Rhodes, C. J.,
delivered the opinion of the Court:
In Sullivan v. Triunfo Cold and Silver Mininy Company (29 Cal. 585), the question of the legality of the first assessment mentioned in the complaint, the one which was levied July 6, 1865, was considered, and it was held to be legal; and- it is claimed by the defendants that that question is res adjudícala' by virtue of that decision. The plaintiff insists, that in this case, he has stated a new fact, which did not ■ appear in the" former action; that it was not averred in the complaint in that case, but in this, that the assessment was not levied for the- purpose of paying the proper and legal expenses of the corporation. It is averred, in each case, that the assessment was illegal and invalid, and the ground. up On-which the assessment was contested in the former case; was, that it was levied for the purpose of paying debts -con-, tracted by the trustees, exceeding the limit prescribed by the., by-laws of the company. This is an ■ objection to the; [465]*465assessment, or a fact tending to show the ultimate fact in issue, the illegality of the assessment. What the plaintiff X now claims as a new fact, is but a new objection to the assessment, or, at most, another probative fact tending to prove the ultimate fact of illegality. The fact affirmed on the one side, and denied on the other, was that the assessment was illegal; its illegality was the point of the issue. The issue might depend upon one or more than one fact, and if upon several facts, it was incumbent on the party who would claim their benefit, to present them in support of the issue. Were this not the rule, the plaintiff might maintain as many actions to enjoin the collection of the assessment, as there were facts which severally showed the invalidity of the assessment. The alleged new fact existed at the time of the commencement of the former action, and the plaintiff having neglected to avail himself of it then, is not now entitled to set it up, as a new ground of illegality of the assess- ' ment.
Some of the grounds upon which the second assessment is resisted will be noticed.
The fact that all of the former assessment had not been paid, is not a valid objection, for the collection of it was restrained by injunction when the second was levied. The statute makes that an exception to the rule forbidding a second assessment while the first remains unpaid.
The plaintiff claims that the authority to levy assessments is found in the Act of April 4, 1864 (Stats. 1863-4, p. 402) ; and the defendants rely on the Act of March 5, 1861 (Stats. 1861, p. 41). The defendants’ position is, that the Act of 1861 is special, and applies, as the title expresses, to “corporations organized in this State for the purpose of mining out of this State,” and the plaintiff contends that the Act of 1861 was repealed by the Act of 1864, and that assessments were to be levied according to the provisions of the latter Act. We see no way of escaping the conclusion that the latter repealed the former Act. The Act of 1864 is, in effect, amendatory of the first chapter of the Act concerning corporations, and is applicable to all corporations “formed [466]*466under the general laws of this State.” It is urged that the ' class of corporations mentioned in the Act of 1861 was taken out of . the operation of the general Act, so far as assessments are concerned. This is undoubtedly true. But the Act of 1853, concerning corporations for manufacturing, ■mining and' other purposes therein mentioned, and, it is believed, all Acts regulating the organization, etc., of the different classes of corporations, either expressly or by reference to other Acts, provided for the levying of assessments; ■and, should it be held that the Act of 1864 has no operation, except in case where special provision had not been made, the result would be that the Act of 1864 would have no operation. It is proper to add that the Act of March 26, 1866, (Stats. 1865-6, p. 458), repeals and takes the place of ‘the Act of 1864. We express no opinion as to whether the provisions of the Act are applicable to calls or assessments for subscription to the capital stock. The question does not arise in this case, for we infer fl’om the complaint that the •stock was issued in the usual mode in mining corporations; that is, the stock was issued to the owners of the mine in ■proportion to their several interests therein. If the corporations mentioned in the Act of 1861 can claim exemption from the Act of 1864, it is impossible to see why all mining, railroad, insurance, turnpike road, and all classes of corporations, for which provision is specially made respecting assessments, may not also claim the same exemption.
