1 2 3 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 DISTRICT OF NEVADA 6 * * * 7 SUSAN HOY, et al, Case No. 2:18-cv-01403-RFB-EJY 8 Plaintiffs, ORDER 9 v. 10 PAUL D. JONES, et al, 11 Defendants. 12 13 I. INTRODUCTION 14 Before the Court are Defendants Boulder II De, LLC, Boulder II LV Holdings, LLC, and 15 The Siegel Group Nevada, Inc.’s (“The Siegel Defendants”) Motion to Dismiss (ECF No. 24), 16 Defendants County of Clark, Carole Falcone, and Paula Hammack’s (“The County Defendants”) 17 Motion for Summary Judgment (ECF No. 41), and various Motions for Leave to File Exhibits 18 Under Seal (ECF Nos. 42, 48, 50). 19 20 II. PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND 21 Defendants filed the Petition for Removal on July 27, 2018. ECF No. 1. An amended 22 complaint was filed on February 5, 2019. ECF No. 16. 23 On March 28, 2019 Defendants Boulder II De, LLC, Boulder II LV Holdings, LLC, and 24 The Siegel Group Nevada, Inc. filed the instant Motion to Dismiss. ECF No. 24. Plaintiffs 25 responded on April 17, 2019. ECF No. 33. Defendants replied on April 22, 2019. ECF No. 34. 26 On August 2, 2019, Defendants Clark County, Carole Falcone, Paula Hammack filed the 27 instant Motion for Summary Judgment and instant Motion for Leave to File Under Seal. ECF Nos. 28 41, 42. Plaintiffs responded on August 31, 2019 and filed the instant Motion for Leave to File 1 Exhibits Under Seal. ECF Nos. 47, 48. Defendants replied on September 20, 2019 and filed the 2 instant Motion for Leave to File Exhibits Under Seal. ECF Nos. 49, 50. 3 Written discovery was stayed on November 6, 2019 pending the outcome of State of 4 Nevada v. Paul Darell Jones, Case No. C-15-304217-1. ECF No. 53. A second stipulation to 5 extend the stay pending the outcome of the criminal proceeding was granted on February 6, 2020. 6 ECF No. 59. 7 8 III. FACTUAL BACKGROUND 9 a. Alleged Facts 10 The following facts are as alleged in the complaint. ECF No. 1-2. 11 On or about June 8, 2016, A.D.J., born November 17, 2003, and A.B.J., born December 12 21, 2005, were in the custody and control of DFS, and placed in the care and home of Defendant 13 Jones, and under the supervision of the County Defendants. 14 County Defendants placed A.D.J. and A.B.J. in Defendant Jones’ home without completing 15 a criminal background check and, without verifying the identities of the adults living in the home. 16 Had such a check been conducted it would have revealed that Jones was on probation related to a 17 charge of child abuse. 18 ADJ and ABJ were under the protection of Nevada laws and regulations designed to protect 19 them while in custody. ABJ and ADJ had the right pursuant to NAC 432B.405 to visit with their 20 caseworker monthly and at least every month, be visited by their caseworker in their placement 21 home to ensure their safety. They did not receive the required visits and Defendant Jones was 22 therefore able to abuse and neglect them, the discovery of which would have mandated removal 23 from his care. 24 Defendants placed A.D.J. and A.B.J. with Defendant Jones despite the fact that he had been 25 charged with gross misdemeanor child abuse and was on probation for abusing one of his children 26 with his present wife. 27 Due to his child abuse charge, Defendant Jones was required to have a hearing to show he 28 had undergone therapy or counseling prior to having any visitation with A.D.J. and/or A.B.J. No 1 hearing took place prior to ABJ and ADJ’s placement in his home. Jones’ home was unsafe for 2 ABJ and ADJ because they were subjected to neglect/abuse. 3 On or about March of 2017, the school A.D.J. attended contacted Clark County Child 4 Protective Services (“CPS”), a division of the Department of Family Services (“DFS”), to report 5 educational neglect after A.D.J. had not attended school for approximately 3 months. 6 Defendant Jones told CPS that A.D.J. ran away from home and that Jones filed a missing 7 person report. 8 Thereafter in March or April of 2017, Defendant Jones was sent to jail for violating his 9 probation for the above-mentioned child abuse charge. 10 In approximately April of 2017, Defendant Falcone called Plaintiff Thomas and told her 11 that A.D.J. had run away from Defendant Jones’ home. Upon inquiry, Plaintiff Thomas found out 12 that Defendant Falcone did not know if Defendant Jones actually filed a missing person report 13 regarding A.D.J., or not. Defendant Falcone subsequently became aware that Defendant Jones did 14 not file a missing person report regarding A.D.J., and Defendant Falcone did not file one herself. 15 Approximately a week later, on or about April 24, 2017, A.D.J. and A.B.J.’s maternal 16 grandmother along with their aunt went to the children’s school and saw A.B.J. who informed 17 them that Defendant Jones had severely abused A.D.J., including, but not limited to beating him 18 repeatedly, causing bleeding on his body and head, putting him in a corner for days and depriving 19 him of food and water for days, and that she was told A.D.J. had run away. ABJ witnessed her 20 brother’s murder and displayed signs of physical and emotional abuse. 21 The children’s aunt filed a missing person report regarding A.D.J. on or about April 24, 22 2017. 23 On or about, April 25, 2017, A.D.J.’s body was found after a search adjacent to the location 24 of Defendant Jones’ residence. 25 On or around November 1, 2016, Defendant Jones and his wife Latoya Williams-Miley 26 lost the apartment they were living in at the time that he was given custody of A.D.J. and A.B.J. 27 / / / 28 / / / 1 Defendant Jones, Williams-Miley, and their thirteen children—including A.D.J. and 2 A.B.J.—moved into a one-bedroom apartment at Defendant Boulder II De, LLC, dba Siegel Suites 3 Boulder 2. 4 Defendants The Siegel Group Nevada, Inc., Boulder II LV Holdings, LLC, and/or Boulder 5 II De, LLC had a policy to perform background checks on all adult individuals prior to leasing one 6 of their apartment units. If a background check had been performed, Defendants would have 7 known Jones was on probation for child abuse. 8 Defendants disregarded their policy limiting occupancy of one-bedroom apartments to 9 three people when they allowed Jones, his wife, and their thirteen children including ABJ and ADJ 10 to move into a one bedroom. 11 Had the policy been enforced, the family would have been subject to a non-eligible 12 customer/check out, ADJ would not have been murdered and ABJ would not have been abused at 13 the Boulder 2 location. 14 Had Defendants complied with their policy of performing monthly preventative 15 maintenance in all units, they would have discovered the family living in a one bedroom and that 16 ADJ had visible and significant signs of physical abuse and neglect. 17 Defendants also had a policy of monitoring utility usage and charging for excessive 18 consumption. 19 Doe Employee Siegel Suites I was manager at the Boulder 2 location knew or should have 20 known the family were in violation of the occupancy policies. Had the policy been followed, the 21 family would have been evicted and/or it would have been discovered that ADJ had visible and 22 significant signs of physical abuse and neglect prior to ADJ’s death. 