McCulloch, C. J.
The tract of land in Ouachita County, containing 160 acres, which is the subject-matter . of the present litigation, was originally owned by Beauregard McGe'hee, a colored man, who received a patent from the United States and who occupied the land as a home and cultivated it as a farm.
Appellees assert title to the land under a conveyance from McGehee, and appellants claim title under a mortgage or deed of trust, alleged to have been executed by McGehee and wife in the year 1910, and under a foreclosure deed pursuant to the powers contained in the said deed of trust.
A firm of merchants doing business under the name of Watts & Bro. were the holders of the deed of trust alleged to have been executed by McGehee and wife.
This is an action instituted by appellees to cancel the mortgage to Watts & Bro. and the foreclosure deed pursuant thereto. They allege that the deed was not signed by McGehee’s wife, which rendered the mortgage void, as the land constituted McGehee’s homestead.
The mortgage was dated April 29, 1910, and was to secure a debt in the sum of $425, evidenced by a promissory note. The names of both McGehee and his wife, Amanda, were signed to the note as well as to the mortgage, and the signatures were witnessed by a notary public, R. C. Lockett, before whom the acknowledgment appears to have been taken. The deed was immediately placed of record. P. Lynch Lee was named in the deed as trustee, and power was conferred upon the trustee to sell in default of payment of the debt. The deed also contained a provision authorizing the holders of the debt to substitute and appoint a trustee to act in the place of Lee in the event of the latter’s death, disability or refusal to act.
Lee died in the year 1911, and the foreclosure was made by a substituted trustee, one Walker. The sale was made by Walker on April 7, 1914, and a deed was executed by him to the purchasers on the same day.
There was a written indorsement on the mortgage, dated April 7, 1914, appointing Walker as substituted trustee, and this writing is signed by Watts & Bro., the holders of the, note.
The land was purchased at the sale by Watts & Bro. and subsequently sold to other parties, who were made defendants and are now the appellants in this appeal.
McGehee continued to reside on the place for two years after the sale and paid rent to Watts & Bro. He removed from the land in the latter part of the year 1916 or the early part of 1917, and has not resided on the land since then. He executed a quitclaim deed to A. W. D. Overton on May 11, 1920, reciting a cash consideration of ten dollars paid, and other considerations not disclosed. Overton executed conveyances covering his interest in the land to his co-appellees, and this suit was instituted by them on July 5, 1920.
Appellants, who purchased from Watts & Bro., entered into possession of the land and made valuable improvements thereon between the dates of their respective purchases and the execution of the deed by McGehee to Overton.
There are two issues of fact in the case, one of which relates to the validity of the mortgage, or deed of trust, and the other to the validity of the foreclosure.
It is conceded that the land in controversy was Mc-Gehee’s homestead, and there is an issue of fact whether or not his wife signed the mortgage. If she did not sign it, the instrument was void under the statute which declares that all instruments affecting the homestead are void unless signed by the wife. Crawford & Moses’ Digest, § 5542.
The other issue relates to the question whether or not notice of the foreclosure was given.
A certificate of acknowledgment was appended to the mortgage, and it was duly placed of record, and this made a prima facie case of the proper execution of the deed Crawford & Moses’ Digest, § 1532; Polk v. Brown, 117 Ark. 321; Nevada County Bank v. Gee, 130 Ark. 312.
The burden of proof, therefore, rested upon appellees to prove that the deed was not executed or acknowledged by McGehee’s wife. The court made an express finding on this issue of fact, as recited in the decree, and found that the deed was executed and acknowledged by McGehee’s wife, and that it was a valid mortgage. The question for us to determine is whether or not this finding of the chancellor was against the preponderance of the testimony.
McGehee and his wife both testified that they did not execute this mortgage. They admitted that they had executed a mortgage to Watts & Bro. on a part of this land in the year 1900, and also that they executed another mortgage to Watts & Bro. on all of this land in the year 1903, but,- as before stated, they each denied their signatures to the mortgage now in controversy.
The two mortgages which the witnesses admitted that they executed were acknowledged before an officer other than Lockett, but Beauregard McGehee in his testimony admitted that he had made an acknowledgment before Lockett of a mortgage to Watts & Bro.
Amanda McGehee testified that she could write a little and could write her name, and she stated that she always wrote her own name when signing a deed. It appears from the other deeds exhibited in evidence that her signature was in her own handwriting, but this particular deed was signed by mark. Lockett, the notary public, testified that both McGehee and his wife signed and acknowledged the mortgage. He was called to the witness stand more than once, and in his first statement he said that he was not personally acquainted with Amanda McGehee, and he also said that he had no personal recollection of taking the acknowledgment. But when called to the stand later, he explained his former statement by saying that he meant that he only knew Amanda McGehee and the other McGehee women when he saw them, but was not. personally acquainted with them as he was with the men of the family, with whom he had had frequent business dealings. In the meantime, Amanda Mc-Gehee had been introduced as a witness in Lockett’s presence, and when he was recalled to the stand he stated that he remembered then that she was the woman who signed and acknowledged the execution of the mortgage before him. He stated that he wrote her' name and that she touched the pen, or made her mark.
