The opinion of the Court was pronounced by
Hutchinson, J,
who, after stating the case, proceeded as follows : — Upon these exceptions two questions are raised:
1st. Whether the court rightly admitted the testimony offered by the plaintiff to avoid the force of the receipt produced by the defendant ?
2dly. Whether the court did right in rejecting the testimony offered by the defendant to show that S. W. Dana had no equitable interest in the note sued by reason of the contract of assignment ?
In disposing of the first point, we may observe, that its practical importance, and that intrinsick difficulty, which has resulted in a different practice in different governments, has occasioned a careful examination of the authorities upon which [377]*377both parties rely, so far as they were not already familiar to the Court.
There is one important circumstance in which all these authorities concur.--They all concur in this, that an assignment of a chose in action, for a valuable consideration, conveys to the assignee an equitable interest in the matter assigned ; and that, upon his giving proper notice of the assignment, his equitable interest will be protected in some way or other: but the conflict among the authorities arises from the diversity of opinion about the way in which this equitable interest should be protected.
It seems plain, that, in case of a bona fide assignment of a chose in action, a note, for instance, not negotiable, the assignor becomes a trustee for the assignee. His very assignment amounts to an authority to the assignee to use the name of the assignor for the collection of the note; and it amounts to an undertaking on his part that he will not, in any manner, interfere so as to prevent a collection of the debt from the signer of the note for the benefit of the assignee; and, should he thus interfere, it is a fraud upon the assignee, for which he has a remedy in some way. But his remedy, whether at law or in equity, must be against the assignor only, unless notice has been given to the debtor, of such assignment. After such notice, if the debtor procure a discharge from the assignor, with or without payment, and attempts to use it against the assignee, he thereby becomes particeps in the fraud of the assignor to defeat the assignment; and thereby perfects his liability to the assignee in some way or other. And there is no doubt that he may find relief in a court of equity to correct this fraud, and compel the parties to the fraud to make good the orator. This was formerly, in England, the only mode of relief in such cases, and seems to be now the usual resort there. They consider the detection and correction of such fraud a proper subject of chancery jurisdiction. But the common law courts of England do not wholly refuse relief.
In the case of Legh vs. Legh, 1 Bos. & Pul. 447, the court of common pleas, upon a rule to show cause, set aside the plea of a release obtained from the assignor of a bond not negotiable.
In the case of Payne vs. Rogers, Doug. 407, the court of king’s bench sustained a rule in behalf of the landlord, to show cause why a release obtained by the defendant from the plaintiff should not be cancelled, and the suit proceed for the benefit of the landlord, who was not the party of record, but for whose benefit the action was brought ;-*• On a hearing, the rule was made absolute.
In the case of Alner vs. George, cited by the defendant from 1 Campb. Rep. 392, Lord Ellenborough speaks in strong terms against the plaintiff’s proving an assignment to avoid a receipt, as was done in this action ; but he grounds his decision upon his situation, sitting to try an issue sent down from the bench : and he observes, that, “had a motion been made in term time [378]*378prevent the defendant from availing himself of his defence? perhaps the court might have interfered.” He also alludes to the case of Legh vs. Legh, and says — “There the court set aside the plea upon an application to their equitable jurisdiction.” While this case, therefore, militates in favour of the defendant on his objection to the testimony offered by the plaintiff, it does not present any barrier against the assignee’s being in some way protected in his assignment, and obtaining relief. But no case is found in which the courts in England have admitted the exact course pursued in this case. Nor, when a discharge from the plaintiff is plead, have they furnished instances of a replication of an assignment and notice to the defendant. But, a leading case of that mode of pleading is furnished in a suit brought by Winch, a bankrupt, against Keeley, reported in 1 Term Rep. 619.
