Little, J.
West sued out an attachment against Mrs. Strong, a resident of the State of New York, to recover two hundred dollars for legal services rendered in arranging and securing a certain claim which she held against Mrs. Sarah •J. Toole for the sum of three thousand dollars. The petition alleges that he did arrange the business and secure the claim in a proper and complete manner, and that Mrs. Strong was aware of his action in so doing, and ratified and accepted his services; and he prays a judgment, to be levied on the property [383]*383attached. At the conclusion of the evidence for the plaintiff, the defendant moved for a nonsuit, .which was refused, and Mrs. Strong excepted pendente lite. The trial resulted in a verdict for the plaintiff for two hundred dollars, besides interest, and Mrs. Strong submitted a motion for a new trial, which was overruled, and she excepted, averring that the court erred in refusing to grant the nonsuit and in overruling the motion for new trial. • The principles of law involved in the case are few, and a brief reference to the evidence will be found sufficient for their application. Mrs. Strong purchased from the Lombard Investment Company a promissory note for the principal sum of three' thousand dollars, dated December 1, 1891, payable to the order of the Lombard Investment Company, and •signed by Sarah J. Toole and John F. Toole, with certain interest coupon notes attached. This note was secured by a deed of the same date, which conveyed title to certain land in the ■city of Macon to the Lombard Investment Company. It appears that the Lombard Investment Company, when it transferred the note to Mrs. Strong, did not convey to her the title to the land held by it as security for its payment; that it failed without having done so, its assets were sold through a receiver appointed by the court, and the corporation ceased to do business. The Concordia Loan and Trust Company was organized after the failure of the Lombard Company, and succeeded, in a measure at least, to the collection of loans which had been sold and transferred by the Lombard Company to third parties. After her debt became due, and there was a default in payment, Mrs. Strong sent her note to the Concordia Company, whose principal office was in Kansas City, Missouri, for collection. That company in turn sent the claim to the Chattanooga Savings Bank, which in turn sent it to West, an attorney at law, at Macon, where the property given as security was located. The contemplation of all the parties was that the amount due on the note should be realized by a sale of the property originally conveyed to the Lombard Company, if it should become necessary. On receipt of the papers, West wrote the Chattanooga Bank that there was a second mortgagee who would,, he thought,, buy the property at the sale, but that, if he did not, [384]*384the property would readily sell for the amount of the debt and all cost and arrears; and proposed that if the property was not bought by some one, and “ your investor has to carry it, the only expense will be that of the taxes and the cost of advertising. . • . I will be willing, for my services as attorney, to take my chances of getting my fee from a sale of the property for a sum sufficient to pay it, in excess of the amount necessary to bring vour investor out whole.”
After this point had been reached, very much correspondence, all of which, we presume, is in the record before us, took place between West and the Chattanooga Bank,' and that bank and the Concordia Company, and the Concordia Company with Mrs. Strong. West had no direct communication with the Concordia Company nor Mrs. Strong, nor they with him. The Chattanooga Bank communicated directly with the Concordia Company, and the latter with Mrs. Strong. Because of the fact that Mrs. Strong had no assignment or proper transfer of the title to the land originally, given as security, much difficulty was occasioned in an attempt to have the security appropriated to the payment of the note in the hands of Mrs. Strong. This was finally accomplished by West to the apparent satisfaction of the parties, by first having a sale of the property and a transfer to Mrs. Strong of the title there acquired; and also by procuring an absolute conveyance to Mrs. Strong from the original grantors, on condition that they should occupy the premises for a given time at a stated rent, with the privilege of repurchasing the same, or making a sale for an amount in excess of. Mrs. Strong’s debt together with expenses, etc. The property was taken charge of by West, who collected the rents, accounting for the same to the Chattanooga Bank. While this situation existed, and before West had effected a sale, Mrs. Strong directed the Concordia Company, to whom her papers were originally sent, to have a named real estate agent in Macon to take charge of the property in her name; which thus passed from the custody of West. On demand for payment for his services, Mrs. Strong and the Concordia Company each denied that they had employed him or knew that he was employed. The Chattanooga Bank, through whom his contract of [385]*385employment was made, referred him to the fact that payment for his services was to he obtained through a sale of the property. Being thus denied on all sides, West sued out the attachment and had it levied on the property; and we are now asked to set aside a second verdict rendered in his favor. There are thirty-three grounds set out in the motion for a new trial in this case, while the specifications of error are divided and subdivided, making in the aggregate a voluminous record, which we have gone over carefully, and, without repeating the grounds of the motion here, must content ourselves with saying, in a general way, that Ave find none of the grounds to contain any reversible error; nor do we think that the court erred in refusing to grant a nonsuit which the defendant asked at the conclusion of the evidence for the plaintiff.
