IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE WESTERN DIVISION STRIKE 3 HOLDINGS, LLC, ) Plaintiff, ) ) v. ) No. 2:24-cv-3034-SHL-cgc ) JOHN DOE, subscriber assigned IP ) Address 73.203.200.38, ) Defendant. ) ORDER GRANTING EX PARTE MOTION FOR LEAVE TO SERVE A THIRD-PARTY SUBPOENA PRIOR TO A RULE 26(f) CONFERENCE Plaintiff Strike 3 Holdings, LLC is a frequent litigant. In this district alone, it has filed thirty-five cases over the course of a year and a half, and each case is the same. Strike 3 files a copyright infringement claim against John Doe for allegedly downloading and distributing its adult movies without permission. Then it files a motion seeking to subpoena Doe’s internet service provider so that it can identify him by his IP address. (See, e.g., ECF No. 8.) The motion is almost always granted with conditions imposed to “counteract a risk” that Strike 3 “would coerce a settlement” against Doe “by threatening to unmask him.” See Strike 3 Holdings, LLC v. Doe, No. 2:24-cv-02069-JPM-atc, 2024 WL 1941695, at *2 (W.D. Tenn. May 2, 2024). Then, Strike 3 files a notice of voluntary dismissal—the parties do not litigate the merits of the claims, and “the Court lacks any opportunity to determine whether the third-party subpoena procedures are fairly implemented and effective to protect the privacy interests of defendants identified by their ISPs.” Strike 3 Holdings, LLC v. Doe, No. 3:24-cv-01517, 2024 WL 4503658, at *1 (D. Conn. Oct. 16, 2024). Presumably, Strike 3 intends to follow the same pattern here. But this pattern “is suggestive of coercive settlement practices” that this Court must guard against.1 Strike 3 Holdings, LLC v. Doe, No. 3:18-CV-1945, 2019 WL 1122984, at *3 (D. Conn. Mar. 12, 2019). While Strike 3 has a legitimate need to obtain the identity of John Doe to protect its copyright, there is also a need to protect Doe from the potential for “abusive litigation practices.” See id. at
*3–4. Thus, this Court, like many of the courts that have decided this issue, GRANTS Strike 3’s motion subject to the restrictions outlined below. APPLICABLE LAW A party must obtain a court order to seek discovery before a scheduling conference. Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(d)(1). But courts often allow early discovery in copyright infringement cases where the identity of the infringer is unknown. See, e.g., Strike 3, 2024 WL 1941695, at *1; Strike 3 Holdings, LLC v. Doe, No. 2:19-cv-11299, 2019 WL 2265171, at *1 (E.D. Mich. May 28, 2019); Strike 3 Holdings, LLC v. Doe, No. 3:24-cv-235, 2024 WL 4453398, at *1 (S.D. Ohio Sept. 13, 2024). To determine whether early discovery is appropriate in a copyright infringement case, the court looks to (1) the strength of the plaintiff’s prima facie claim of
actionable harm; (2) the “specificity of the discovery request”; (3) “the absence of alternative means to obtain the subpoenaed information”; (4) the “need for the subpoenaed information to advance the claim”; and (5) the defendant’s “expectation of privacy.” Strike 3, 2024 WL 1941695, at *1–2 (quoting Arista Records, LLC v. Doe, 604 F.3d 110, 119 (2d Cir. 2010)). These factors weigh in favor of granting relief here.