The decisions in Connecticut are opposed to the decision •made by the county court upon this point. And yet the majority of the court, in the case cited from 2 Con. Rep. 505, decided that the assignee was the proper person on whom to serve a notice under an insolvent proceeding. But the courts in that state do not drive the assignee, in such cases, to a court of equity for relief; they sustain an action at law against a debt- or who obtains such a discharge after notice of the assignment. In the states of Massachusetts and New-Yorlc, if the defendant pleads in bar a discharge thus obtained from the payeejafter notice of the assignment, the plaintiff, or, more technically, the assignee, in the name of the plaintiff, replies the assignment, and notice of the same to the defendant before the discharge was procured. This avoids the discharge, just as the replication of a new promise avoids the plea of the statute of limitations, plead to an action of assumpsit. — See 1 Wheat. 233, Welch vs. Mandeville, in error, and 5 lb. 277, Mandeville vs. Welch, in error — In both which cases the Supreme Court of the United States decide, in an action at law, to protect the assignment with notice against the interference of the assignor. They also sanction the same mode of pleading adopted in Massachusetts and New-Yorlc, and that in Winch vs. Keeley. By the same rule, of course, when a receipt comes in as evidence of .payment, under the general issue, and not by special plea, there can be no special replication of the assignment and notice; but the testimony, if available at all, must be let in, as in the present case, to avoid the force of the-receipt. This scarcely need be mentioned, as there has been no objection for want of a special replication.
Three cases are cited from Brayt. Rep. p. 55, of decisions of the Supreme Court in this state, in favour of the defendant, upon this point. These are short notes of the casesof course the reasons of the decisions are not exhibited at great length. The two first of those cases appear to have been decided in the year 1817, and the third in the year 1820. — In which last the Court express themselves as not at liberty to depart from the [379]*379«umerous precedents in this state. It is undoubtedly true, that, when the last of said cases was decided, and perhaps when the others were, no such assignments were protected in suits at law; — and, indeed, but very few applications had then been .made to a court of chancery in this state for relief in such a case. I now recollect but one such application so far back as these decisions. — That Wasbhe case of Parker & Wife vs. Grout, decided above twenty years ago, in Windsor county.
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The opinion of the Court was pronounced by
Hutchinson, J,
who, after stating the case, proceeded as follows : — Upon these exceptions two questions are raised:
1st. Whether the court rightly admitted the testimony offered by the plaintiff to avoid the force of the receipt produced by the defendant ?
2dly. Whether the court did right in rejecting the testimony offered by the defendant to show that S. W. Dana had no equitable interest in the note sued by reason of the contract of assignment ?
In disposing of the first point, we may observe, that its practical importance, and that intrinsick difficulty, which has resulted in a different practice in different governments, has occasioned a careful examination of the authorities upon which [377]*377both parties rely, so far as they were not already familiar to the Court.
There is one important circumstance in which all these authorities concur.--They all concur in this, that an assignment of a chose in action, for a valuable consideration, conveys to the assignee an equitable interest in the matter assigned ; and that, upon his giving proper notice of the assignment, his equitable interest will be protected in some way or other: but the conflict among the authorities arises from the diversity of opinion about the way in which this equitable interest should be protected.
It seems plain, that, in case of a bona fide assignment of a chose in action, a note, for instance, not negotiable, the assignor becomes a trustee for the assignee. His very assignment amounts to an authority to the assignee to use the name of the assignor for the collection of the note; and it amounts to an undertaking on his part that he will not, in any manner, interfere so as to prevent a collection of the debt from the signer of the note for the benefit of the assignee; and, should he thus interfere, it is a fraud upon the assignee, for which he has a remedy in some way. But his remedy, whether at law or in equity, must be against the assignor only, unless notice has been given to the debtor, of such assignment. After such notice, if the debtor procure a discharge from the assignor, with or without payment, and attempts to use it against the assignee, he thereby becomes particeps in the fraud of the assignor to defeat the assignment; and thereby perfects his liability to the assignee in some way or other. And there is no doubt that he may find relief in a court of equity to correct this fraud, and compel the parties to the fraud to make good the orator. This was formerly, in England, the only mode of relief in such cases, and seems to be now the usual resort there. They consider the detection and correction of such fraud a proper subject of chancery jurisdiction. But the common law courts of England do not wholly refuse relief.