23 Defendants knew the Boulder 2 location was in a high crime area and had a duty to provide 24 reasonable security services to protect individuals on their property, which they failed to do. 25 It was foreseeable Jones would commit child abuse. 26 Defendant BOULDER II DE, LLC, is a Delaware Limited Liability Company dba Siegel 27 Suites Boulder 2, owns and operates the property located at 3625 Boulder Highway, Las Vegas, 28 / / / 1 Nevada 89121, which is a flexible stay apartment complex offering furnished apartments, short 2 terms apartments, cheap studio apartments, and temporary housing. 3 Defendant Boulder II LV Holdings, LLC, is a Nevada limited liability company and is 4 authorized and doing business in the County of Clark, State of Nevada; was the holding company 5 for Defendant and Managing Member for Defendant Boulder II De, LLC, that shared common 6 stock ownership, board of directors members, corporate officers, and corporate headquarters with 7 Defendant Boulder II De, LLC. BOULDER II DE, LLC. 8 Defendant The Siegel Group Nevada, Inc. is a Nevada domestic corporation, dba The 9 Siegel Group, and is the holding company for Defendants Boulder II LV Holdings, LLC and 10 Boulder II De, LLC, with whom it shares its corporate headquarters. 11 DOE Employees Siegal Suites I-X were at all times relevant hereto, employees and/or 12 agents of Defendants The Siegel Group Nevada, Inc., Boulder II LV Holdings, LLC, and/or 13 Boulder II De, LLC, and were and are residents of County of Clark, State of Nevada, who were 14 working in the course and scope of their employment at the time of all actions and inactions 15 complained of herein. 16 17 b. Undisputed Facts 18 The following facts are undisputed as to Defendants County of Clark, Carole Falcone, and 19 Paula Hammack’s Motion for Summary Judgment (ECF No. 41). 20 Plaintiff Dijonay Thomas is the natural mother of ADJ and ABJ. Defendant Paul Jones is 21 the natural father of ABJ and ADJ. ECF No. 43-3 at 2. 22 ABJ and ADJ were placed in protective custody on April 20, 2016. ECF No. 43-3 at 3. 23 On April 22, 2016, a preliminary protective custody hearing was held by Judge Hardcastle, 24 and the Court determined that ADJ and ABJ should remain in protective custody due to a concern 25 that their mother could not provide adequate supervision. ECF No. 43-3 at 3. 26 Judge Hardcastle found it was in the best interests of the children to place them together 27 with their maternal grandmother. ECF No. 43-3 at 3-4. 28 1 On April 25, 2016, Family Services Specialist Supervisor Dona Ford conducted a 2 background check on Jones’ wife Latoya Williams and noted Williams had an open case for 3 “Physical Risk Abuse Neglect of the children in her home, and her husband Paul, had the allegation 4 of Physical Risk Abuse - Bruises Cut of children in their home.” ECF No. 47-1 at 8. On May 10, 5 2016 ABJ and ADJ’s case was transferred from Clark County DFS Casework Scott to DFS 6 Specialist Wuelzer. ECF No. 47 at 7. 7 On May 11, 2016 a Plea Hearing was held by Hearing Master Gibson. ECF No 47-1 at 9. 8 Both Plaintiff Thomas and Defendant Jones were present. Id. Jones expressed interest in gaining 9 custody of ABJ and ADJ, but the Deputy District Attorney alerted the Court to Jones’ previous 10 child abuse conviction and Hearing Master Gibson told Jones it would not be possible. Id. 11 On May 23, 2016, District Attorney filed a Second Amended Petition stating that Thomas’s 12 cognitive deficiencies and mental illness were affecting her ability to provide adequate care, 13 complicated by her pregnancy and the fact that she was not currently taking medication. ECF No. 14 43-4 at 2. The Petition also stated that Defendant Jones had been convicted of child abuse, neglect, 15 or endangerment and was on probation for two years, and was not current on child support 16 payments. Id. at 3. The Petition therefore requested that ABJ and ADJ be declared wards of the 17 Court. Id. 18 On June 8, 2016, the Second Amended Petition was dismissed as to Defendant Jones only, 19 as recommended by Hearing Master Gibson and ordered by Judge Hoskin. ECF No. 43-6 at 3-4. 20 The order dismissing the Second Amended Petition found that Jones had pled guilty to child abuse, 21 neglect, or endangerment on February 19, 2015, and that in case J-15-335662-P1, the presumption 22 as to his ability to care for his children in light of his conviction had been overcome, and on August 23 15, 2015, he and his wife Latoya Williams were reunited with their children in that companion 24 case. ECF No. 43-6 at 3. The order further found that wardship was terminated in case J-15- 25 335662-P1 on January 5, 2016 and Jones and Williams were not required to complete a class at 26 Red Rock Counseling. ECF No. 43-6 at 3. The order also found that Jones’ child support payment 27 had been suspended due to his reliance on TANF. ECF No. 43-6 at 3. 28 1 On June 8, 2016, as a result of the dismissal of the Second Amended Petition by Hearing 2 Master Gibson, ABJ and ADJ were released to Jones. ECF No. 43-1 at 6. 3 Based on the dismissal of the Second Amended Petition, ABJ and ADJ’s case was closed 4 by DFS Specialist Brandy Wuelzer “due to reunification with their natural father.” ECF No. 47-1 5 at 15. 6 7 c. Disputed Facts 8 The following facts are disputed as to Defendants County of Clark, Carole Falcone, and 9 Paula Hammack’s Motion for Summary Judgment (ECF No. 41). 10 The parties dispute whether ABJ and ADJ were in the custody, control and/or supervision 11 of the County Defendants once they were in the home of their father, Defendant Jones. 12 According to County Defendants, the children were not in their custody, control, and/or 13 supervision once in Defendant Jones’ home. While a Second Amended Petition was filed against 14 Plaintiff Thomas and Defendant Jones on May 23, 2016, the Family Court dismissed the petition 15 on June 8, 2016 against Defendant Jones, released ADJ and ABJ to him, and closed the case. ECF 16 No. 41 at 4-5. Therefore, they were not “placed” with Jones but returned to his care, and no longer 17 in the custody, control and/or supervision of Jones as of June 8, 2016. Id. at 5. 18 Plaintiffs dispute this. They argue the County Defendants had an obligation to ensure 19 placement options before the Court were appropriate and that all relevant information was 20 provided to the Court. ECF No. 47 at 12-13. Further, they state no efforts were taken to determine 21 the level of supervision Jones would provide, nor whether it would be appropriate or safe for the 22 children to be placed with him. Id. at 13. They further state the County Defendants never attempted 23 to contact the Division of Parole and Probation of the Department of Public Safety to determine 24 whether Jones was complying with the terms of his probation for multiple counts of child abuse. 25 Id. at 10. 26 The parties also dispute whether ABJ and ADJ were “placed” by the County Defendants 27 in the custody of their father, Defendants Jones. 28 1 According to Defendants, they did not “place,” the children; ABJ and ADJ were released 2 to their natural father as a result of the dismissal of the Second Amended Petition. 3 Plaintiffs state they were “placed” by the County Defendants in Jones’ care, as evidenced 4 by a summary report prepared by DFS Specialist Wuelzer stating that the children were “placed” 5 with their father. ECF No. 47 at 9. 