LOWELL, District Judge.
The question of jurisdiction is an interesting though not a difficult one. I shall examine it at some length, because the reported cases, though unanimous, are not numerous; and the point has been thought worthy of argument in the ease. Admiralty courts are so peculiarly well fitted to deal with salvage, that cases of that sort are very rarely brought elsewhere. Judge Peters once said that he should be' much disposed to consider the jurisdiction exclusive, and that he had never seen the report of such a case at common law. Brevoor v. The Pair American [Case No. 1,847]. A few years after these remarks were made, there was a case in which a single salvor recovered a verdict and judgment at law for salvage, no question of jurisdiction being raised. Newman v. Walters, 3 Bos. & P. 612. There is one case in equity, arising out of the refusal of Judge Betts to take jurisdiction in admiralty (see One Hundred and Ninety-Four Shawls [Case No. 10,521]) in which the owner of goods was permitted to maintain a bill against the agent of alleged salvors to pay the salvage, if any, and redeem the goods (Cashmere v. De Wolf. 2 Sandf. 379). The court, in that case, say they would not take jurisdiction if an admiralty suit were pending. In another case, in equity, connected with the same transaction, the jurisdiction was denied. Frith v. Crowell, 5 Barb. 209. In the same court that had upheld the jurisdiction in equity, a very learned and able opinion was soon after given by one of the judges against the existence of such a jurisdiction at common law; but the ease was decided on a different point. Sturgis v. Law, 3 Sandf. 456, per Paine, J. A question of salvage appears to have been involved in the case of Peck v. Randall, 1 Johns. 165; but in a way that presented no difficulty, and no question was raised on this point.
In 1853, the court of queen’s bench decided that one of the crew of a vessel that had performed a salvage service could not maintain an action against the owners of the property benefited; because no promise to pay could be implied. They said, very truly, that in the admiralty courts the proceedings were independent of contract. Lipson v. Harrison, 2 Wkly. Rep. 10. This decision virtually ousts the jurisdiction of common-law courts, excepting in those few cases in which a contract could be proved. If the question, for instance, were to arise, whether a promise might not be implied to pay the master of the salving vessel, the answer would be, that the master is not the agent of the crew in such a business; and, it having been decided, as we shall see presently, that the courts of common law have no jurisdiction of a suit by the crew against the master for a share of salvage, they would be obliged to say, I think, that they could not award the salvage to the master. In Lipson v. Harrison, the learned judges.said that Newman v. Walters, ubi supra, was the only case on the subject; and they evidently doubted whether they could have jurisdiction under any circumstances.
The courts of common law recognize a lien in salvors so long as thej’ retain possession of the goods saved; and there are4 several cases in trover which decide this point. Hartfort v. Jones, 1 Ld. Raym. 393; Baring v. Day. 8 East, 57; Baker v. Hoag, 7 N. Y. 555. But whether they would, at the present day, pass upon the amount due for salvage, by leaving to the jury the sufficiency of any tender that may have been made, I do not undertake to say. See the remarks of Judge Betts in Raft of Spars [Case No. 11.528].
Reported cases, at law, for distribution of salvage are equally rare with those on the general subject. In the exchequer in England, in 18G2, the judges decided that such an action would not lie; and they all said they had never heard of such a case. They commented on the great embarrassments which would surround an attempt to settle such a question at law. Atkinson v. Woodhall, 1 Hurl & C. 170. A similar course of argument concerning the analogous case of a suit for prize-money is found in the opinion of Story, J., in Maisonnaire v. Keating [Case No. 8.978], In this country, two actions have been brought and sustained at law for a share of salvage; but in the former there was no question of jurisdiction raised, and in the latter there was decisive evidence of a contract which might found an action of assumpsit. Blake v. Patten, 15 Me. 173; [277]*277Hawkins v. Avery, 32 Barb. 551. I have cited all the cases of any importance that are known to me at law or in equity; and they leave the jurisdiction of these courts in much doubt
That a court of admiralty has such jurisdiction, I cannot entertain the slightest doubt. The liability of the defendants does not rest on a promise, express or implied, so much as on the duty of the owners to pay the men their wages, and whatever else is due them by virtue of their employment in the vessel and of the incidents of the voyage. The amount is not liquidated, and can be conveniently ascertained only by a court of admiralty, which distributes salvage according to its own views of propriety and justice. The money, in this case, was taken by the defendants upon a trust which may sometimes be enforceable at law or in equity, and always in admiralty. Indeed, a suit for distribution of salvage is really a salvage suit, and is always so denominated by good pleaders.
