Fourth Court of Appeals San Antonio, Texas MEMORANDUM OPINION
No. 04-18-00472-CR
Susan DONNELL, Appellant
v.
The STATE of Texas, Appellee
From the 81st Judicial District Court, Wilson County, Texas Trial Court No. 17-09-238-CRW Honorable Russell Wilson, Judge Presiding
Opinion by: Patricia O. Alvarez, Justice
Sitting: Patricia O. Alvarez, Justice Irene Rios, Justice Beth Watkins, Justice
Delivered and Filed: November 20, 2019
AFFIRMED
Appellant Susan Donnell was charged with possession of methamphetamine. The drug
was discovered during a search following a traffic stop for defective equipment and an expired
vehicle registration. After the trial court denied her motion to suppress, Donnell entered a plea
agreement. The trial court placed her on deferred-adjudication community supervision for three
years. On appeal, Donnell contends the trial court erred in denying her motion to suppress. We
affirm the trial court’s judgment. 04-18-00472-CR
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL FACTS
On June 12, 2018, the trial court heard the motion to suppress. The only witness was
Floresville Police Department Officer Billy Herrera. He testified to the following facts.
On March 5, 2015, at approximately 11:30 p.m., he initiated a vehicle stop for defective
equipment and an expired vehicle registration. Donnell was driving the vehicle. Her demeanor
that evening was “distraught” and “a little agitated.” When he asked her questions, she looked
away when she spoke to him. From his patrol unit, he checked her driver license and verified she
did not have any outstanding warrants. When he returned to her vehicle, he asked Donnell to step
out of the vehicle, “[j]ust to have a conversation with her and see what was going on, why she was
so nervous.” Donnell continued to repeat where she was going—to a friend’s house, in Pleasanton,
to wash clothes.
Donnell became more agitated, “just real confrontational,” and her hands were “trembling
pretty bad.” Before he asked Donnell for consent to search the vehicle, he asked her “[i]f there
was anything—any contraband in the vehicle.” At first she denied anything was in the vehicle;
then she replied, “it’s not my truck . . . who knows?” When he asked Donnell if she saw anything
illegal in the vehicle, she replied, “I mean—I don’t know. . . . There could be, yes, for all I know.”
He described Donnell as being unusually agitated by being asked for consent to search her vehicle.
At first Donnell stated, “go ahead,” but then withdrew her consent. Officer Herrera told
Donnell that if she denied consent, he would call for a K-9 unit to search the vehicle. Donnell
replied, “go ahead.” He told Donnell “that she was in possession of the vehicle and she could give
[him] consent to search.” He “asked her if [he] could do a search and she said yes.” He again told
Donnell that she could withdraw her consent at any time.
During his search of the vehicle, he located a small amount of methamphetamine in the
center console of the vehicle. After he gave Donnell a Miranda warning, he asked her about the
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methamphetamine. Donnell acknowledged the methamphetamine belonged to her. The officer’s
dash camera video recording was played for the trial court. The time from when Officer Herrera
initiated the stop until he discovered the methamphetamine was less than twelve minutes.
On cross-examination, Officer Herrera reiterated it was Donnell’s extreme nervousness
that caused him concern. He explained that Donnell’s level of agitation was greater than he sees
on a regular basis when conducting traffic stops.
The trial court denied the motion to suppress and Donnell entered a plea of no contest. The
trial court deferred a finding of guilt and placed Donnell on deferred-adjudication community
supervision for three years.
On appeal, Donnell contends the trial court erred by denying her motion to suppress.
MOTION TO SUPPRESS
A. Standard of Review
“We review a trial court’s denial of a motion to suppress under a bifurcated standard of
review. We review the trial court’s factual findings for an abuse of discretion, but [we] review the
trial court’s application of law to the facts de novo.” Turrubiate v. State, 399 S.W.3d 147, 150
(Tex. Crim. App. 2013) (citation omitted) (citing Valtierra v. State, 310 S.W.3d 442, 447–48 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2010)). “The trial judge is the sole trier of fact and judge of the credibility of the
witnesses and the weight to be given to their testimony.” Valtierra, 310 S.W.3d at 447. “When
the trial court fails to make explicit findings of fact, we imply fact findings that support the trial
court’s ruling so long as the evidence supports these implied findings.” Gutierrez v. State, 221
S.W.3d 680, 687 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007); accord Turrubiate, 399 S.W.3d at 150. We give
“[a]lmost total deference . . . to the trial court’s implied findings, especially those based on an
evaluation of witness credibility and demeanor.” Turrubiate, 399 S.W.3d at 150; accord Johnson
v. State, 414 S.W.3d 184, 192 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013).