6 7 IV. LEGAL STANDARD A. Summary Judgment 8 Summary judgment is appropriate when the pleadings, depositions, answers to 9 interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show “that there is no 10 genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of 11 law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a); accord Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986). When 12 considering the propriety of summary judgment, the court views all facts and draws all inferences 13 in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Gonzalez v. City of Anaheim, 747 F.3d 789, 14 793 (9th Cir. 2014). If the movant has carried its burden, the non-moving party “must do more 15 than simply show that there is some metaphysical doubt as to the material facts.... Where the record 16 taken as a whole could not lead a rational trier of fact to find for the nonmoving party, there is no 17 genuine issue for trial.” Scott v. Harris, 550 U.S. 372, 380 (2007) (alteration in original) (internal 18 quotation marks omitted). It is improper for the Court to resolve genuine factual disputes or make 19 credibility determinations at the summary judgment stage. Zetwick v. Cty. of Yolo, 850 F.3d 436, 20 441 (9th Cir. 2017) (citations omitted). 21 B. Motion to Dismiss 22 An initial pleading must contain “a short and plain statement of the claim showing that 23 the pleader is entitled to relief.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a). The court may dismiss a complaint for 24 “failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). In ruling on 25 a motion to dismiss, “[a]ll well-pleaded allegations of material fact in the complaint are accepted 26 as true and are construed in the light most favorable to the non-moving party.” Faulkner v. ADT 27 Sec. Services, Inc., 706 F.3d 1017, 1019 (9th Cir. 2013) (citations omitted). 28 1 To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint need not contain “detailed factual allegations,” 2 but it must do more than assert “labels and conclusions” or “a formulaic recitation of the elements 3 of a cause of action....” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atlantic Corp. 4 _v_.Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007) ). In other words, a claim will not be dismissed if it contains 5 “sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face,” 6 meaning that the court can reasonably infer “that the defendant is liable for the misconduct 7 alleged.” Id. at 678 (internal quotation and citation omitted). The Ninth Circuit, in elaborating on 8 the pleading standard described in Twombly and Iqbal, has held that for a complaint to survive 9 dismissal, the plaintiff must allege non-conclusory facts that, together with reasonable inferences 10 from those facts, are “plausibly suggestive of a claim entitling the plaintiff to relief.” Moss v. U.S. 11 Secret Service, 572 F.3d 962, 969 (9th Cir. 2009). 12 13 V. DISCUSSION 14 A. Motion to Dismiss (ECF No. 24) 15 i. 42 U.S.C. § 1983 16 The Siegel Defendants seek to dismiss Plaintiffs’ § 1983 claim against them. 17 To make out a prima facie case under § 1983, a plaintiff must show that a defendant: (1) 18 acted under color of law, and (2) deprived the plaintiff of a constitutional right. Borunda v. 19 Richmond, 885 F.2d 1384, 1391 (9th Cir. 1989). 20 “While generally not applicable to private parties, a § 1983 action can lie against a private 21 party when ‘he is a willful participant in joint action with the State or its agents.’” Kirtley v. 22 Rainey, 326 F.3d 1088, 1092 (9th Cir. 2003) (quoting Dennis v. Sparks, 449 U.S. 24, 27 (1980)). 23 Defendants argue they are private actors and the burden is on Plaintiffs to allege that 24 Defendants are willful participants in joint action with the state or its agents, which the complaint 25 fails to do. ECF No. 24 at 5-6. 26 Plaintiffs respond this claim is not pled against the Siegel Defendants and was inadvertently 27 left out of the amended language in the Amended Complaint. ECF No. 33 at 6. 28 1 The Court therefore grants the Motion to Dismiss Count I against Defendants Boulder II 2 De, LLC, d/b/a Siegel Suites Boulder 2, The Siegel Group Nevada, Inc., d/b/a The Siegel Group, 3 and Boulder II LV Holdings, LLC. 4 5 ii. Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress 6 Defendant seek to dismiss Plaintiffs’ negligent infliction of emotional distress claim 7 against them. 8 “Under Nevada law, only a ‘bystander’ may bring a claim for negligent infliction of 9 emotional distress.” Beckman v. Match.com, LLC, 668 F. App'x 759, 759-760 (9th Cir. 2016) 10 (citing Shoen v. Amerco, Inc., 896 P.2d 469, 477 (1995); Olivero v. Lowe, 995 P.2d 1023, 1026– 11 27 (Nev. 2000)). “‘Direct victims’ of negligence torts may recover for emotional distress as part 12 of their damages award.” Id. at 760 (citing Shoen, 896 P.2d at 477). 13 Ordinary tort principles govern claims for negligent infliction of emotional distress. 14 Therefore, a defendant is not liable if his negligence was not the proximate cause of the plaintiff’s 15 emotional distress. State v. Eaton, 710 P.2d 1370, 1376 (Nev. 1985), overruled on other grounds 16 by State ex rel. Dep't of Transp. v. Hill, 963 P.2d 480 (Nev. 1998). Further, “the plaintiff must 17 prove that the shock of witnessing the harm was the proximate cause of his or her emotional 18 distress.” Id. (citation omitted). “Plaintiff's burden of proving causation in fact should not be 19 minimized. The emotional injury must be directly attributable to the emotional impact of the 20 plaintiff's observation or contemporaneous sensory perception of the accident and immediate 21 viewing of the accident victim.” Id. (internal quotations and citation omitted). “The defendant must 22 not only have proximately caused the victim's injuries, but he must also be primarily liable for 23 them,” as in the victim’s own negligence may not exceed that of the defendant. Id. at 1377. Further, 24 the harm must be reasonably foreseeable by the ordinary person under the circumstances. Id. at 25 1377 n.11. 26 In order to determine whether the emotional injury was “reasonably foreseeable,” courts 27 evaluate three factors. The bystander plaintiff must be “closely related to the victim of an accident, 28 be located near the scene of the accident, and suffer a shock resulting from direct emotional impact 1 stemming from the sensory and contemporaneous observance of the accident.” Crippens v. Sav on 2 Drug Stores, 961 P.2d 761, 762 (1998) (citing State v. Eaton, 710 P.2d 1370, 1377-78 (1985)). 3 “[I]t is not the precise position of plaintiff or what the plaintiff saw that must be examined. The 4 overall circumstances must be examined to determine whether the harm to the plaintiff was 5 reasonably foreseeable. Foreseeability is the cornerstone of [the] test for negligent infliction of 6 emotional distress.” Id. at 762-63 (citation omitted). 7 Defendants argue their alleged conduct in failing to adhere to internal protocols did not 8 cause the abuse and death of ADJ, therefore Plaintiff has failed to state a claim. 