A salvage suit may be instituted against the property saved, or the owner of the property, if he has accepted it cum onere; or it may be brought by the owner against the salvors for restitution of his property after payment of salvage. Post v. Jones, 19 How. [60 U. S.] 150. So it may be brought by part of the salvors against the others for a distribution. Such a suit was entertained by Judge Davis in this court as early as 1807. Jewett v. Hill [unreported]. In 1828, in the Southern district of New York, a like action was brought by an owner against the master, who had received salvage money abroad, and had sent it home. Waterbury v. Myrick [Case No. 17,253]. Betts, J.. said that he had no doubt of the jurisdiction, but should not make it a point of decision, because it was not properly pleaded. He could not, in fact, avoid making it a point of decision; because consent cannot give jurisdiction of the subject-matter, though it may’ of the parties.
In 1830, Judge Davis made a decree for the libellant in another similar case, though without recording any opinion. Cook v. Ellery [unreported]. In 1831, there was a case before the same judge, exactly like the one at bar. It was a libel by some of the crew against the master of their vessel, alleging that they had picked up two logs of mahogany, and that the defendant had sold them, and had paid nothing to the libellants. The answer insisted that the libellants had been paid their wages, and that, as they had incurred no risk or labor, they ought not to have salvage. But salvage was decreed. Fernald v. Two Logs of [Mahogany [unreported]. In 1839. the jurisdiction was sustained by Judge Ware in a careful opinion; in which, however, this point is treated as clear. The Centurion [Case No. 2,551]. In 1852, Judge Sprague decided such a case in the same way. Coombs v. Dow [unreported].
In England, it is possible that the exercise of this function may have fallen into disuse with so many other of the proper powers of the admiralty. Such would seem to be the bearing of the remarks of Dr. Lushington, in giving judgment in The Hope, 1 W. Rob. Adm. 267, and in The Britain, Id. 45, note. If so, it has long since been restored by statute. I have not followed out this inquiry, because it is of no practical importance here.
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LOWELL, District Judge.
The question of jurisdiction is an interesting though not a difficult one. I shall examine it at some length, because the reported cases, though unanimous, are not numerous; and the point has been thought worthy of argument in the ease. Admiralty courts are so peculiarly well fitted to deal with salvage, that cases of that sort are very rarely brought elsewhere. Judge Peters once said that he should be' much disposed to consider the jurisdiction exclusive, and that he had never seen the report of such a case at common law. Brevoor v. The Pair American [Case No. 1,847]. A few years after these remarks were made, there was a case in which a single salvor recovered a verdict and judgment at law for salvage, no question of jurisdiction being raised. Newman v. Walters, 3 Bos. & P. 612. There is one case in equity, arising out of the refusal of Judge Betts to take jurisdiction in admiralty (see One Hundred and Ninety-Four Shawls [Case No. 10,521]) in which the owner of goods was permitted to maintain a bill against the agent of alleged salvors to pay the salvage, if any, and redeem the goods (Cashmere v. De Wolf. 2 Sandf. 379). The court, in that case, say they would not take jurisdiction if an admiralty suit were pending. In another case, in equity, connected with the same transaction, the jurisdiction was denied. Frith v. Crowell, 5 Barb. 209. In the same court that had upheld the jurisdiction in equity, a very learned and able opinion was soon after given by one of the judges against the existence of such a jurisdiction at common law; but the ease was decided on a different point. Sturgis v. Law, 3 Sandf. 456, per Paine, J. A question of salvage appears to have been involved in the case of Peck v. Randall, 1 Johns. 165; but in a way that presented no difficulty, and no question was raised on this point.