1 Strike 3 asserts that its “goal is not to embarrass anyone or force anyone to settle unwillingly, especially anyone that is innocent”—indeed, it is “proud” of its films, and it does “not want anyone to be humiliated by them.” (ECF No. 9-2 at ¶ 34.) But the risk of coercion exists even if Strike 3 acts in good faith. ANALYSIS Strike 3 has shown good cause for obtaining early discovery—it cannot serve its own complaint and prosecute its copyright infringement claim without early discovery, and it has pleaded a strong case for infringement. To show infringement, Strike 3 must prove (1) it owns a
valid copyright and (2) Doe copied original elements of that copyright. See Feist Publ’ns, Inc. v. Rural Tel. Serv. Co., 499 U.S. 340, 361 (1991). Here, it alleges that it is “the owner of award- winning, critically acclaimed adult motion pictures.” (ECF No. 1 at ¶ 2.) These movies are allegedly “original work[s] of authorship.” (Id. at ¶ 49.) And Strike 3 states that Doe “copied and distributed the constituent elements” of twenty-four of its movies without consent. (Id. at ¶¶ 4, 50–51.) These allegations are sufficient to state a claim for relief. Strike 3’s discovery request is also specifically tailored to identify Doe so that it can prosecute this case. (ECF No. 9 at PageID 32.) The subpoena only requests “the true name and address of Defendant.” (ECF No. 8-1 at PageID 24.) Without this information, Strike 3 would have no way of identifying Doe and no way of advancing its claim. See Strike 3, 2024 WL
1941695, at *2. Website operators can only identify users by an IP address, and the user behind an IP address can only be identified by the ISP that assigned it to him. (ECF No. 9 at PageID 32; ECF No. 9-1 at ¶ 28.) While good cause exists for allowing early discovery here, Doe’s interest in being free from unnecessary embarrassment and coercive litigation practices must be protected. It is true that “computer users do not have a legitimate expectation of privacy in their subscriber information.” Guest v. Leis, 255 F.3d 325, 336 (6th Cir. 2001). Indeed, computer users like Doe have already conveyed their subscriber information to another person—namely, their ISP. See Id. But this Court, like many of the courts that have addressed Strike 3’s requests for early discovery, recognizes that this litigation could cause Doe “unnecessary embarrassment,” especially if he is not the proper party. See Strike 3, 2024 WL 1941695, at *2 (citing Strike 3 Holdings, LLC v. Doe, 329 F.R.D. 518, 522 (S.D.N.Y. 2019) (finding a protective order necessary “in light of the substantial risk for false positive identifications that could result in
‘annoyance, embarrassment, oppression, or undue burden or expense’”)). Thus, to balance Strike 3’s need for discovery against Doe’s right to be free of potentially coercive litigation practices and undue embarrassment, the Court will issue a protective order. This protective order prohibits Strike 3 from initiating any settlement discussions without leave of Court. It also alleviates any unnecessary burden on Comcast Cable Communications, LLC by giving Comcast ample time to identify and serve Doe, and it allows Comcast to seek the costs of compliance from Strike 3. To protect Doe from the potential for undue embarrassment and reputational harm that may arise from misidentification, the protective order allows Doe to litigate this action anonymously for now. CONCLUSION
Strike 3’s motion is GRANTED subject to the protective conditions set forth below. Failure to comply with any of the conditions may result in, among other things, an award of sanctions. 1. Defendant may proceed anonymously as “John Doe” in this case unless the Court orders otherwise. 2. Strike 3 shall not initiate settlement discussions or attempt to contact Doe before service of the Complaint, unless Strike 3 obtains leave of Court. But if Doe initiates settlement discussions, Strike 3 is permitted to participate and settle the case. 3. Strike 3 may immediately serve a subpoena in compliance with Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 45 on Comcast to obtain only the name and address of the Internet subscriber associated with the IP address 73.203.200.38.