■ The Act of 1864 provides that “ the trustees of any corporation formed under the general laws of this State shall ■have power to levy and collect, for the purpose of paying the proper and legal expenses of such corporation, assessments on the capital stock thereof, in the manner and form and to the extent hereinafter provided, and not otherwise. ”
• The plaintiff contends—and his case depends mainly upon the proposition—that “the proper and legal expenses ” of the corporation cannot be held to mean or include the debts of the corporation. This construction is too narrow. Instead of aiding in -the formation and operation of corporations, it would most effectually prevent their organization, and, in most cases, defeat their operations.- In common [467]*467speech and in contracts, the term expenses signifies not only the cost of contemplated services, materials, etc., bnt also the charges for such as have been performed or furnished. If the charges were not paid at the time the services were performed, or the materials furnished, a debt was created, •but whether paid or not, they are properly denominated as expenses. We speak of the expenses of an undertaking, whether the undertaking is merely contemplated or is fully performed, and whether the costs and charges were paid in advance, or upon performance, or remain unpaid. In these senses the term is employed in statutes, and its precise signification in each case must be ascertained from the context. In the statute before us, it includes debts which have accrued, as well as costs and charges of the contemplated business and operations of the corporation. Were debts incurred, altogether excluded from the definition of the term expenses, the corporation would not have power to levy an assessment to pay the costs of organization or of opening the corporation books, etc. The construction contended for by the plaintiff, would make it incumbent on the corporation to raise in advance the means to carry on the ordinary business of the corporation, or assume the risk of becoming insolvent when the work was performed. The statute providing for the organization of corporations, contemplates that the corporations will incur debts in the transaction of their ordinary business, and it could not have been the intention of the statute, to deprive corporations of the power to raise from the stockholders the means with which to discharge such debts. It can make no difference to the stockholder, whether he is assessed before the work, on account of which the debt is contracted, is commenced, or after its completion.
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Rhodes, C. J.,
delivered the opinion of the Court:
In Sullivan v. Triunfo Cold and Silver Mininy Company (29 Cal. 585), the question of the legality of the first assessment mentioned in the complaint, the one which was levied July 6, 1865, was considered, and it was held to be legal; and- it is claimed by the defendants that that question is res adjudícala' by virtue of that decision. The plaintiff insists, that in this case, he has stated a new fact, which did not ■ appear in the" former action; that it was not averred in the complaint in that case, but in this, that the assessment was not levied for the- purpose of paying the proper and legal expenses of the corporation. It is averred, in each case, that the assessment was illegal and invalid, and the ground. up On-which the assessment was contested in the former case; was, that it was levied for the purpose of paying debts -con-, tracted by the trustees, exceeding the limit prescribed by the., by-laws of the company. This is an ■ objection to the; [465]*465assessment, or a fact tending to show the ultimate fact in issue, the illegality of the assessment. What the plaintiff X now claims as a new fact, is but a new objection to the assessment, or, at most, another probative fact tending to prove the ultimate fact of illegality. The fact affirmed on the one side, and denied on the other, was that the assessment was illegal; its illegality was the point of the issue. The issue might depend upon one or more than one fact, and if upon several facts, it was incumbent on the party who would claim their benefit, to present them in support of the issue. Were this not the rule, the plaintiff might maintain as many actions to enjoin the collection of the assessment, as there were facts which severally showed the invalidity of the assessment. The alleged new fact existed at the time of the commencement of the former action, and the plaintiff having neglected to avail himself of it then, is not now entitled to set it up, as a new ground of illegality of the assess- ' ment.
Some of the grounds upon which the second assessment is resisted will be noticed.
The fact that all of the former assessment had not been paid, is not a valid objection, for the collection of it was restrained by injunction when the second was levied. The statute makes that an exception to the rule forbidding a second assessment while the first remains unpaid.
The plaintiff claims that the authority to levy assessments is found in the Act of April 4, 1864 (Stats. 1863-4, p. 402) ; and the defendants rely on the Act of March 5, 1861 (Stats. 1861, p. 41). The defendants’ position is, that the Act of 1861 is special, and applies, as the title expresses, to “corporations organized in this State for the purpose of mining out of this State,” and the plaintiff contends that the Act of 1861 was repealed by the Act of 1864, and that assessments were to be levied according to the provisions of the latter Act. We see no way of escaping the conclusion that the latter repealed the former Act. The Act of 1864 is, in effect, amendatory of the first chapter of the Act concerning corporations, and is applicable to all corporations “formed [466]*466under the general laws of this State.” It is urged that the ' class of corporations mentioned in the Act of 1861 was taken out of . the operation of the general Act, so far as assessments are concerned. This is undoubtedly true. But the Act of 1853, concerning corporations for manufacturing, ■mining and' other purposes therein mentioned, and, it is believed, all Acts regulating the organization, etc., of the different classes of corporations, either expressly or by reference to other Acts, provided for the levying of assessments; ■and, should it be held that the Act of 1864 has no operation, except in case where special provision had not been made, the result would be that the Act of 1864 would have no operation. It is proper to add that the Act of March 26, 1866, (Stats. 1865-6, p. 458), repeals and takes the place of ‘the Act of 1864. We express no opinion as to whether the provisions of the Act are applicable to calls or assessments for subscription to the capital stock. The question does not arise in this case, for we infer fl’om the complaint that the •stock was issued in the usual mode in mining corporations; that is, the stock was issued to the owners of the mine in ■proportion to their several interests therein. If the corporations mentioned in the Act of 1861 can claim exemption from the Act of 1864, it is impossible to see why all mining, railroad, insurance, turnpike road, and all classes of corporations, for which provision is specially made respecting assessments, may not also claim the same exemption.