9 Plaintiffs respond that negligence is a jury question and that they have adequately alleged 10 that both ABJ and ADJ suffered physical impacts as a result of Defendants’ negligence, and ABJ 11 has alleged emotional distress and shock. ECF No. 33 at 7. They have also alleged facts for 12 bystander recovery in ABJ witnessing her brother’s alleged abuse and death. Id. 13 The Court finds Plaintiffs have stated a plausible claim for negligent infliction of emotional 14 distress. They allege that the Siegel Defendants failed to adhere to their internal protocols and that 15 had they done so, they would have discovered that Jones and his wife were violating their policies, 16 they would have been evicted, and it would have been discovered that ADJ showed obvious signs 17 of abuse. It is enough with regard to the current motion that Plaintiffs have pled a prima facie case 18 of negligent infliction of emotional distress. 19 Therefore, the Motion to Dismiss is denied as to the fifth claim. 20 21 iii. Wrongful Death 22 Defendants seek to dismiss Plaintiffs’ wrongful death claim against them. 23 Under Nevada law, “[w]hen the death of any person ... is caused by the wrongful act or 24 neglect of another, the heirs of the decedent and the personal representatives of the decedent may 25 each maintain an action for damages against the person who caused the death ...” NRS 41.085(2). 26 NRS 651.015 governs civil liability of innkeepers for the death or injury of a person on the 27 premises that was caused by someone other than an employee. Innkeepers are not civilly liable for 28 such death or injury unless: “(a) The wrongful act which caused the death or injury was 1 foreseeable; and (b) There is a preponderance of evidence that the owner or keeper did not exercise 2 due care for the safety of the patron or other person on the premises.” Nev. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 3 651.015(1). The statute further states that an innkeeper is civilly liable for such death or injury if: 4 “(a) The wrongful act which caused the death or injury was foreseeable; and (b) The owner or 5 keeper failed to take reasonable precautions against the foreseeable wrongful act.” Nev. Rev. Stat. 6 Ann. § 651.015(2). 7 Whether the wrongful act was foreseeable and whether the innkeeper had a duty to take 8 reasonable precautions against the wrongful act of the perpetrator of the death or injury are legal 9 determinations. Id. The statute further states that a wrongful act is not foreseeable unless: “(a) The 10 owner or keeper failed to exercise due care for the safety of the patron or other person on the 11 premises; or (b) Prior incidents of similar wrongful acts occurred on the premises and the owner 12 or keeper had notice or knowledge of those incidents.” Id. at § (3). 13 “NRS 651.015(3) allows a judge to evaluate evidence of ‘[p]rior incidents of similar 14 wrongful acts’ or any other circumstances related to the exercise of ‘due care’ when imposing a 15 duty under NRS 651.015(2). This aligns the statute's definition of “foreseeable” with [Doud v. Las 16 Vegas Hilton Corp., 864 P.2d 796 (1993)]’s “totality of the circumstances” approach by allowing 17 a judge to look beyond the existence of ‘similar wrongful acts’ in determining the existence of a 18 duty.” Estate of Smith ex rel. Smith v. Mahoney's Silver Nugget, Inc., 265 P.3d 688, 692 (Nev. 19 2011). 20 Defendants argue Plaintiff has not alleged they caused the abuse and death of the minor 21 children and that the intentional acts of a third party caused the injuries. ECF No. 24 at 7. Plaintiffs 22 respond that they require discovery as to the full extent of foreseeability and that discovery will 23 reveal incidents of child abuse, domestic violence, and other crimes resulting from overcrowding. 24 ECF No. 33 at 10. They further assert that they plausibly allege Defendants’ negligence in failing 25 to provide adequate security created a favorable environment for criminal activity and that the 26 harm upon ABJ and ADJ was foreseeable. Id. at 11. They further assert that if they had complied 27 with their own policies including background checks, they would have discovered the child abuse 28 convictions. Id. at 12-13. 1 Plaintiffs have stated a plausible claim for relief as to wrongful death. Defendants’ 2 assertion that they did not cause the alleged abuse and death and that it was the consequence of a 3 third party is unavailing. NRS 651.015 states that innkeepers may be held liable for the death of 4 another on their property if the wrongful act which caused the death or injury was foreseeable and 5 a preponderance of the evidence indicates the innkeeper did not exercise reasonable care as to the 6 safety of those on the premises. Plaintiffs have alleged that Jones’ alleged abuse was foreseeable 7 and that the Siegel Defendants failed to adhere to their own internal protocols which precluded 8 them from discovering the occupancy violations committed by Jones and his wife and the visible 9 evidence of abuse of ADJ. They also alleged that the Defendants failed to keep the premises 10 reasonable safe, including the provision of adequate security. Plaintiffs have satisfied their burden 11 on the Motion to Dismiss. 12 Accordingly, the Motion to Dismiss is denied as to the fourth claim. 13 14 iv. Premises Liability 15 Defendants seek to dismiss Plaintiffs’ claim for premises liability against them. 16 “Generally a premises owner or operator owes entrants a duty to exercise reasonable care 17 . . . but courts may limit that duty.” FCH1, LLC v. Rodriguez, 335 P.3d 183, 186 (Nev. 2014) 18 (citing Foster v. Costco Wholesale Corp., 291 P.3d 150, 152 (Nev. 2012)). 19 “A landlord is not liable for injury caused by the negligent actions of its tenant.” FGA, Inc. 20 v.Giglio, 278 P.3d 490, 501 (Nev. 2012) (citing Wright v. Schum, 781 P.2d 1142, 1142–43 (Nev. 21 1989)). “However, a landlord is still subject to the duty of all persons to ‘exercise reasonable care 22 not to subject others to an unreasonable risk of harm.’” Id. (quoting Wright, 781 P.2d at 1143). 23 Thus, while a landlord may not be liable because of his status as a landlord, he may still be liable 24 for his own, individual negligence. Id. 25 Defendants argue the complaint should be dismissed in its entirety against Defendants 26 because a landlord is not liable for injury caused by the negligent actions of its tenant and 27 Defendants’ failure to perform a background check and monthly maintenance did not cause the 28 child abuse. ECF No. 24 at 8-9 (citing Giglio, 278 P.3d at 501). 1 Plaintiffs respond by citing to their arguments regarding the wrongful death claim and the 2 standard under NRS 651.015 and further assert that had Defendants followed their own policies, 3 the harm endured by ABJ and ADJ would not have continued. ECF No. 33 at 14-15. 4 Plaintiffs have plausibly stated a claim for relief. They allege that the Siegel Defendants 5 owed ABJ and ADJ a duty of care to keep the premises safe, that they failed to follow their internal 6 protocols and that doing so would have prevented the abuse, that ABJ and ADJ were customer 7 invitees, that they were harmed due to a dangerous condition that Defendants had actual and 8 constructive notice of, and they failed to enact proper safeguards. Contrary to Defendants’ 9 assertion, Plaintiffs are not arguing that Defendants be held liable for Jones’ negligence, but that 10 the Defendants’ own negligent conduct contributed to the harm. 11 Therefore, the Court denies the Motion to Dismiss the seventh claim. 