In the case of Legh vs. Legh, 1 Bos. & Pul. 447, the court of common pleas, upon a rule to show cause, set aside the plea of a release obtained from the assignor of a bond not negotiable.
In the case of Payne vs. Rogers, Doug. 407, the court of king’s bench sustained a rule in behalf of the landlord, to show cause why a release obtained by the defendant from the plaintiff should not be cancelled, and the suit proceed for the benefit of the landlord, who was not the party of record, but for whose benefit the action was brought ;-*• On a hearing, the rule was made absolute.
In the case of Alner vs. George, cited by the defendant from 1 Campb. Rep. 392, Lord Ellenborough speaks in strong terms against the plaintiff’s proving an assignment to avoid a receipt, as was done in this action ; but he grounds his decision upon his situation, sitting to try an issue sent down from the bench : and he observes, that, “had a motion been made in term time [378]*378prevent the defendant from availing himself of his defence? perhaps the court might have interfered.” He also alludes to the case of Legh vs. Legh, and says — “There the court set aside the plea upon an application to their equitable jurisdiction.” While this case, therefore, militates in favour of the defendant on his objection to the testimony offered by the plaintiff, it does not present any barrier against the assignee’s being in some way protected in his assignment, and obtaining relief. But no case is found in which the courts in England have admitted the exact course pursued in this case. Nor, when a discharge from the plaintiff is plead, have they furnished instances of a replication of an assignment and notice to the defendant. But, a leading case of that mode of pleading is furnished in a suit brought by Winch, a bankrupt, against Keeley, reported in 1 Term Rep. 619.
The decisions in Connecticut are opposed to the decision •made by the county court upon this point. And yet the majority of the court, in the case cited from 2 Con. Rep. 505, decided that the assignee was the proper person on whom to serve a notice under an insolvent proceeding. But the courts in that state do not drive the assignee, in such cases, to a court of equity for relief; they sustain an action at law against a debt- or who obtains such a discharge after notice of the assignment. In the states of Massachusetts and New-Yorlc, if the defendant pleads in bar a discharge thus obtained from the payeejafter notice of the assignment, the plaintiff, or, more technically, the assignee, in the name of the plaintiff, replies the assignment, and notice of the same to the defendant before the discharge was procured. This avoids the discharge, just as the replication of a new promise avoids the plea of the statute of limitations, plead to an action of assumpsit. — See 1 Wheat. 233, Welch vs. Mandeville, in error, and 5 lb. 277, Mandeville vs. Welch, in error — In both which cases the Supreme Court of the United States decide, in an action at law, to protect the assignment with notice against the interference of the assignor. They also sanction the same mode of pleading adopted in Massachusetts and New-Yorlc, and that in Winch vs. Keeley. By the same rule, of course, when a receipt comes in as evidence of .payment, under the general issue, and not by special plea, there can be no special replication of the assignment and notice; but the testimony, if available at all, must be let in, as in the present case, to avoid the force of the-receipt. This scarcely need be mentioned, as there has been no objection for want of a special replication.
Three cases are cited from Brayt. Rep. p. 55, of decisions of the Supreme Court in this state, in favour of the defendant, upon this point. These are short notes of the casesof course the reasons of the decisions are not exhibited at great length. The two first of those cases appear to have been decided in the year 1817, and the third in the year 1820. — In which last the Court express themselves as not at liberty to depart from the [379]*379«umerous precedents in this state. It is undoubtedly true, that, when the last of said cases was decided, and perhaps when the others were, no such assignments were protected in suits at law; — and, indeed, but very few applications had then been .made to a court of chancery in this state for relief in such a case. I now recollect but one such application so far back as these decisions. — That Wasbhe case of Parker & Wife vs. Grout, decided above twenty years ago, in Windsor county. There was a demurrer to the bill, which was overruled, as I now recollect, and' relief granted.