■ The Act of 1864 provides that “ the trustees of any corporation formed under the general laws of this State shall ■have power to levy and collect, for the purpose of paying the proper and legal expenses of such corporation, assessments on the capital stock thereof, in the manner and form and to the extent hereinafter provided, and not otherwise. ”
• The plaintiff contends—and his case depends mainly upon the proposition—that “the proper and legal expenses ” of the corporation cannot be held to mean or include the debts of the corporation. This construction is too narrow. Instead of aiding in -the formation and operation of corporations, it would most effectually prevent their organization, and, in most cases, defeat their operations.- In common [467]*467speech and in contracts, the term expenses signifies not only the cost of contemplated services, materials, etc., bnt also the charges for such as have been performed or furnished. If the charges were not paid at the time the services were performed, or the materials furnished, a debt was created, •but whether paid or not, they are properly denominated as expenses. We speak of the expenses of an undertaking, whether the undertaking is merely contemplated or is fully performed, and whether the costs and charges were paid in advance, or upon performance, or remain unpaid. In these senses the term is employed in statutes, and its precise signification in each case must be ascertained from the context. In the statute before us, it includes debts which have accrued, as well as costs and charges of the contemplated business and operations of the corporation. Were debts incurred, altogether excluded from the definition of the term expenses, the corporation would not have power to levy an assessment to pay the costs of organization or of opening the corporation books, etc. The construction contended for by the plaintiff, would make it incumbent on the corporation to raise in advance the means to carry on the ordinary business of the corporation, or assume the risk of becoming insolvent when the work was performed. The statute providing for the organization of corporations, contemplates that the corporations will incur debts in the transaction of their ordinary business, and it could not have been the intention of the statute, to deprive corporations of the power to raise from the stockholders the means with which to discharge such debts. It can make no difference to the stockholder, whether he is assessed before the work, on account of which the debt is contracted, is commenced, or after its completion.
It is alleged that the indebtedness, for the satisfaction of which the assessments are attempted to be enforced, is an alleged indebtedness to Brooks, the agent of the corporation, on account of the purchase by him of certain claims against the corporation; but it is insisted that such claims are not subsisting claims against the corporation, because they were extinguished by the purchase thereof by Brooks [468]*468as such agent. But such purchase did not extinguish the claims, unless it was made in violation of his duties or instructions. If he was empowered to make the purchase, .they still subsisted as claims against the corporation, unless the corporation furnished or refunded to him the purchase money. Assuming that he acted without authority in effecting the purchase, while it may be conceded that the, purchase extinguished the claims, it does not necessarily follow that it relieved the corporation of indebtedness. The corporation ma.y thereby have become indebted to the agent, for the money expended in the purchase of the claims.
The sale of the mines, etc., did not dissolve the corporation. The ownership of property is not essential to the existence of a corporation. The general law provides the mode in which a corporation may be dissolved; but the Court cannot treat it as already dissolved, because its condition or business arrangements are such that it will be necessary or proper for it to institute proceedings for its dissolution ; and besides this, the plaintiff, by offering to surrender to it his stock, in order that the arrangement with the Philadelphia Company might be carried out, recognizes the existence of the corporation.
The fact that the funds received by the agent of the corporation, upon the sale to the Philadelphia Company, were sufficient to satisfy the debts of the corporation, but that such funds have been misappropriated by the agent, will not relieve the plaintiff from liability to pay his assessments, for the corporation still remained liable for the payment of those debts. Nor will the fact that it was the understanding of the plaintiff that he was to be relieved from the payment of his assessments, when there should be realized from the sale of the assets of the corporation, sufficient funds with which to discharge the debts of the corporation, for no contract of that character is alleged.
Upon the question as to whether a stockholder, who alleges that his stock is about to be sold for the satisfaction of an assessment, which he alleges is illegal and void, would suffer such injury by the sale of his stock, as would entitle him to [469]*469have an injunction restraining the sale, we deem it unnecessary, in this case, to express an opinion.
Order reversed, and cause remanded, with directions to dissolve the injunction.