12 13 v. Negligent Hiring, Supervision, and Failure to Warn; Vicarious 14 Liability; Negligent Security; and Negligence 15 Defendant seek to dismiss Plaintiffs’ negligent hiring, supervision, and failure to warn 16 claim, as well as their claims for vicarious liability, negligent security, and negligence. 17 [The Nevada Supreme Court] has held that an “employer has a duty to use 18 reasonable care in the training, supervision, and retention of his or her employees 19 to make sure that the employees are fit for their positions.” The tort of negligent training and supervision imposes direct liability on the employer if (1) the employer 20 knew that the employee acted in a negligent manner, (2) the employer failed to train or supervise the employee adequately, and (3) the employer's negligence 21 proximately caused the plaintiffs injuries. When liability is based on negligent 22 supervision instead of respondeat superior, whether the employee acted within the course and scope of employment is immaterial. 23 24 Helle v. Core Home Health Servs. of Nevada, 238 P.3d 818, *3 (Nev. 2008) (footnotes omitted). 25 “Nevada law provides that, when a defendant has actual knowledge of a specific harm, that 26 defendant has a duty to warn known, foreseeable victims of known, foreseeable harms.” Beckman 27 v. Match.com, LLC, 668 F. App'x 759, 760 (9th Cir. 2016) (citing Ducey v. United States, 830 28 1 F.2d 1071, 1072 (9th Cir. 1987); Elko Enters., Inc. v. Broyles, 779 P.2d 961, 964 (1989) (per 2 curiam); Mangeris v. Gordon, 580 P.2d 481, 483 (1978)). 3 Vicarious liability, or liability based on the doctrine of respondeat superior, is a two-part 4 analysis: 5 Respondeat superior liability attaches only when the employee is under the control 6 of the employer and when the act is within the scope of employment.... Therefore, 7 an actionable claim on a theory of respondeat superior requires proof that (1) the actor at issue was an employee, and (2) the action complained of occurred within 8 the scope of the actor's employment. 9 Rockwell v. Sun Harbor Budget Suites, 925 P.2d 1175, 1179 (Nev. 1996) (quoting Molino v. 10 Asher, 618 P.2d 878, 879 (Nev. 1980)) (quotation marks omitted). The jury determines whether 11 an employee acted within the scope of her employment when she committed the wrongful act. See 12 Nat'l Convenience Stores v. Fantauzzi, 584 P.2d 689, 692 (Nev. 1978) (“Whether an employee 13 was engaged in the scope of employment when the tortious act occurred raises an issue of fact 14 which is within the province of a jury.”). 15 “To prove a negligent-security claim, a plaintiff must show that: ‘(1) the defendant owed a 16 duty of care to the plaintiff; (2) the defendant breached that duty; (3) the breach was the legal cause 17 of the plaintiff's injury; and (4) the plaintiff suffered damages.’” Symeonidis v. AMC, LLC, No. 18 71072, 2017 WL 6513640, at *1 (Nev. App. Dec. 11, 2017) (quoting Doud, 864 P.2d at 798). 19 “To prevail on a negligence theory, a plaintiff must generally show that: (1) the defendant 20 owed a duty of care to the plaintiff; (2) the defendant breached that duty; (3) the breach was the 21 legal cause of the plaintiff's injury; and (4) the plaintiff suffered damages.” Scialabba v. Brandise 22 Const. Co., 921 P.2d 928, 930 (Nev. 1996) (citation omitted). “In a negligence action, summary 23 judgment should be considered with caution.” Id. (citation omitted). “In order to establish 24 entitlement to judgment as a matter of law, a moving defendant must show that one of the elements 25 of the plaintiff's prima facie case is clearly lacking as a matter of law.” Id. (internal quotation and 26 citation omitted). 27 Defendants argue that Plaintiffs have not alleged that Defendants’ failure to follow its 28 internal protocols caused the alleged abuse and death. ECF No. 24 at 9-10. Assuming the failures 1 occurred, the third-party actor’s conduct is a superseding cause of the children’s’ injuries. Id. at 2 10.Further, Defendants are not mandatory reporters under Nevada law as innkeepers/landlord and 3 so they could not breach any duty they did not owe. Id. at 11-12. 4 Plaintiffs respond Defendants have a special relationship with ABJ and ADJ based upon 5 their innkeeper status and Defendants ignore the implications of the allegations that they failed to 6 follow internal protocols on the negligence inquiry. ECF No. 33 at 15. Further, Defendants are 7 responsible for the actions of their employees. Id. 8 The Court finds that Plaintiffs have stated plausible claims for relief as to the Negligent 9 Hiring, Supervision, and Failure to Warn, Vicarious Liability, Negligent Security, and Negligence 10 claims. Defendants’ argument that they are not mandatory reporters and so had no duty to report 11 the alleged abuse is inapposite. Plaintiffs have alleged Defendants’ own negligence caused the 12 alleged harm. That is all they need do at this juncture. 13 Accordingly, the Motion to Dismiss is denied as to claims eight, nine, ten, and eleven. 14 15 vi. NRS 86.371 16 Defendants argue the complaint should be dismissed as against The Siegel Group Nevada 17 Inc., and Boulder II LV Holdings, LLC pursuant to NRS 86.371. 18 NRS 86.371 states that “Unless otherwise provided in the articles of organization or an 19 agreement signed by the member or manager to be charged, no member or manager of any limited- 20 liability company formed under the laws of this State is individually liable for the debts or 21 liabilities of the company.” 22 “A member of a limited-liability company is not a proper party to proceedings by or against 23 the company, except where the object is to enforce the member's right against or liability to the 24 company.” Nev. Rev. Stat. § 86.381. 25 “NRS 86.371 is not intended to shield members or managers from liability for personal 26 negligence.” Gardner on Behalf of L.G. v. Eighth Judicial Dist. Court in & for Cty. of Clark, 405 27 P.3d 651, 652 (Nev. 2017). “A plain reading of NRS 86.371 protects members and managers only 28 / / / 1 from individual liability resulting from the debts or liabilities of the LLC, not liabilities incurred 2 as a result of individual acts.” Id. at 734. 3 Defendants argue Plaintiffs’ complaint against The Siegel Group Nevada Inc., and Boulder 4 II LV Holdings, LLC should be dismissed pursuant to NRS 86.371 because the complaint is silent 5 as to whether these entities were owners/operators of the subject premises, therefore they cannot 6 be individually liable for the debts/liabilities of the alleged owner/operator. ECF No. 24 at 12. The 7 only allegations are that these two entities are the holding companies of Boulder II, De, LLC. Id. 8 at 12-13. 9 Plaintiffs respond that they have substantively alleged the Defendants’ involvement and 10 more discovery is needed to determine the exact contours of the relationship between the three 11 entities. ECF No. 33 at 16-17. The statutes cited by Defendants do not preclude liability for the 12 acts and omissions alleged but operate to prevent standalone liability based solely on the corporate 13 relationship between these entities. Id. at 16. 