1. There is, as Ave understand the record, hut one legal question involved which is of sufficient importance to elicit any discussion; that is, whether, under the facts disclosed, West was as a matter of laAV the agent of Mrs. Strong in the collection of her claim and in securing the land which Avas originally conveyed to the Lombard Company as security for the note which she held. We think he was. It is conceded that the Concordia Company was the direct agent of Mrs. Strong; that the note and her claim that the land Avas security was sent to that company by her for the purpose of collecting the amount of the note. Of course she knew, at the time these papers were sent to the Concordia Company, that if legal proceedings were necessary to enforce her rights, they would have to be instituted in another State and by an attorney. Consequently, Avhen she chose the Concordia Company as her immediate representative, with knowledge that in a certain event that company would have to employ an attorney in the State of Georgia to enforce her rights, the power on the part of that agent to make the necessary employment went to her agent with the transmission of the papers. Section 3023 of our Civil Code embodies a sound proposition taken from the common law; that is, that the agent’s authority Avill be construed to include all necessary and usual means for effectually executing it. In section 85 of his work on Agency,. Judge Story declares that, whether the agency be of a special [386]
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Little, J.
West sued out an attachment against Mrs. Strong, a resident of the State of New York, to recover two hundred dollars for legal services rendered in arranging and securing a certain claim which she held against Mrs. Sarah •J. Toole for the sum of three thousand dollars. The petition alleges that he did arrange the business and secure the claim in a proper and complete manner, and that Mrs. Strong was aware of his action in so doing, and ratified and accepted his services; and he prays a judgment, to be levied on the property [383]*383attached. At the conclusion of the evidence for the plaintiff, the defendant moved for a nonsuit, .which was refused, and Mrs. Strong excepted pendente lite. The trial resulted in a verdict for the plaintiff for two hundred dollars, besides interest, and Mrs. Strong submitted a motion for a new trial, which was overruled, and she excepted, averring that the court erred in refusing to grant the nonsuit and in overruling the motion for new trial. • The principles of law involved in the case are few, and a brief reference to the evidence will be found sufficient for their application. Mrs. Strong purchased from the Lombard Investment Company a promissory note for the principal sum of three' thousand dollars, dated December 1, 1891, payable to the order of the Lombard Investment Company, and •signed by Sarah J. Toole and John F. Toole, with certain interest coupon notes attached. This note was secured by a deed of the same date, which conveyed title to certain land in the ■city of Macon to the Lombard Investment Company. It appears that the Lombard Investment Company, when it transferred the note to Mrs. Strong, did not convey to her the title to the land held by it as security for its payment; that it failed without having done so, its assets were sold through a receiver appointed by the court, and the corporation ceased to do business. The Concordia Loan and Trust Company was organized after the failure of the Lombard Company, and succeeded, in a measure at least, to the collection of loans which had been sold and transferred by the Lombard Company to third parties. After her debt became due, and there was a default in payment, Mrs. Strong sent her note to the Concordia Company, whose principal office was in Kansas City, Missouri, for collection. That company in turn sent the claim to the Chattanooga Savings Bank, which in turn sent it to West, an attorney at law, at Macon, where the property given as security was located. The contemplation of all the parties was that the amount due on the note should be realized by a sale of the property originally conveyed to the Lombard Company, if it should become necessary. On receipt of the papers, West wrote the Chattanooga Bank that there was a second mortgagee who would,, he thought,, buy the property at the sale, but that, if he did not, [384]*384the property would readily sell for the amount of the debt and all cost and arrears; and proposed that if the property was not bought by some one, and “ your investor has to carry it, the only expense will be that of the taxes and the cost of advertising. . • . I will be willing, for my services as attorney, to take my chances of getting my fee from a sale of the property for a sum sufficient to pay it, in excess of the amount necessary to bring vour investor out whole.”