In 1853, the court of queen’s bench decided that one of the crew of a vessel that had performed a salvage service could not maintain an action against the owners of the property benefited; because no promise to pay could be implied. They said, very truly, that in the admiralty courts the proceedings were independent of contract. Lipson v. Harrison, 2 Wkly. Rep. 10. This decision virtually ousts the jurisdiction of common-law courts, excepting in those few cases in which a contract could be proved. If the question, for instance, were to arise, whether a promise might not be implied to pay the master of the salving vessel, the answer would be, that the master is not the agent of the crew in such a business; and, it having been decided, as we shall see presently, that the courts of common law have no jurisdiction of a suit by the crew against the master for a share of salvage, they would be obliged to say, I think, that they could not award the salvage to the master. In Lipson v. Harrison, the learned judges.said that Newman v. Walters, ubi supra, was the only case on the subject; and they evidently doubted whether they could have jurisdiction under any circumstances.
The courts of common law recognize a lien in salvors so long as thej’ retain possession of the goods saved; and there are4 several cases in trover which decide this point. Hartfort v. Jones, 1 Ld. Raym. 393; Baring v. Day. 8 East, 57; Baker v. Hoag, 7 N. Y. 555. But whether they would, at the present day, pass upon the amount due for salvage, by leaving to the jury the sufficiency of any tender that may have been made, I do not undertake to say. See the remarks of Judge Betts in Raft of Spars [Case No. 11.528].
Reported cases, at law, for distribution of salvage are equally rare with those on the general subject. In the exchequer in England, in 18G2, the judges decided that such an action would not lie; and they all said they had never heard of such a case. They commented on the great embarrassments which would surround an attempt to settle such a question at law. Atkinson v. Woodhall, 1 Hurl & C. 170. A similar course of argument concerning the analogous case of a suit for prize-money is found in the opinion of Story, J., in Maisonnaire v. Keating [Case No. 8.978], In this country, two actions have been brought and sustained at law for a share of salvage; but in the former there was no question of jurisdiction raised, and in the latter there was decisive evidence of a contract which might found an action of assumpsit. Blake v. Patten, 15 Me. 173; [277]*277Hawkins v. Avery, 32 Barb. 551. I have cited all the cases of any importance that are known to me at law or in equity; and they leave the jurisdiction of these courts in much doubt
That a court of admiralty has such jurisdiction, I cannot entertain the slightest doubt. The liability of the defendants does not rest on a promise, express or implied, so much as on the duty of the owners to pay the men their wages, and whatever else is due them by virtue of their employment in the vessel and of the incidents of the voyage. The amount is not liquidated, and can be conveniently ascertained only by a court of admiralty, which distributes salvage according to its own views of propriety and justice. The money, in this case, was taken by the defendants upon a trust which may sometimes be enforceable at law or in equity, and always in admiralty. Indeed, a suit for distribution of salvage is really a salvage suit, and is always so denominated by good pleaders.
A salvage suit may be instituted against the property saved, or the owner of the property, if he has accepted it cum onere; or it may be brought by the owner against the salvors for restitution of his property after payment of salvage. Post v. Jones, 19 How. [60 U. S.] 150. So it may be brought by part of the salvors against the others for a distribution. Such a suit was entertained by Judge Davis in this court as early as 1807. Jewett v. Hill [unreported]. In 1828, in the Southern district of New York, a like action was brought by an owner against the master, who had received salvage money abroad, and had sent it home. Waterbury v. Myrick [Case No. 17,253]. Betts, J.. said that he had no doubt of the jurisdiction, but should not make it a point of decision, because it was not properly pleaded. He could not, in fact, avoid making it a point of decision; because consent cannot give jurisdiction of the subject-matter, though it may’ of the parties.