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IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE WESTERN DIVISION STRIKE 3 HOLDINGS, LLC, ) Plaintiff, ) ) v. ) No. 2:24-cv-3034-SHL-cgc ) JOHN DOE, subscriber assigned IP ) Address 73.203.200.38, ) Defendant. ) ORDER GRANTING EX PARTE MOTION FOR LEAVE TO SERVE A THIRD-PARTY SUBPOENA PRIOR TO A RULE 26(f) CONFERENCE Plaintiff Strike 3 Holdings, LLC is a frequent litigant. In this district alone, it has filed thirty-five cases over the course of a year and a half, and each case is the same. Strike 3 files a copyright infringement claim against John Doe for allegedly downloading and distributing its adult movies without permission. Then it files a motion seeking to subpoena Doe’s internet service provider so that it can identify him by his IP address. (See, e.g., ECF No. 8.) The motion is almost always granted with conditions imposed to “counteract a risk” that Strike 3 “would coerce a settlement” against Doe “by threatening to unmask him.” See Strike 3 Holdings, LLC v. Doe, No. 2:24-cv-02069-JPM-atc, 2024 WL 1941695, at *2 (W.D. Tenn. May 2, 2024). Then, Strike 3 files a notice of voluntary dismissal—the parties do not litigate the merits of the claims, and “the Court lacks any opportunity to determine whether the third-party subpoena procedures are fairly implemented and effective to protect the privacy interests of defendants identified by their ISPs.” Strike 3 Holdings, LLC v. Doe, No. 3:24-cv-01517, 2024 WL 4503658, at *1 (D. Conn. Oct. 16, 2024). Presumably, Strike 3 intends to follow the same pattern here. But this pattern “is suggestive of coercive settlement practices” that this Court must guard against.1 Strike 3 Holdings, LLC v. Doe, No. 3:18-CV-1945, 2019 WL 1122984, at *3 (D. Conn. Mar. 12, 2019). While Strike 3 has a legitimate need to obtain the identity of John Doe to protect its copyright, there is also a need to protect Doe from the potential for “abusive litigation practices.” See id. at
*3–4. Thus, this Court, like many of the courts that have decided this issue, GRANTS Strike 3’s motion subject to the restrictions outlined below. APPLICABLE LAW A party must obtain a court order to seek discovery before a scheduling conference. Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(d)(1). But courts often allow early discovery in copyright infringement cases where the identity of the infringer is unknown. See, e.g., Strike 3, 2024 WL 1941695, at *1; Strike 3 Holdings, LLC v. Doe, No. 2:19-cv-11299, 2019 WL 2265171, at *1 (E.D. Mich. May 28, 2019); Strike 3 Holdings, LLC v. Doe, No. 3:24-cv-235, 2024 WL 4453398, at *1 (S.D. Ohio Sept. 13, 2024). To determine whether early discovery is appropriate in a copyright infringement case, the court looks to (1) the strength of the plaintiff’s prima facie claim of
actionable harm; (2) the “specificity of the discovery request”; (3) “the absence of alternative means to obtain the subpoenaed information”; (4) the “need for the subpoenaed information to advance the claim”; and (5) the defendant’s “expectation of privacy.” Strike 3, 2024 WL 1941695, at *1–2 (quoting Arista Records, LLC v. Doe, 604 F.3d 110, 119 (2d Cir. 2010)). These factors weigh in favor of granting relief here.
1 Strike 3 asserts that its “goal is not to embarrass anyone or force anyone to settle unwillingly, especially anyone that is innocent”—indeed, it is “proud” of its films, and it does “not want anyone to be humiliated by them.” (ECF No. 9-2 at ¶ 34.) But the risk of coercion exists even if Strike 3 acts in good faith. ANALYSIS Strike 3 has shown good cause for obtaining early discovery—it cannot serve its own complaint and prosecute its copyright infringement claim without early discovery, and it has pleaded a strong case for infringement. To show infringement, Strike 3 must prove (1) it owns a
valid copyright and (2) Doe copied original elements of that copyright. See Feist Publ’ns, Inc. v. Rural Tel. Serv. Co., 499 U.S. 340, 361 (1991). Here, it alleges that it is “the owner of award- winning, critically acclaimed adult motion pictures.” (ECF No. 1 at ¶ 2.) These movies are allegedly “original work[s] of authorship.” (Id. at ¶ 49.) And Strike 3 states that Doe “copied and distributed the constituent elements” of twenty-four of its movies without consent. (Id. at ¶¶ 4, 50–51.) These allegations are sufficient to state a claim for relief. Strike 3’s discovery request is also specifically tailored to identify Doe so that it can prosecute this case. (ECF No. 9 at PageID 32.) The subpoena only requests “the true name and address of Defendant.” (ECF No. 8-1 at PageID 24.) Without this information, Strike 3 would have no way of identifying Doe and no way of advancing its claim. See Strike 3, 2024 WL
1941695, at *2. Website operators can only identify users by an IP address, and the user behind an IP address can only be identified by the ISP that assigned it to him. (ECF No. 9 at PageID 32; ECF No. 9-1 at ¶ 28.) While good cause exists for allowing early discovery here, Doe’s interest in being free from unnecessary embarrassment and coercive litigation practices must be protected. It is true that “computer users do not have a legitimate expectation of privacy in their subscriber information.” Guest v. Leis, 255 F.3d 325, 336 (6th Cir. 2001). Indeed, computer users like Doe have already conveyed their subscriber information to another person—namely, their ISP. See Id. But this Court, like many of the courts that have addressed Strike 3’s requests for early discovery, recognizes that this litigation could cause Doe “unnecessary embarrassment,” especially if he is not the proper party. See Strike 3, 2024 WL 1941695, at *2 (citing Strike 3 Holdings, LLC v. Doe, 329 F.R.D. 518, 522 (S.D.N.Y. 2019) (finding a protective order necessary “in light of the substantial risk for false positive identifications that could result in