After this point had been reached, very much correspondence, all of which, we presume, is in the record before us, took place between West and the Chattanooga Bank,' and that bank and the Concordia Company, and the Concordia Company with Mrs. Strong. West had no direct communication with the Concordia Company nor Mrs. Strong, nor they with him. The Chattanooga Bank communicated directly with the Concordia Company, and the latter with Mrs. Strong. Because of the fact that Mrs. Strong had no assignment or proper transfer of the title to the land originally, given as security, much difficulty was occasioned in an attempt to have the security appropriated to the payment of the note in the hands of Mrs. Strong. This was finally accomplished by West to the apparent satisfaction of the parties, by first having a sale of the property and a transfer to Mrs. Strong of the title there acquired; and also by procuring an absolute conveyance to Mrs. Strong from the original grantors, on condition that they should occupy the premises for a given time at a stated rent, with the privilege of repurchasing the same, or making a sale for an amount in excess of. Mrs. Strong’s debt together with expenses, etc. The property was taken charge of by West, who collected the rents, accounting for the same to the Chattanooga Bank. While this situation existed, and before West had effected a sale, Mrs. Strong directed the Concordia Company, to whom her papers were originally sent, to have a named real estate agent in Macon to take charge of the property in her name; which thus passed from the custody of West. On demand for payment for his services, Mrs. Strong and the Concordia Company each denied that they had employed him or knew that he was employed. The Chattanooga Bank, through whom his contract of [385]*385employment was made, referred him to the fact that payment for his services was to he obtained through a sale of the property. Being thus denied on all sides, West sued out the attachment and had it levied on the property; and we are now asked to set aside a second verdict rendered in his favor. There are thirty-three grounds set out in the motion for a new trial in this case, while the specifications of error are divided and subdivided, making in the aggregate a voluminous record, which we have gone over carefully, and, without repeating the grounds of the motion here, must content ourselves with saying, in a general way, that Ave find none of the grounds to contain any reversible error; nor do we think that the court erred in refusing to grant a nonsuit which the defendant asked at the conclusion of the evidence for the plaintiff.
1. There is, as Ave understand the record, hut one legal question involved which is of sufficient importance to elicit any discussion; that is, whether, under the facts disclosed, West was as a matter of laAV the agent of Mrs. Strong in the collection of her claim and in securing the land which Avas originally conveyed to the Lombard Company as security for the note which she held. We think he was. It is conceded that the Concordia Company was the direct agent of Mrs. Strong; that the note and her claim that the land Avas security was sent to that company by her for the purpose of collecting the amount of the note. Of course she knew, at the time these papers were sent to the Concordia Company, that if legal proceedings were necessary to enforce her rights, they would have to be instituted in another State and by an attorney. Consequently, Avhen she chose the Concordia Company as her immediate representative, with knowledge that in a certain event that company would have to employ an attorney in the State of Georgia to enforce her rights, the power on the part of that agent to make the necessary employment went to her agent with the transmission of the papers. Section 3023 of our Civil Code embodies a sound proposition taken from the common law; that is, that the agent’s authority Avill be construed to include all necessary and usual means for effectually executing it. In section 85 of his work on Agency,. Judge Story declares that, whether the agency be of a special [386]*386nature or of a general nature, it may be laid down as a universal principle that it includes, unless the inference is especially excluded by other circumstances, all the usual modes and means of accomplishing the object and ends of the agency. See also Drumright v. Philpot, 16 Ga. 431. In section 86 of the same volume the author declares, that whenever an authority is given to an agent to transact business for the principal in another State, it must, in the absence of all counter proofs, be presumed to include the authority to transact it in the forms and by the instruments and according to the laws of the place where it is to be done; and each party, under such circumstances, is bound to know what such forms and instruments are, and what acts are required by those laws. See also Mechero, on Agency, § 194. It must therefore follow, if the services of an attorney are necessary to execute the duties of a created agency, that the person intrusted with those duties, if not himself an attorney, is invested with the power to procure the services of an attorney for his principal, and that the attorney so employed is the attorney of the principal and not of the agent. See 44 Cal. 204. This court, in the case of Barclay v. Hopkins, 59 Ga. 565, declared that if an agent was only expressly empowered to place a paper belonging to his principal in the hands of an attorney for collection, he was nevertheless also empowered to make a contract in regard to the manner and terms of the collection; that the one power necessarily carried with it the other.