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B. Shifting Burdens
In a motion to suppress evidence based on an alleged Fourth Amendment violation, “the
defendant bears the initial burden of producing evidence rebutting the presumption of proper police
conduct. A defendant satisfies this burden by establishing that a search or seizure occurred without
a warrant.” Ford v. State, 158 S.W.3d 488, 492 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005) (footnote omitted); State
v. Hneidy, 510 S.W.3d 458, 462 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2013, pet. ref’d). “Once the defendant
has made this showing, the burden of proof shifts to the State where it is required to establish that
the search or seizure . . . was reasonable.” Ford, 158 S.W.3d at 492 (citing Bishop v. State, 85
S.W.3d 819, 822 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002)); accord Hneidy, 510 S.W.3d at 462.
C. Reviewing Reasonable Suspicion
Reasonable suspicion is determined under the totality of the circumstances. See Arguellez
v. State, 409 S.W.3d 657, 663 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013); Ford, 158 S.W.3d at 493; Hneidy, 510
S.W.3d at 463. “Whether there was reasonable suspicion to detain [the defendant] is not a function
of [the officer’s] demeanor or credibility, but of the legal significance of the essentially
uncontested facts.” Leming v. State, 493 S.W.3d 552, 562 (Tex. Crim. App. 2016) (citing Amador
v. State, 221 S.W.3d 666, 673 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007)). If the trial court’s ruling “is correct under
any applicable theory of law,” it must be sustained. Lerma v. State, 543 S.W.3d 184, 190 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2018).
D. Parties’ Arguments
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Fourth Court of Appeals San Antonio, Texas MEMORANDUM OPINION
No. 04-18-00472-CR
Susan DONNELL, Appellant
v.
The STATE of Texas, Appellee
From the 81st Judicial District Court, Wilson County, Texas Trial Court No. 17-09-238-CRW Honorable Russell Wilson, Judge Presiding
Opinion by: Patricia O. Alvarez, Justice
Sitting: Patricia O. Alvarez, Justice Irene Rios, Justice Beth Watkins, Justice
Delivered and Filed: November 20, 2019
AFFIRMED
Appellant Susan Donnell was charged with possession of methamphetamine. The drug
was discovered during a search following a traffic stop for defective equipment and an expired
vehicle registration. After the trial court denied her motion to suppress, Donnell entered a plea
agreement. The trial court placed her on deferred-adjudication community supervision for three
years. On appeal, Donnell contends the trial court erred in denying her motion to suppress. We
affirm the trial court’s judgment. 04-18-00472-CR
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL FACTS
On June 12, 2018, the trial court heard the motion to suppress. The only witness was
Floresville Police Department Officer Billy Herrera. He testified to the following facts.
On March 5, 2015, at approximately 11:30 p.m., he initiated a vehicle stop for defective
equipment and an expired vehicle registration. Donnell was driving the vehicle. Her demeanor
that evening was “distraught” and “a little agitated.” When he asked her questions, she looked
away when she spoke to him. From his patrol unit, he checked her driver license and verified she
did not have any outstanding warrants. When he returned to her vehicle, he asked Donnell to step
out of the vehicle, “[j]ust to have a conversation with her and see what was going on, why she was
so nervous.” Donnell continued to repeat where she was going—to a friend’s house, in Pleasanton,
to wash clothes.
Donnell became more agitated, “just real confrontational,” and her hands were “trembling
pretty bad.” Before he asked Donnell for consent to search the vehicle, he asked her “[i]f there
was anything—any contraband in the vehicle.” At first she denied anything was in the vehicle;
then she replied, “it’s not my truck . . . who knows?” When he asked Donnell if she saw anything
illegal in the vehicle, she replied, “I mean—I don’t know. . . . There could be, yes, for all I know.”
He described Donnell as being unusually agitated by being asked for consent to search her vehicle.
