DixoN, C. J.
The title of the husband, the plaintiff’s vendor, is not accurately pleaded, and by the strict rules of the common law, the complaint in this particular would doubtless be bad. It may be so now; but the objection should be taken by demurrer, or motion to make the complaint more definite and certain. The averment is, “ that from the 21st day of August, A.D. 1845, till the 22d day of February, A.D. 1866, one Nelson Burst was seized, in right of [342]*342bis wife, Eliza Burst, of tbe east half,” etc. At common law tbe busband acquires by tbe marriage a freehold estate in tbe lands of tbe wife, but not tbe fee, wbicb still remains in tbe wife. Both together _have tbe whole estate, and therefore in law they are considered as seized in fee, and must so state their title in pleading. Tbe busband cannot aver, in pleading, that be alone is seized in fee in right of bis wife, because the fee is in tbe wife, and of this he is seized jointly with her. Melvin v. Proprietors of Locks, etc., 16 Pick., 165. But though this is so, we think tbe defect is not one which can be taken advantage of by objecting to evidence at tbe trial. Tbe intention of tbe pleader to aver a seizin of tbe busband by virtue of tbe marriage, which in law constitutes a joint seizin of tbe busband and wife, and should be so pleaded, is very plain; and, as tbe opposite party cannot be taken by surprise, tbe court, instead of rejecting the evidence, should, .under tbe liberal powers of amendment now conferred by statute, rather order an immediate amendment of tbe complaint,- or receive tbe evidence and allow tbe complaint to be afterwards amended so as to conform to it.
Tbe next objection is, that tbe complaint is defective in not averring that'Nelson Burst and his wife are still alive, or if tbe wife be dead, that tbe busband survives and has become tenant by tbe curtesy. Tbe reason of this objection is, that, as tbe estate of tbe busband in tbe land of tbe wife is an estate for their joint lives only, unless tbe bus-band survives tbe wife under such circumstances as to become a tenant by tbe curtesy, and then only for bis life, and as all interest in or title to tbe estate acquired under tbe busband ceases absolutely upon tbe determination of bis estate, th,e complaint shows no cause of action except it appear that tbe busband still lives and is tenant by tbe curtesy.
[343]*343There are two answers to this objection, either of which is sufficient. The first is, that, it appearing that the husband and wife were alive on the 22d day of February, 1866, the presumption is that they are still living, until the contrary is shown by the party who asserts the death. 1 Greenleaf on Ev., sec. 41. When the law. presumes a fact, it need not be stated in pleading. 1 Chitty’s Pl., 231.
The other answer is, that the determination of the husband’s estate, by the death either of himself or his wife, is a matter in defeasance of the action, and need not be pleaded. It is a condition subsequent to the estate of the husband, and in its nature a matter of defense, which ought to be shown in pleading by the opposite party. 1 Chitty’s Pl., 233.
Another objection involves the power of the husband to make sale of the timber in question, and the validity of the contract entered into by him for that purpose. This is, perhaps, not a very easy question to decide. If we assume, however, as was assumed at the bar, that the defendant is in 'possession under a conveyance from the husband and wife which vested in him the entire estate — the ultimate fee simple interest of the wife, as well as the life estate of the husband — then I think the contract is invalid as against the' defendant, even though, as alleged in the complaint, he purchased with full knowledge of its existence. The extensive common law powers of the husband over-the lands of the wife are well understood. During the continuance of his estate he is entitled to the possession and the enjoyment of the profits, and may do whatever he pleases with the lands, except that he cannot dispose of, impair, or permanently injure, the reversionary estate of the wife. Hence, like other life tenants or holders of particular estates, he can do nothing to the prejudice of the inheritance. He cannot commit waste. By the common law of England; and as the [344]*344same is held in some of tibe states in tbis country, any cutting and carrying away or selling of the growing timber is waste. The growing timber is a part of the inheritance itself, frequently imparting to it its chief value, and not the product of the estate arising during the time of the tenant, which alone the tenant has the right to take away. The tenant can cut only so much timber as is necessary to keep thé fences and buildings in repair, and to supply himself with fuel to be used on the premises. But this strict rule of the common law has been considerably modified in several of the states,' to meet the exigencies of a new