‘annoyance, embarrassment, oppression, or undue burden or expense’”)). Thus, to balance Strike 3’s need for discovery against Doe’s right to be free of potentially coercive litigation practices and undue embarrassment, the Court will issue a protective order. This protective order prohibits Strike 3 from initiating any settlement discussions without leave of Court. It also alleviates any unnecessary burden on Comcast Cable Communications, LLC by giving Comcast ample time to identify and serve Doe, and it allows Comcast to seek the costs of compliance from Strike 3. To protect Doe from the potential for undue embarrassment and reputational harm that may arise from misidentification, the protective order allows Doe to litigate this action anonymously for now. CONCLUSION
Strike 3’s motion is GRANTED subject to the protective conditions set forth below. Failure to comply with any of the conditions may result in, among other things, an award of sanctions. 1. Defendant may proceed anonymously as “John Doe” in this case unless the Court orders otherwise. 2. Strike 3 shall not initiate settlement discussions or attempt to contact Doe before service of the Complaint, unless Strike 3 obtains leave of Court. But if Doe initiates settlement discussions, Strike 3 is permitted to participate and settle the case. 3. Strike 3 may immediately serve a subpoena in compliance with Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 45 on Comcast to obtain only the name and address of the Internet subscriber associated with the IP address 73.203.200.38. Strike 3 may not seek or obtain the subscriber's phone number or email address, or seek to obtain information about potential defendants other than the subscriber who is associated with that IP address, unless the Court orders otherwise.
Strike 3 must attach a copy of this order to the subpoena, along with the attached “Notice to Defendant.” 4. Comcast will have sixty days from the date of service of the Rule 45 subpoena to ascertain the name and address of the subscriber associated with the IP address 73.203.200.38 and to serve that subscriber with a copy of (1) the subpoena, (2) the “Notice to Defendant,” and (3) this order. Comcast may serve the subscriber associated with the IP address 73.203.200.38 by written notice sent to the subscriber's last known address by first class mail or overnight service. The papers must be enclosed in an envelope in the same order as listed above. Service shall be deemed complete three days after mailing. 5. Comcast must file proof of service within ten days of mailing the documents to
the subscriber associated with the IP address 73.203.200.38. Comcast shall redact the name and address of the subscriber associated with the IP address 73.203.200.38 from the proof of service filed on the public docket. The unredacted copy of such proof of service shall be filed ex parte under seal with access only to Comcast and the Court. 6. Doe shall have sixty days from service of the subpoena, this order, and the “Notice to Defendant” to file any motions contesting the subpoena, including a motion to quash or modify the subpoena. 7. Comcast shall not turn over the subscriber’s identifying information to Strike 3 before the end of the sixty-day objection period after service. If Doe or Comcast files a motion to quash or modify the subpoena, Comcast shall not turn over any information to Strike 3 until the Court resolves the motion. Comcast shall preserve any subpoenaed information pending the resolution of any timely objections to the subpoena. 8. If neither Doe nor Comcast challenges the subpoena within the sixty-day period,
Comcast will have ten days to produce information responsive to the subpoena to Strike 3’s counsel for “Attorneys’ Eyes Only” review. Comcast must provide a written statement to Strike 3’s counsel confirming compliance with this order, which Strike 3’s counsel must then file under seal with the Court. Any information produced by Comcast will be limited to review on an “Attorneys’ Eyes Only” basis and shall not be disclosed to Strike 3, its employees, or agents. 9. Should Doe appear in this action by contacting Strike 3’s counsel, filing a response to the complaint, or otherwise, Strike 3 may submit a letter request to change the designation of information produced by Comcast from “Attorneys’ Eyes Only” to “Confidential.” Any information disclosed to Strike 3 in response to the subpoena under this order may only be used for the purpose of protecting Strike 3's rights as set forth in its Complaint
and only for this action, and no other purpose, including but not limited to future litigation against the same Defendant, unless otherwise ordered by the Court. 10. If Doe moves to quash the subpoena or to proceed anonymously, Doe must also notify Comcast at the same time that he files his motion so that Comcast is on notice not to release any of Doe’s information to Strike 3 until the Court rules on the motion. 11. Comcast may elect to charge Strike 3 for the costs of production. If it chooses to charge Strike 3, it must confer with Strike 3 and provide a billing summary and cost report. But Comcast shall not assess any charge before providing the information requested in the subpoena. 12. Strike 3’s time to serve Doe under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 4(m) is extended to thirty days after the expiration of the period within which Doe or Comcast may move to quash or modify the subpoena or, if they do so, until thirty days following the denial of any such motion. IT IS SO ORDERED, this 18th day of February, 2025.