At first Donnell stated, “go ahead,” but then withdrew her consent. Officer Herrera told
Donnell that if she denied consent, he would call for a K-9 unit to search the vehicle. Donnell
replied, “go ahead.” He told Donnell “that she was in possession of the vehicle and she could give
[him] consent to search.” He “asked her if [he] could do a search and she said yes.” He again told
Donnell that she could withdraw her consent at any time.
During his search of the vehicle, he located a small amount of methamphetamine in the
center console of the vehicle. After he gave Donnell a Miranda warning, he asked her about the
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methamphetamine. Donnell acknowledged the methamphetamine belonged to her. The officer’s
dash camera video recording was played for the trial court. The time from when Officer Herrera
initiated the stop until he discovered the methamphetamine was less than twelve minutes.
On cross-examination, Officer Herrera reiterated it was Donnell’s extreme nervousness
that caused him concern. He explained that Donnell’s level of agitation was greater than he sees
on a regular basis when conducting traffic stops.
The trial court denied the motion to suppress and Donnell entered a plea of no contest. The
trial court deferred a finding of guilt and placed Donnell on deferred-adjudication community
supervision for three years.
On appeal, Donnell contends the trial court erred by denying her motion to suppress.
MOTION TO SUPPRESS
A. Standard of Review
“We review a trial court’s denial of a motion to suppress under a bifurcated standard of
review. We review the trial court’s factual findings for an abuse of discretion, but [we] review the
trial court’s application of law to the facts de novo.” Turrubiate v. State, 399 S.W.3d 147, 150
(Tex. Crim. App. 2013) (citation omitted) (citing Valtierra v. State, 310 S.W.3d 442, 447–48 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2010)). “The trial judge is the sole trier of fact and judge of the credibility of the
witnesses and the weight to be given to their testimony.” Valtierra, 310 S.W.3d at 447. “When
the trial court fails to make explicit findings of fact, we imply fact findings that support the trial
court’s ruling so long as the evidence supports these implied findings.” Gutierrez v. State, 221
S.W.3d 680, 687 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007); accord Turrubiate, 399 S.W.3d at 150. We give
“[a]lmost total deference . . . to the trial court’s implied findings, especially those based on an
evaluation of witness credibility and demeanor.” Turrubiate, 399 S.W.3d at 150; accord Johnson
v. State, 414 S.W.3d 184, 192 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013).
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B. Shifting Burdens
In a motion to suppress evidence based on an alleged Fourth Amendment violation, “the
defendant bears the initial burden of producing evidence rebutting the presumption of proper police
conduct. A defendant satisfies this burden by establishing that a search or seizure occurred without
a warrant.” Ford v. State, 158 S.W.3d 488, 492 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005) (footnote omitted); State
v. Hneidy, 510 S.W.3d 458, 462 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2013, pet. ref’d). “Once the defendant
has made this showing, the burden of proof shifts to the State where it is required to establish that
the search or seizure . . . was reasonable.” Ford, 158 S.W.3d at 492 (citing Bishop v. State, 85
S.W.3d 819, 822 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002)); accord Hneidy, 510 S.W.3d at 462.
C. Reviewing Reasonable Suspicion
Reasonable suspicion is determined under the totality of the circumstances. See Arguellez
v. State, 409 S.W.3d 657, 663 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013); Ford, 158 S.W.3d at 493; Hneidy, 510
S.W.3d at 463. “Whether there was reasonable suspicion to detain [the defendant] is not a function
of [the officer’s] demeanor or credibility, but of the legal significance of the essentially
uncontested facts.” Leming v. State, 493 S.W.3d 552, 562 (Tex. Crim. App. 2016) (citing Amador
v. State, 221 S.W.3d 666, 673 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007)). If the trial court’s ruling “is correct under
any applicable theory of law,” it must be sustained. Lerma v. State, 543 S.W.3d 184, 190 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2018).
D. Parties’ Arguments
Donnell argues that before the search, the stop’s mission was complete, and Officer Herrera
had no grounds to threaten a K-9 unit search or to seize Donnell under threat of a K-9 unit search.
The State counters that Officer Herrera had reasonable suspicion to detain Donnell during
the time he questioned her, and Donnell consented to the search of the vehicle.