and unsettled country; and it has been frequently held that the tenant of wild or timbered land may cut down and remove so much of the timber as may be required in order to reduce a due proportion of the premises to cultivation; and that for this purpose he may sell the timber, and it will not be waste. In doing this, the tenant must be governed by the usages of good husbandry in the country, and may clear only so much as a prudent owner of the fee would, proper regard being had to the nature and situation of the land, and the future wants of the reversioner. Enough timber must be reserved for the free use and enjoyment of the estate. The plaintiff invokes the aid of this rule, and has accordingly alleged in his complaint that the land in question is “ a farm used for agricultural pui'poses, and that the sale of the timber was made for the purpose of clearing, improving and preparing the land for cultivation, there still remaining thereon sufficient growing and standing timber for the use of the farm.” Conceding the rule to be applicable in this state, that is, in those parts of it where the lands are heavily timbered, and in which this land is situate, yet I do not think the plaintiff, notwithstanding the allegation of the complaint, is in a situation to avail himself of it. It seems clear to me by the [345]*345yery terms of tbe contract set out in tbe complaint, tbat tbe sale of tbe timber to tbe plaintiff was not for tbe purpose of clearing tbe land for cultivation; but tbat it was for tbe purpose of enabling tbe plaintiff to enter upon, bold and occupy tbe ten acres permanently as a wood lot, from wbicb at bis .leisure to cut and carry away timber and wood for bis own or other use, as be might from time to time deem expedient. In my judgment, tbe instrument admits of no other possible construction. It is, as nearly as may be, in tbe form of a deed of conveyance with warranty, and conveys tbe “ ten acres timber” to tbe plaintiff, to have and to bold tbe same, to him, “ bis executors, administrators, and assigns forever.” Tbe husband covenants for himself, bis heirs, executors and administrators, to warrant and defend tbe sale of “the said property and timber,” unto tbe plaintiff, “ bis executors, administrators and assigns, against all and every person and persons whomsoever,” and grants to tbe plaintiff, “ bis heirs, administrators, or assigns,” “ during tbe time there is timber remaining on said described premises,” a right of way over other parts of said land, for tbe plaintiff, “
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DixoN, C. J.
The title of the husband, the plaintiff’s vendor, is not accurately pleaded, and by the strict rules of the common law, the complaint in this particular would doubtless be bad. It may be so now; but the objection should be taken by demurrer, or motion to make the complaint more definite and certain. The averment is, “ that from the 21st day of August, A.D. 1845, till the 22d day of February, A.D. 1866, one Nelson Burst was seized, in right of [342]*342bis wife, Eliza Burst, of tbe east half,” etc. At common law tbe busband acquires by tbe marriage a freehold estate in tbe lands of tbe wife, but not tbe fee, wbicb still remains in tbe wife. Both together _have tbe whole estate, and therefore in law they are considered as seized in fee, and must so state their title in pleading. Tbe busband cannot aver, in pleading, that be alone is seized in fee in right of bis wife, because the fee is in tbe wife, and of this he is seized jointly with her. Melvin v. Proprietors of Locks, etc., 16 Pick., 165. But though this is so, we think tbe defect is not one which can be taken advantage of by objecting to evidence at tbe trial. Tbe intention of tbe pleader to aver a seizin of tbe busband by virtue of tbe marriage, which in law constitutes a joint seizin of tbe busband and wife, and should be so pleaded, is very plain; and, as tbe opposite party cannot be taken by surprise, tbe court, instead of rejecting the evidence, should, .under tbe liberal powers of amendment now conferred by statute, rather order an immediate amendment of tbe complaint,- or receive tbe evidence and allow tbe complaint to be afterwards amended so as to conform to it.
Tbe next objection is, that tbe complaint is defective in not averring that'Nelson Burst and his wife are still alive, or if tbe wife be dead, that tbe busband survives and has become tenant by tbe curtesy. Tbe reason of this objection is, that, as tbe estate of tbe busband in tbe land of tbe wife is an estate for their joint lives only, unless tbe bus-band survives tbe wife under such circumstances as to become a tenant by tbe curtesy, and then only for bis life, and as all interest in or title to tbe estate acquired under tbe busband ceases absolutely upon tbe determination of bis estate, th,e complaint shows no cause of action except it appear that tbe busband still lives and is tenant by tbe curtesy.
