive contract ... to provide bus service to the City.”
The court concluded “the ‘actual bias’ standard proposed by the Defendants [was] applicable to the ... casc[,]” rejecting “the ‘appearance of impropriety’ standard proposed by Sussel[.]” It concluded Mr. Miyagi did “not possess a personal bias or prejudice against Sussel or in favor of the named appellees[.]” Nevertheless, it “believe[d]... an appearance of impropriety cxist[ed] as to [his] serving on the Commission” and “recommend[ed] that Commis
sioner Miyagi seriously consider voluntarily recusing himself from hearing Sussel’s appeal to avoid even the appearance of impropriety.” The court thus enjoined only Commissioner Dias’ participation in the civil service appeal.
Charles K.Y. Khim
for appellant, cross-appellee.
.
Jonathan Chun (Alice Fent
with him on answering brief), Deputies Corporation Counsel, for appellees, cross-appellants.
Upon reviewing the record, we likewise believe Mr. Miyagi’s participation in Mr. Sussel’s appeal to the commission would create an appearance of impropriety. And since we sec no reason why an administrative adjudicator should be allowed to sit with impunity in a case where the circumstances fairly give rise to an appearance of impropriety and reasonably cast suspicion on his impartiality, we conclude the circuit court erred in not enjoining Mr. Miyagi’s participation therein.
We therefore strike the circuit court’s conclusion that an administrative adjudicator is subject to disqualification only upon a showing of actual bias, vacate its interlocutory order, and remand the case for entry of an order consistent with this opinion and for further proceedings not inconsistent therewith.