14 The Court agrees with Defendants that as alleged, Plaintiff has not indicated that either the 15 Siegel Group Nevada Inc. or Boulder II LV Holdings, LLC owned or operated the premises at 16 issue, and therefore Plaintiffs have failed to allege that the individual liability of these entities is 17 divorced from the liability of Boulder II, De, LLC as the alleged owner/operator of the subject 18 premises. Without alleging that these entities are liable for their personal negligence, Plaintiffs are 19 foreclosed by NRS 86.371 from asserting liability against them on the basis of Boulder II, De, 20 LLC’s liability as owner/operator. 21 The Court therefore grants the Motion to Dismiss the claims against The Siegel Group 22 Nevada Inc. and Boulder II LV Holdings, LLC, but grants Plaintiffs leave to amend the complaint 23 to assert allegations sufficient to state a claim for liability based upon personal negligence. 24 25 B. Motion for Summary Judgment (ECF No. 41) 26 i. 42 U.S.C. § 1983 27 The County Defendants seek summary judgment on Plaintiffs’ § 1983 claims. 28 / / / 1 “The ‘general rule’ is that a state actor is not liable under the Due Process Clause ‘for its 2 omissions.’” Pauluk v. Savage, 836 F.3d 1117, 1122 (9th Cir. 2016) (quoting Munger v. City of 3 Glasgow Police Dep’t, 227 F.3d 1082, 1086 (9th Cir. 2000)). “There are two exceptions to this 4 general rule: ‘1) when a “special relationship” exists between the plaintiff and the state (the special- 5 relationship exception); and (2) when the state affirmatively places the plaintiff in danger by acting 6 with “deliberate indifference” to a “known or obvious danger” (the state-created danger 7 exception).’” Id. (quoting Patel v. Kent Sch. Dist, 648 F.3d 965, 971–72 (9th Cir. 2001)). 8 The special relationship exception applies when “when a state ‘takes a person into its 9 custody and holds him there against his will.’” Patel, 648 F.3d at 972 (quoting DeShaney v. 10 Winnebago Cnty. Dep't of Soc. Servs., 489 U.S. 189, 199-200 (1989)). This includes 11 “‘incarceration, institutionalization, or other similar restraint of personal liberty.’” Id. (quoting 12 DeShaney, 489 U.S. at 200). “Under this exception, the state's constitutional duty arises ‘not from 13 the State's knowledge of the individual's predicament or from its expressions of intent to help him, 14 but from the limitation which [the State] has imposed on his freedom.’” Id. “In other words, the 15 person's substantive due process rights are triggered when the state restrains his liberty, not when 16 he suffers harm caused by the actions of third parties.” Id. (citing DeShaney, 489 U.S. at 195, 200). 17 “The special-relationship exception does not apply when a state fails to protect a person who is 18 not in custody.” Id. (citing DeShaney, 489 U.S. at 195-202). 19 “Under the state-created danger doctrine, a state actor can be held liable for failing to 20 protect a person’s interest in his personal security or bodily integrity when the state actor 21 affirmatively and with deliberate indifference placed that person in danger. The doctrine holds 22 state actors liable ‘for their roles in creating or exposing individuals to danger they otherwise 23 would not have faced.’” Id. (quoting Kennedy v. City of Ridgefield, 439 F.3d 1055, 1062 (9th Cir. 24 2006)). 25 “To prevail on a state-created danger due process claim, a plaintiff must show more than 26 merely a failure to create or maintain a safe . . . environment. First, a plaintiff must show that the 27 state engaged in ‘affirmative conduct’ that placed him or her in danger.” Pauluk, 836 F.3d at 1124 28 (quoting Patel, 648 F.3d at 974). “This ‘affirmative conduct’ requirement has several components. 1 A plaintiff must show not only that the defendant acted ‘affirmatively,’ but also that the affirmative 2 conduct placed him in a ‘worse position than that in which he would have been had [the state] not 3 acted at all.’” Id. at 1125 (quoting Johnson v. City of Seattle, 474 F.3d 634, 641 (9th Cir. 2007) 4 (citing Kennedy, 439 F.3d at 1063). “The affirmative act must have exposed the plaintiff to ‘an 5 actual, particularized danger,’ and the resulting harm must have been foreseeable. Id. (citing 6 Kennedy, 439 F.3d at 1063). “Second, the state actor must have acted with ‘deliberate indifference’ 7 to a ‘known or obvious danger.’” Id. (citing Patel, 648 F.3d at 974). “‘Deliberate indifference’ 8 requires a ‘culpable mental state’ more than ‘gross negligence.’” Id. 9 Defendants argue there was no special relationship between the County Defendants and 10 ABJ and ADJ at the time of the abuse and death because ABJ and ADJ were not in protective 11 custody or placed in foster care after June 8, 2016 when they were placed with their father, and the 12 allegations state the harm occurred after this date. ECF No. 41 at 8-9. Additionally, government 13 response to a report of abuse does not create a special relationship. Id. at 9. Further, Plaintiffs do 14 not and cannot allege that the County Defendants created the danger or created or exposed ABJ 15 and ADJ to a danger they would not have otherwise faced and DeShaney v. Winnebago Cnty. 16 Dep't of Soc. Servs., 489 U.S. 189 (1989) is directly on point. Id. at 9-11. 17 Plaintiffs respond that the County Defendants created the danger when DFS Specialist 18 Wuelzer failed to apprise the Court at the hearing at which the children were ordered released to 19 Jones, that the Deputy District Attorney was misrepresenting the nature of Jones’ previous 20 conviction for child abuse and neglect, and that Judge Hardcastle and another deputy district 21 attorney had previously found that Jones was not a placement option. ECF No. 47 at 11-12. Further, 22 no attorney was present at the hearing to represent ADJ and ABJ in violation of Nevada law, and 23 no attorney was present on behalf of Plaintiff Thomas. Id. at 11-12. DFS Specialist Wuelzer 24 represented both the county and the children at this hearing, and “her silence and acquiescence to 25 series of wrong representations resulted in the Court directing the release of A.D.J. and A.B.J. to 26 Jones.” Id. at 12. 27 Further, Plaintiffs argue that DeShaney is distinguishable because the children had never 28 previously been in Jones’ custody and were not removed from Plaintiff Thomas’ care because of 1 abuse but rather, for inadequate supervision. Id. Thus, Defendants created the danger and put ABJ 2 and ADJ in a worse position than if they had not acted at all. Id. They had an obligation to ensure 3 placement options before the Court were appropriate and that all relevant information was 4 provided to the Court. Id. at 12-13. Further, no efforts were taken to determine the level of 5 supervision Jones would provide, nor whether it would be appropriate or safe for the children to 6 be placed with him. Id. at 13. 7 Plaintiffs further assert there was deliberate indifference because as of April 25, 2016, the 8 County Defendants completed a background check on Latoya Williams-Miley (stepmother to ADJ 9 and ABJ) and Jones, which revealed they both had physical risk abuse claims pending against them 10 and only recently regained custody of their eleven children. Id. at 15-16. They argue the County 11 Defendants “had an obligation to present evidence of Jones’ conviction for violation of NRS 12 200.508 [abuse, neglect, or endangerment of a child], to correct any misinformation presented by 13 any other individuals in this regard, and demand an evidentiary hearing before allowing the 14 children to be released to him.” Id. at 16. NRS 432B.555 states that a court shall not without clear 15 and convincing evidence that no physical or psychological harm to the child will result, release a 16 child to a person who has been convicted of violating NRS 200.508. Defendants knew Jones had 17 been convicted of felony child abuse and failed to adequately apprise the Court. Id. at 16. 