[343]*343There are two answers to this objection, either of which is sufficient. The first is, that, it appearing that the husband and wife were alive on the 22d day of February, 1866, the presumption is that they are still living, until the contrary is shown by the party who asserts the death. 1 Greenleaf on Ev., sec. 41. When the law. presumes a fact, it need not be stated in pleading. 1 Chitty’s Pl., 231.
The other answer is, that the determination of the husband’s estate, by the death either of himself or his wife, is a matter in defeasance of the action, and need not be pleaded. It is a condition subsequent to the estate of the husband, and in its nature a matter of defense, which ought to be shown in pleading by the opposite party. 1 Chitty’s Pl., 233.
Another objection involves the power of the husband to make sale of the timber in question, and the validity of the contract entered into by him for that purpose. This is, perhaps, not a very easy question to decide. If we assume, however, as was assumed at the bar, that the defendant is in 'possession under a conveyance from the husband and wife which vested in him the entire estate — the ultimate fee simple interest of the wife, as well as the life estate of the husband — then I think the contract is invalid as against the' defendant, even though, as alleged in the complaint, he purchased with full knowledge of its existence. The extensive common law powers of the husband over-the lands of the wife are well understood. During the continuance of his estate he is entitled to the possession and the enjoyment of the profits, and may do whatever he pleases with the lands, except that he cannot dispose of, impair, or permanently injure, the reversionary estate of the wife. Hence, like other life tenants or holders of particular estates, he can do nothing to the prejudice of the inheritance. He cannot commit waste. By the common law of England; and as the [344]*344same is held in some of tibe states in tbis country, any cutting and carrying away or selling of the growing timber is waste. The growing timber is a part of the inheritance itself, frequently imparting to it its chief value, and not the product of the estate arising during the time of the tenant, which alone the tenant has the right to take away. The tenant can cut only so much timber as is necessary to keep thé fences and buildings in repair, and to supply himself with fuel to be used on the premises. But this strict rule of the common law has been considerably modified in several of the states,' to meet the exigencies of a new and unsettled country; and it has been frequently held that the tenant of wild or timbered land may cut down and remove so much of the timber as may be required in order to reduce a due proportion of the premises to cultivation; and that for this purpose he may sell the timber, and it will not be waste. In doing this, the tenant must be governed by the usages of good husbandry in the country, and may clear only so much as a prudent owner of the fee would, proper regard being had to the nature and situation of the land, and the future wants of the reversioner. Enough timber must be reserved for the free use and enjoyment of the estate. The plaintiff invokes the aid of this rule, and has accordingly alleged in his complaint that the land in question is “ a farm used for agricultural pui'poses, and that the sale of the timber was made for the purpose of clearing, improving and preparing the land for cultivation, there still remaining thereon sufficient growing and standing timber for the use of the farm.” Conceding the rule to be applicable in this state, that is, in those parts of it where the lands are heavily timbered, and in which this land is situate, yet I do not think the plaintiff, notwithstanding the allegation of the complaint, is in a situation to avail himself of it. It seems clear to me by the [345]*345yery terms of tbe contract set out in tbe complaint, tbat tbe sale of tbe timber to tbe plaintiff was not for tbe purpose of clearing tbe land for cultivation; but tbat it was for tbe purpose of enabling tbe plaintiff to enter upon, bold and occupy tbe ten acres permanently as a wood lot, from wbicb at bis .leisure to cut and carry away timber and wood for bis own or other use, as be might from time to time deem expedient. In my judgment, tbe instrument admits of no other possible construction. It is, as nearly as may be, in tbe form of a deed of conveyance with warranty, and conveys tbe “ ten acres timber” to tbe plaintiff, to have and to bold tbe same, to him, “ bis executors, administrators, and assigns forever.” Tbe husband covenants for himself, bis heirs, executors and administrators, to warrant and defend tbe sale of “the said property and timber,” unto tbe plaintiff, “ bis executors, administrators and assigns, against all and every person and persons whomsoever,” and grants to tbe plaintiff, “ bis heirs, administrators, or assigns,” “ during tbe time there is timber remaining on said described premises,” a right of way over other parts of said land, for tbe plaintiff, “ bis heirs and assigns, and bis and their servants and tenants, at all times freely to pass and repass, on foot, or with horses, or oxen, beasts of burden, wagons, carts, sleighs or other vehicle whatsoever, from tbe highway to tbe premises, or ten acres timber so conveyed, in order to get, or haul or draw, tbe said timber to tbe public highway.” This looks to me not much like a sale of tbe timber in order to clear tbe land for immediate cultivation, wbicb is tbe only authority tbe tenant has. He certainly cannot sell tbe timber with a view to clearing and preparing the land for cultivation years hence, when perhaps bis estate may have expired. He is limited by what is necessary in their present condition of tbe estate, reference being bad to its immediate use and enjoyment. It [346]*346appears to me like a sale of the timber for the mere sake of selling it, and to enable tbe tenant to put the proceeds in Ms own pocket, which clearly he has no right to do. If the timber is valuable as a vendible commodity, that value belongs to the owner of the inheritance, and no matter whether the estate is benefited or injured by its removal, it is nevertheless waste.