There is no case reported of a decision in this state overruling those decisions cited from Brayton. But the Supreme Court, in 1822, when holding the Court as the law then required, all the judges attending the trial of issues of fact, made two decisions directly overruling the former decisions upon these subjects. It is believed one case was decided in Bennington county, and. the other in Washington county. These cases are not reported in any volume of reports ; but they soon became publick, were often spoken of, and the judges themselves spoke of them in the different counties on their circuits. They intended it should be understood to be law, that the equitable interests created by such assignments would be protected in suits at law.
The present case urges upon the Court the necessity of making such a decision as we deem most expedient, upon a point upon which decisions have hitherto been so various. — In this the Court are not unanimous; but our decision is, that the testimony offered by the plaintiff was correctly admitted. It could be no small hardship for the assignee to be defeated in the suit at law, and pay a bill of cost to the same person from whom he must seek relief in a suit in chancery, and perform the routine of labour and expense to obtain such relief; and in the mean time his whole remedy may be lost by the delay and the chances of death, poverty or absconding of the debtor. This is prevented by the decision we now make. This avoids all circuity of action, and all needless actions. It takes no questions of fact from the jury, like the setting aside of pleas in the English courts. It imposes no hardship at all upon the defendant, for the assignee must personate the original payee in receiving payment, ip all the circumstances of time, place, and kind of payment. It requires him to act honestly, and not pay to one who has no right to receive the pay, to the injury of the one who has such right. This he ought not to consider a hardship. But this is no more required by our present decision than it is by the rules of morality, as understood by mankind at large — no more than is required by the more expensive and tedious process in chancery. If payments have been made, or offsets exist, before notice of the assignment, the defendant has the full benefit of all these in this mode of pursuit as much as any other. This defendant may have been ignorant of the law, and this decision may operate as a hardship upon him, but sure® [380]*380ty n°t more so than to have been called before this Cauri: as a court of chancery, to account for the same transaction.
We now proceed to inquire, whether the county court erred *n rejecfing the testimony offered by the defendant ? Here it must be noticed, that the county court did not decide that they would reject evidence that in fact showed Dana to have no equitable interest in this note; probably they would not have so decided. But they reject the particular testimony offered, as improper to evince such want of equitable interest. The purport of the testimony thus offered, was, that the note in question was delivered to said Dana, by said John Strong, as collateral security for the payment of a note before given by said John Strong to said Dana, and secured by a mortgage of real estate; and that a suit had been commenced by said Dana, and a decree of foreclosure obtained, and the time of redemption had expired, not before the obtaining of the receipt, but before the commencement of the present action. Now this could not be proper testimony to prove the fact contended for, unless the foreclosure of the mortgage was in law a discharge of the said note secured by the mortgage. We are all agreed, that it is not such a discharge. By the common law, and the constant decisions of the courts in this state, the mortgagee may recover upon his notes after the foreclose of his mortgage. This operates to open the decree of foreclosure, but does not bar the action upon the note. If, then, Dana, the mortgagee, bad a right to sue his note secured by the mortgage, he had an equal right to pursue the collection of the collateral security for the payment of the same note.
Whether the defendant used the precaution, in taking his receipt from the plaintiff, John Strong, to take any contract or conveyance also from him, which will entitle the defendant to redeem the premises when this note is paid, must be a matter between them only.
This Court consider that the decision of the county court, rejecting the testimony offered by the defendant, was correct. The defendant takes nothing by his motion; and we direct judgment to be entered on the verdict, with interest to be added according to the statute, and additional costs.
Prentiss, J.
remarked, that it had been urged with great, emphasis by the counsel for the defendant, that the law is settled on the first point. Now I think, said the judge, that the law has been settled in England for more than half a century. Their method of proceeding is a little different from the mode we are about to establish here. — But the principle being settled, it is not material as to the manner of giving it effect.
The law is so settled in Massachusetts, in New-York, and in the Circuit Court of the United States here; and uniformity of decisions in the several courts is much to be desired. I cannot, therefore, hesitate a moment to sanction the doctrine established by the present case.
A. Warner and S. S. Phelps, for the plaintiff.
N. Harmon and C. Langdon, for the defendant.