18 Additionally, Plaintiffs respond that Defendants had a special relationship with ABJ and 19 ADJ; they intervened on their behalf, which triggered a duty to find them a safe placement option, 20 not one they knew was inappropriate. Id. at 14. “[T]hey were wards of the State from the time of 21 DFS removed them from Thomas’ custody on April 20, 2016, through the time DFS failed to 22 prevent their release from Child Haven to Jones on June 8, 2016.” Id. at 17. 23 Defendants reply that Plaintiffs have raised no disputed material facts in their opposition, 24 and it is undisputed that ABJ and ADJ were not in the custody/care of Defendants after June 8, 25 2016. ECF No. 49 at 2-3. Further, it was Deputy District Attorney Griffy who requested the petition 26 against Defendant Jones be dismissed. Id. at 4. That the children had never lived with Jones before 27 is immaterial because he is their natural father and his parental rights were never terminated. Id. 28 Further, Defendants argue there is no genuine dispute that Hearing Master Gibson was aware of 1 Jones’ prior conviction as evidenced by the “Second Amended Petition, various hearings, 2 representations made and positions taken by DDA Griffy, and the Order he signed dismissing the 3 Petition and ordering the release of A.D.J. and A.B.J. to their father.” Id. at 6. “County Defendants 4 are not liable for what DDA Griffy and/or the Family Court said and did as to the pending Petition 5 against Jones, including its dismissal and the release of A.D.J. and A.B.J. to their father.” Id. at 7. 6 Further, Defendants assert that Plaintiffs’ reliance on state statutes is misplaced because the 7 statutes do not support their claims; the statute governs what the Court must do and even if the 8 children had an attorney, the petition was dismissed at the behest of the Deputy District Attorney, 9 and the children’s attorney could not have subsequently forced the case to proceed. Id. at 11-12. 10 Finally, NRS 432B.420(2), like NRS 432.500(1), does not support a § 1983 claim. Id. at 12. 11 The Court finds it is undisputed that ADJ and ABJ were released to their father’s care as a 12 result of a court order. See ECF No. 43-6 at 4. It is also undisputed that the court order releasing 13 the children to Defendant Jones acknowledged Jones’ previous conviction for child abuse, neglect, 14 or endangerment, and the presumption that he could not care for ABJ and ADJ as a consequence 15 of that conviction had been overcome in another case, leading to the conclusion that it had also 16 been overcome with regard to ABJ and ADJ. Id. at 2. It is also undisputed that ABJ and ADJ were 17 released to their father’s care pursuant to the court order on June 8, 2016, and that their case was 18 closed the same day. ECF No. 43-1 at 8. The Court finds that these undisputed material facts 19 necessarily lead to a finding that the County Defendants did not violate ABJ and ADJ’s substantive 20 due process rights, and therefore that summary judgment is warranted in favor of the County 21 Defendants. 22 As an initial matter, the County Defendants are not liable for their “omissions.” Thus, the 23 Court must consider whether they fall under the exception to this general rule, either because a 24 special relationship existed between Defendants and ABJ and ADJ at the time of the alleged abuse, 25 or because they affirmatively placed ABJ and ADJ in danger. 26 Regarding the special relationship exception, the alleged abuse and resultant death 27 occurred after ABJ and ADJ had been released to their father and after the County Defendants had 28 closed their case. ABJ and ADJ were thus not in the County Defendants’ “custody” at the time 1 they suffered harm, and “the special-relationship exception does not apply when a state fails to 2 protect a person who is not in custody.” Patel, 648 F.3d at 972 (internal citations omitted). 3 Plaintiffs essentially argue that because ABJ and ADJ were in the custody of the state from April 4 20, 2016 “through the time DFS failed to prevent their release from Child Haven to Jones on June 5 8, 2016,” they maintained a special relationship with ABJ and ADJ throughout the time they were 6 in their father’s care. The material inquiry here is not the relationship between ABJ and ADJ and 7 the County Defendants before the alleged abuse, but the relationship at the time the abuse occurred. 8 Once the County Defendants terminated ABJ and ADJ’s case as a result of the court order, the 9 children were no longer “in custody,” and therefore no special relationship could exist between the 10 children and the County Defendants. This exception does not therefore apply. 11 Regarding the “state-created danger” exception, Plaintiffs fail to satisfy the first prong of 12 that exception, because they fail to show that the County Defendants engaged in “affirmative 13 conduct” that placed ABJ and ADJ in danger. Plaintiffs argue that DFS Specialist Wuelzer failed 14 to alert Hearing Master Gibson of Jones’ previous child abuse conviction, or that Judge Hardcastle 15 and a previous deputy district attorney had found Jones to be an unsuitable placement for ABJ and 16 ADJ. But the record clearly shows that Hearing Master Gibson was aware of this previous 17 conviction; it is explicitly referenced in his recommendation and order. Indeed, the minutes from 18 that hearing indicate that it was Deputy District Attorney Griffy who apprised Hearing Master 19 Gibson that the presumption that ABJ and ADJ could not be released to Jones due to his conviction 20 had been overcome with regard to his other eleven children, who had recently been returned to 21 him and to ABJ and ADJ’s stepmother. DFS Specialist Wuelzer’s notes also indicate that when 22 she asked if Jones needed to be fingerprinted for a background check and whether his home needed 23 to be checked, Griffy indicated Jones was a “nonoffending parent” and ABJ and ADJ should be 24 released to him. ECF No. 47-1 at 14. 