In 1830, Judge Davis made a decree for the libellant in another similar case, though without recording any opinion. Cook v. Ellery [unreported]. In 1831, there was a case before the same judge, exactly like the one at bar. It was a libel by some of the crew against the master of their vessel, alleging that they had picked up two logs of mahogany, and that the defendant had sold them, and had paid nothing to the libellants. The answer insisted that the libellants had been paid their wages, and that, as they had incurred no risk or labor, they ought not to have salvage. But salvage was decreed. Fernald v. Two Logs of [Mahogany [unreported]. In 1839. the jurisdiction was sustained by Judge Ware in a careful opinion; in which, however, this point is treated as clear. The Centurion [Case No. 2,551]. In 1852, Judge Sprague decided such a case in the same way. Coombs v. Dow [unreported].
In England, it is possible that the exercise of this function may have fallen into disuse with so many other of the proper powers of the admiralty. Such would seem to be the bearing of the remarks of Dr. Lushington, in giving judgment in The Hope, 1 W. Rob. Adm. 267, and in The Britain, Id. 45, note. If so, it has long since been restored by statute. I have not followed out this inquiry, because it is of no practical importance here. If it were so, it is certainly remarkable, and testifies very strongly to the difficulties attending the exercise of the jurisdiction at law, that no case was known to the learned judges of the exchequer to have been brought at law, even when the powers of the admiralty court were in abeyance. I suppose the remedy must then have been in equity.
It having been agreed by counsel that the decision should not be delayed to make the other salvor a party, but that he should be settled with on the basis of the decree, I proceed to consider the merits of the case. It is plain that the 81,540 was paid as salvage. Mr. Forbes says so in his letter, as plainly as he could say it, without using the word ‘•salvage.” It is so much for services in carrying out an anchor and in lightering. The services were of the character of salvage; and the compensation was such as to indicate beyond mistake that it was so understood, because it was more than five times the value of the use of the vessel for a month, as allowed in the same settlement. Then the receipt was for owners, master, and crew; and no explanation of those words is possible, except that it was salvage, because the United States had no occasion to pay the master and crew any thing unless as salvors. It was said that the government had overlooked the crew, and had made payment only for the use of the vessel; but the receipt negatives this conclusively, and so does the whole aspect of the case. It would be most improbable that the United States should undertake to settle the case in parcels; and the owners oughi not to be presumed to be looking after their own interests only. But it is not needful to go into presumptions, because it is perfectly plain that it was the intent of both parties to adjust the compensation for the whole salvage service. . The respondents may have thought that the two men were not to be considered; that they had earned nothing, and ought not to put forward any pretensions. This is what their evidence means; that, though they have settled with the government, yet they have not settled for the libellant, because he never had any claim on the government. They have assumed to settle the whole case, and to give a receipt binding on the libellant; and they, at least, are not to be heard to deny their own authority, or to say that if the libellant has a right to any thing, they are not the persons from whom to recover it.
[278]*278Nor is it any less certain that every man on board a salving vessel, who is ready to do what he can, is to share in the remuneration. The whole matter depends on a large and liberal policy, which looks almost as much to the general interests of commerce as to individual deserts. Those owners of ships whose crews are engaged in salvage always receive something, whether they can prove any actual damage to their voyage or not. The only difficulty is in the distribution. Considering that it is true, as set up by the owners, that the use of their vessel was chiefly as a lighter worked by the men of the GuerriOre, and that no great labor or hardship was imposed on the libellant, and that the owners have been at all the trouble of obtaining the money from the United States, X think it would be fair to give a somewhat larger share than usual to the owners. Taking them to have received by this time, including interest, about $1,600, I divide it into eighths, of which the libellant and the other man would be entitled to one, or $200 each. Decree for libellant for $200 and costs.