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E. Requirements for Reasonable Suspicion
The Fourth Amendment protects against unreasonable searches without a warrant. U.S.
CONST. amend. IV; Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 20 (1968). “[N]ecessarily swift [police] action
predicated upon the on-the-spot observations of the officer . . . must be tested by the Fourth
Amendment’s general proscription against unreasonable searches and seizures.” Terry, 392 U.S.
at 20; see also Ramirez-Tamayo v. State, 537 S.W.3d 29, 36–37 (Tex. Crim. App. 2017).
“[C]ontinuing a brief investigatory detention beyond the time necessary to conduct a traffic stop
requires reasonable suspicion of criminal activity apart from the traffic violation.” Ramirez-
Tamayo, 537 S.W.3d at 36. “[T]here is ‘no ready test for determining reasonableness other than
by balancing the need to search . . . against the invasion which the search . . . entails.’” Terry, 392
U.S. at 21 (quoting Camara v. Mun. Court, 387 U.S. 523, 534–35, 536–37 (1967)).
To justify the reasonableness of an officer’s conduct, an officer “must have specific,
articulable facts that, when combined with rational inferences therefrom, lead [the officer] to
reasonably conclude that a particular person actually is, has been, or soon will be, engaged in
criminal activity.” Arguellez, 409 S.W.3d at 663 (citing Castro v. State, 227 S.W.3d 737, 741
(Tex. Crim. App. 2007)); see Ford, 158 S.W.3d at 492. The court assesses the reasonableness of
police conduct under “an objective standard that disregards the officer’s subjective motive or intent
and ‘looks solely to whether an objective basis for the stop exists’ based on the totality of the
circumstances.” Hneidy, 510 S.W.3d at 462–63 (quoting Ford, 158 S.W.3d at 492); accord
Arguellez, 409 S.W.3d at 663 (“This standard is objective, thus there need be only an objective
basis for the stop; the subjective intent of the officer is irrelevant.”).
F. Analysis
Here, Donnell’s vehicle was searched without a warrant. Therefore, we must determine
whether the State established that Officer Herrera’s search of Donnell’s vehicle was reasonable.
-5- 04-18-00472-CR
See Ford, 158 S.W.3d at 492. Thus, the dispositive question is whether Officer Herrera possessed
“specific, articulable facts that, when combined with rational inferences therefrom, lead him to
reasonably conclude” Donnell had been, was, or was about to be, engaged in criminal activity. See
Arguellez, 409 S.W.3d at 663 (citing Castro, 227 S.W.3d at 741); Hneidy, 510 S.W.3d at 462–63.
At the suppression hearing, the trial court was able to see the officer testify and view the
dash camera video recording of the entire exchange between Officer Herrera and Donnell. Officer
Herrera testified he initiated the stop of Donnell’s vehicle based on defective equipment and an
expired vehicle registration. Officer Herrera, an officer with over seven years on the police force,
testified Donnell was extremely agitated and nervous, and her hands were trembling badly. He
explained that many individuals are nervous when stopped by an officer; however, the level of
nervousness exhibited by Donnell was unusual and indicated that something was amiss.
Officer Herrera testified that Donnell’s version of where she was traveling did not make
sense. Donnell reported she was traveling from Karnes City to Pleasanton, over an hour’s drive,
to do her laundry. Officer Herrera pointed out that Donnell passed several laundromats along the
way at which Donnell could have washed her clothes. Additionally, Officer Herrera testified, that
in his experience, Donnell’s refusal to look at him when she spoke was indicative of her trying to
hide something.
Although no single observation is dispositive, we must determine whether the trial court
could have reasonably determined that Officer Herrera had “specific, articulable facts that, when
combined with rational inferences therefrom, lead him to reasonably conclude that [Donnell was,
had been, or soon would be] engaged in criminal activity.” See Aguellez, 409 S.W.3d at 663.
CONCLUSION
Having reviewed all the evidence and the totality of the circumstances, we conclude the
trial court could have determined that Officer Herrera had reasonable suspicion to suspect Donnell
-6- 04-18-00472-CR
had been, was, or would be engaged in criminal activity. Thus, the trial court did not err by denying
the motion to dismiss.
We affirm the trial court’s judgment.
Patricia O. Alvarez, Justice
DO NOT PUBLISH
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