25 Thus, even if DFS Specialist Wuelzer did nothing to apprise the Court of Jones’ prior 26 conviction, her failure to do so had no impact, because the Court was already aware, and the 27 Deputy District Attorney recommended the petition be dismissed. Thus, Plaintiffs have failed to 28 show that Defendants engaged in ‘affirmative conduct’ that placed ABJ and ADJ in danger. It was 1 known to Hearing Master Gibson as early as May 11, 2016 that Jones had a conviction for child 2 abuse. There was therefore no “affirmative conduct” taken by the County Defendants that put ABJ 3 and ADJ in a “worse position than that in which [they] would have been had [the County 4 Defendants] not acted at all.” Indeed, Defendants’ argument that they did not “place” ABJ and 5 ADJ is vital on this point. There was no “affirmative conduct” taken by the County Defendants at 6 all that led to ABJ and ADJ’s release to Jones. It was the decision and order of Hearing Master 7 Gibson that led to their release to Defendant Jones and not any affirmative (or even omissive) 8 conduct of the County Defendants. This is not a scenario in which the County Defendants 9 maintained custody of the children and placed them in Jones’ care once they had been removed 10 from their mother’s care. Those circumstances might lead to another conclusion, as Defendants 11 would have had both a “special relationship” with ABJ and ADJ, but also could have been said to 12 take “affirmative conduct” in placing them with Jones, thereby potentially putting the children in 13 the care of a convicted child abuser, which would have been a worse position than they had been 14 in before. But those are not the facts here. The Deputy District Attorney decided to dismiss the 15 petition against Jones and Hearing Master Gibson ordered the children released to him 16 accordingly. The County Defendants took no “affirmative conduct” at all that can be said to have 17 exposed ABJ and ADJ to ‘an actual, particularized, danger’ and foreseeable harm. 18 Therefore, because ABJ and ADJ were allegedly harmed by Defendant Jones, and because 19 state actors are not liable under the Due Process Clause for their omissions, Plaintiffs must prove 20 that either the special relationship or state-created danger exceptions apply to these Defendants. 21 For the reasons stated supra, they have failed to do so. 22 The Court therefore grants the Motion for Summary Judgment as to Count I in favor of 23 Carole Falcone, Paula Hammack, and County of Clark. 24 25 ii. 42 U.S.C. § 1983 Municipal Liability 26 “If no constitutional violation occurred, the municipality cannot be held liable . . . .” Long 27 v.City & Cty. of Honolulu, 511 F.3d 901, 907 (9th Cir. 2007). See also Munger v. City of Glasgow 28 Police Dep't, 227 F.3d 1082, 1088 n.3 (9th Cir. 2000) (noting that a finding that there had been no 1 constitutional violation by police officers would necessarily dispose of claims against police 2 department). 3 Defendants argue that for the same reason the individual liability under § 1983 fails, it fails 4 with regard to municipal liability, because there was no violation of a substantive due process 5 right. ECF No. 41 at 11. Therefore, allegations about policy are irrelevant because ABJ and ADJ 6 did not have a special relationship with the state and the state did not create or expose them to 7 danger. Id. at 11-12. 8 Plaintiffs respond substantively, stating Clark County failed to adequately train its workers 9 to adequately familiarize themselves with cases before custody hearings. ECF No. 47 at 17-18. 10 When the case was transferred from DFS Case Worker Scott to DFS Specialist Wuelzer, there was 11 a breakdown in communication that resulted in the children being placed with Jones. Id. at 18. 12 Because the Court has already found that the County Defendants did not violate Plaintiffs’ 13 constitutional rights, the Motion for Summary Judgment is granted as to Count II in favor of Paula 14 Hammack and County of Clark. 15 16 iii. State Law Claims 17 The County Defendants seeks summary judgment on the state law claims asserted against 18 them on the basis that they did not owe Plaintiffs a duty of care. 19 “Whether a defendant owes a plaintiff a duty of care is a question of law.” Scialabba, 921 20 P.2d at 930 (citation omitted). “As a general rule, a private person does not have a duty to protect 21 another from a criminal attack by a third person.” Id. (citation omitted). However, a duty may be 22 imposed where a “special relationship” exists, including “landowner-invitee, businessman-patron, 23 employer-employee, school district-pupil, hospital-patient, and carrier-passenger.” Id. 24 Accordingly, “the element of control is the pivotal factor in the determination of liability arising 25 from certain relationships.” Id. 26 Defendants argue that regarding claims three through five (negligence, wrongful death, 27 negligent infliction of emotional distress), the County Defendants did not owe Plaintiffs a duty 28 1 because Plaintiffs have not alleged a special relationship between the County Defendants and ABJ 2 and ADJ. ECF No. 41 at 12-13. 3 Plaintiffs respond there was a special relationship between the children and the County 4 Defendants which gave rise to a duty of care. ECF No. 47 at 19. 5 There is no genuine dispute of material fact that ABJ and ADJ’s harm occurred while they 6 were in the care of Defendant Jones, not while they were in the County Defendants’ custody. 7 Because the children were not in the County Defendants’ custody, the Defendants had no “control” 8 over them. As “the element of control” is the most important factor in determining liability on the 9 basis of a special relationship, and Defendants had none when ABJ and ADJ suffered harm, as a 10 matter of law, they did not owe ABJ and ADJ a duty of care. 11 Therefore, because Plaintiffs have alleged, inter alia, that it was the County Defendants’ 12 negligence that caused the wrongful death of ADJ, that their negligence led to the abuse suffered 13 by both ABJ and ADJ while in the care of Defendant Jones, and that their negligence led to ABJ’s 14 emotional distress in witnessing the death of her brother, ADJ, they must also prove that 15 Defendants owed ABJ and ADJ a duty of care. Because the Court has found as a matter of law that 16 the Defendants did not owe ABJ and ADJ a duty of care, the negligence, wrongful death, and 17 negligent infliction of emotional distress claims necessarily fail. 18 Therefore, the Court grants the Motion for Summary Judgment on claims three, four, and 19 five in favor of Clark County, Carole Falcone, Roe Clark County Dept. of Services Employee XI 20 and Paula Hammack. 21 // 22 // 23 // 24 // 25 // 26 // 27 // 28 // 1 VI. CONCLUSION 2 IT IS THEREFORE ORDERED that Defendants Boulder II De, LLC, Boulder II LV 3 | Holdings, LLC, and The Siegel Group Nevada, Inc.’s Motion to Dismiss (ECF No. 24) is 4| GRANTED in part and DENIED in part. The Court DISMISSES The Siegel Group Nevada Inc. 5 | and Boulder II LV Holdings, LCC without prejudice. Plaintiffs are granted leave to amend the 6 | complaint to assert allegations sufficient to state a claim for liability as to these defendants. All 7 | remaining claims shall proceed against Defendant Boulder II De, LLC. 8 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Defendants County of Clark, Carole Falcone, and Paula Hammack’s Motion for Summary Judgment (ECF No. 41) is GRANTED. Defendants County of Clark, Carole Falcone, and Paula Hammack are DISMISSED from this action. ll IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Motions for Leave to File Exhibits Under Seal (ECF Nos. 42, 48, 50) are GRANTED, nunc pro tunc. 13 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that this case remains stayed pursuant to this Court’s existing Order, (ECF No. 59). Upon resolution of the related criminal trial, the parties shall 15 | within fourteen (14) days of the entry of judgment in that case submit a revised discovery order. 16 17 DATED: May 30, 2020. AS 18 RICHARD F. BOULWARE, II 19 UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 26