If these views of the law are sound, then notwithstanding Mrs. Strong may not have known of the employment of West, and notwithstanding the further fact that her immediate agent did not know of such employment, the result must still be the same, because when she charged the Concordia Company, as her agent, with the duty of collecting her note and enforcing her security against Toole, she gave to it authority to employ all proper means to do so; and when that agent employed a sub-agent more conveniently located to accomplish her purpose, the subagent became for that purpose the agent of the principal, for it was but one of the means of accomplishing the agency; and when, after default, it was necessary and proper, in order to effect the collection, that the services of an attorney should [387]*387be obtained, and through the subagent these papers found their way into the hands of West who agreed with such agent on a named sum as a fair compensation for his services, he took them as the attorney of the owner, and is entitled to remuneration for such professional services as he may have rendered in connection therewith. In addition to this view of the law which is to govern the rights of the parties, the evidence shows that Mrs. Strong in accepting the benefit of the services rendered by West ratified his employment, even if it had not been originally authorized. It is a general proposition, under the law of agency, that authority to do an act is presumed from subsequent acts of assent and acquiescence, and that slight circumstances and small matters will sometimes suffice to raise the presumption of ratification. Story on Agency, § 253. See also Murray v. Walker, 44 Ga. 58, and Southern Express Co. v. Palmer, 48 Ga. 85. Under either of these views, the evidence is amply sufficient to support the claim of West that he was legally the agent of Mrs. Strong in obtaining possession of the property in Macon which had been originally given as security for her debt.
2. It is, however, urged that under the contract West was to be paid from the proceeds of the sale of the property. This is true, and had he been allowed to retain possession of it a reasonable time for the purpose of making such sale, he could not, under his contract, have looked to any other source for payment. But he was entitled to a fair and reasonable opportunity to make the sale. Where an agency is prematurely terminated by the act of the principal, the.agent’s right of recovery is measured by the terms of the agreement. See 1 Am. & Eng. Enc. L. (1st ed.) 399, and authorities cited in note 3. It appears in this case that the work of getting possession of the property, as to which Mrs. Strong was equitably entitled to be subrogated to the rights of the Lombard Company, was rendered very difficult on account of the failure of the Lombard Company to pass to her the legal title, but this was finally accomplished by West, who after recovery was in possession with the right to make a sale. It does not appear that he was mismanaging the property in any respect, nor, with any degree [388]*388of certainty, that he could not have made a sale for a sufficient amount, to have paid the debt and reimbursed himself. Under the terms of his contract he was entitled to a full opportunity to' bring about this result, and when he was deprived of this right by the explicit directions of Mrs. Strong that the property should be taken from his hands and turned over to a real estate agent of her own. selection, she thereby deprived West of the means to which he had agreed to look for reimbursement under the terms-of the original contract, and, having done so, she became liable to pay him for his services. The evidence sustains the verdict, and the court did not err in overruling the motion for new trial.
Judgment affirmed.
All the Justices concurring.