It is furthermore to be observed of this contract, that it fixes no time within which the timber is to be cut and removed. That time is unlimited. Assuming the sale to be valid to its fullest extent, the plaintiff, his heirs, executors, administrators, or assigns, and his or their tenants, may take fifty or one hundred years for that purpose, and so long as there is a single tree left standing which was growing on the land at the time of the sale, their right of way is preserved to them. But if we assume the .sale to be valid only during the lifetime of the husband, then the timber could be cut and removed just before the expiration of his estate, which would clearly have no reference to the beneficial use of the estate by him, and so would be waste. The- contract was entered into over three years before the commencement of this action, and yet it appears from the complaint that the plaintiff, at that time, had cut and removed the timber from only five acres of the land.
For these reasons, I am of opinion that the sale was one which the husband was not authorized to make, and which did not bind the wife; and, she not being bound, I think the defendant is not, provided he is in, as I have above supposed, under a conveyance from the husband and wife. As the grantee of the wife and owner of the inheritance, the defendant can repudiate the sale the same as the wife could have done, unless he has debarred himself by having ratified it at the time of his purchase, and taken h;s conveyance expressly subject to it.
[347]*347In discussing tbis question I have assumed, as already observed, that the defendant is in possession under a conveyance from the husband and wife, vesting in him the title in fee to the land. That fact, however, does not appear from the pleadings; and it is upon them that the case must be decided. I have considered it proper to examine the question, because it is altogether likely to have been the one on which the decision turned in the court below, and on which it may turn again. The averment of the complaint is, that “ the said defendant pretended to purchase said lands, and took possession of the same, about the 22d day of February, A.D. 1866.” If the defendant has no title, and is in possession only under a “ pretended” or “ supposed” purchase, as are the words of the complaint, or as a purchaser of the life estate of the husband, then it is obvious that he cannot raise the question. So long as the wife acquiesces in the sale made by the husband, or does not resist it, a mere stranger or third person who happens to obtain possession of the land, or has purchased from the husband, cannot object for her. This principle is too familiar to require further elucidation or remark; and the decision of the court sustaining the objection to evidence, even though made on the ground supposed, was erroneous and must be reversed.
So far as the complaint states a cause of action in equity, and demands equitable relief and an injunction to restrain the defendant from interfering with the timber or from preventing the plaintiff from entering upon the premises to cut and carry-the same away, it is very doubtful whether it is good. Assuming the contract to be valid as against the defendant, it seems not to be a case of irreparable mischief, but the ordinary one of a trespass to personal property, or of a breach of contract for the delivery of chattels, for which the plaintiff has an adequate remedy by action at law to recover his damages.
[348]*348But so far as the complaint states a cause of action at law, which it does as to the damages claimed for the timber already cut and carried away by the defendant, it is good, notwithstanding the plaintiff may have inserted other allegations for and demanded equitable relief to which he may not be entitled. Leonard v. Rogan, 20 Wis., 540, and cases cited; Hopkins v. Gilman, decided at the present term.
By the Court. — Judgment reversed, and a new trial awarded.