s/ Sheryl H. Lipman SHERYL H. LIPMAN CHIEF UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE WESTERN DIVISION STRIKE 3 HOLDINGS, LLC, ) Plaintiff, ) ) v. ) No. 2:24-cv-3034-SHL-cgc ) JOHN DOE, subscriber assigned IP ) Address 73.203.200.38, ) Defendant. ) NOTICE TO DEFENDANT
1. You are the defendant in the above-captioned case, Strike 3 Holdings, LLC v. John Doe, subscriber assigned IP Address 73.203.200.38, Case Number 2:24-cv-3034-SHL-cgc, a case pending in the United States District Court for the Western District of Tennessee. 2. Attached is the seven (7) page Order of Chief Judge Sheryl H. Lipman, United States District Judge, dated February 18, 2025, which sets forth certain deadlines and procedures related to this case. Together with this notice, but not including the subpoena, there should be ten pages. 3. You may hire a lawyer to represent you in this case or you may represent yourself without the help of a lawyer. If you choose to represent yourself, you may request information about the case from the Clerk’s Office of the United States District Court for the Western District of Tennessee, Western Divisional Office, 167 N. Main Street, Room 242, Memphis, TN 38103. The Clerk’s Office may be reached at 901-495-1200. 4. Plaintiff in this case, Strike 3 Holdings, LLC, has filed a court action against you claiming that you illegally downloaded and distributed adult movies via your Comcast internet connection. 5. Strike 3 may not know your actual name or address, but it does claim to know the Internet Protocol address of the computer associated with the alleged downloading and/or distributing. 6. Strike 3 has served a subpoena requesting your identity and contact information
from your Internet Service Provider, Comcast. If you do not want Comcast to provide this information to Strike 3, and you believe there is a basis for Comcast to withhold this information, you may move to quash or modify the subpoena with the Clerk’s Office. If you choose to file a motion, you must do so within sixty days of the date that Comcast served you with the subpoena and this notice. 7. To take action, you should review the Court’s attached order. If you move to quash the subpoena or otherwise move to prevent your name from being disclosed to Strike 3, you may proceed anonymously for now. But if you are representing yourself, you will have to provide your contact information to the Clerk’s Office so that the Court may communicate with you about the status of the case. This information is solely for use by the Court, and it will not
provide this information to Strike 3 or its lawyers unless the Court determines there is no basis to withhold your information. 8. If you do not move to quash or modify the subpoena, you do not have to act immediately. Strike 3 may continue this action against you by serving a complaint on you. At that time, you will need to file a response pleading to the Complaint as provided by federal law and the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. 9. Even if you do not move to quash or modify the subpoena, the Court has ordered that you may proceed in this case anonymously for now. This means that the Court and Strike 3 will know your identity and contact information, but your identity will not be made public unless the Court determines there is no basis to withhold it. To proceed anonymously without moving to quash or modify the subpoena, you or your lawyer should provide a letter to the Clerk’s Office stating that you would like to proceed anonymously in your case. This must be done within sixty days of the date that Comcast served you with the subpoena and this notice. You should identify
yourself in your letter by the case number on the first page of this notice and your IP address. If you submit this letter, then your identity and contact information will not be revealed to the public unless the Court orders otherwise.