With the ¡burden of proof on appellees to show that the deed was not properly executed, and with the finding of the chancellor against appellees, on this issue, we should not disturb the findings unless we conclude that it is against the preponderance of the evidence, and we think that the evidence does not preponderate against the finding of the chancellor that the deed was executed.
Counsel for appellees rely on the discussion in Watson v. Billings, 38 Ark. 278, where the relative weight of the testimony of a widow asserting dower and the justice of the peace who took the acknowledgment were discussed, but in that case the deed containing the relinquishment of dower was unrecorded, and the burden was on the other party to prove the execution of the deed. There was a finding also by the chancellor that the relinquishment of dower had not been executed.
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McCulloch, C. J.
The tract of land in Ouachita County, containing 160 acres, which is the subject-matter . of the present litigation, was originally owned by Beauregard McGe'hee, a colored man, who received a patent from the United States and who occupied the land as a home and cultivated it as a farm.
Appellees assert title to the land under a conveyance from McGehee, and appellants claim title under a mortgage or deed of trust, alleged to have been executed by McGehee and wife in the year 1910, and under a foreclosure deed pursuant to the powers contained in the said deed of trust.
A firm of merchants doing business under the name of Watts & Bro. were the holders of the deed of trust alleged to have been executed by McGehee and wife.
This is an action instituted by appellees to cancel the mortgage to Watts & Bro. and the foreclosure deed pursuant thereto. They allege that the deed was not signed by McGehee’s wife, which rendered the mortgage void, as the land constituted McGehee’s homestead.
The mortgage was dated April 29, 1910, and was to secure a debt in the sum of $425, evidenced by a promissory note. The names of both McGehee and his wife, Amanda, were signed to the note as well as to the mortgage, and the signatures were witnessed by a notary public, R. C. Lockett, before whom the acknowledgment appears to have been taken. The deed was immediately placed of record. P. Lynch Lee was named in the deed as trustee, and power was conferred upon the trustee to sell in default of payment of the debt. The deed also contained a provision authorizing the holders of the debt to substitute and appoint a trustee to act in the place of Lee in the event of the latter’s death, disability or refusal to act.
Lee died in the year 1911, and the foreclosure was made by a substituted trustee, one Walker. The sale was made by Walker on April 7, 1914, and a deed was executed by him to the purchasers on the same day.
There was a written indorsement on the mortgage, dated April 7, 1914, appointing Walker as substituted trustee, and this writing is signed by Watts & Bro., the holders of the, note.
The land was purchased at the sale by Watts & Bro. and subsequently sold to other parties, who were made defendants and are now the appellants in this appeal.
McGehee continued to reside on the place for two years after the sale and paid rent to Watts & Bro. He removed from the land in the latter part of the year 1916 or the early part of 1917, and has not resided on the land since then. He executed a quitclaim deed to A. W. D. Overton on May 11, 1920, reciting a cash consideration of ten dollars paid, and other considerations not disclosed. Overton executed conveyances covering his interest in the land to his co-appellees, and this suit was instituted by them on July 5, 1920.
Appellants, who purchased from Watts & Bro., entered into possession of the land and made valuable improvements thereon between the dates of their respective purchases and the execution of the deed by McGehee to Overton.
There are two issues of fact in the case, one of which relates to the validity of the mortgage, or deed of trust, and the other to the validity of the foreclosure.
It is conceded that the land in controversy was Mc-Gehee’s homestead, and there is an issue of fact whether or not his wife signed the mortgage. If she did not sign it, the instrument was void under the statute which declares that all instruments affecting the homestead are void unless signed by the wife. Crawford & Moses’ Digest, § 5542.
The other issue relates to the question whether or not notice of the foreclosure was given.
A certificate of acknowledgment was appended to the mortgage, and it was duly placed of record, and this made a prima facie case of the proper execution of the deed Crawford & Moses’ Digest, § 1532; Polk v. Brown, 117 Ark. 321; Nevada County Bank v. Gee, 130 Ark. 312.
The burden of proof, therefore, rested upon appellees to prove that the deed was not executed or acknowledged by McGehee’s wife. The court made an express finding on this issue of fact, as recited in the decree, and found that the deed was executed and acknowledged by McGehee’s wife, and that it was a valid mortgage. The question for us to determine is whether or not this finding of the chancellor was against the preponderance of the testimony.
McGehee and his wife both testified that they did not execute this mortgage. They admitted that they had executed a mortgage to Watts & Bro. on a part of this land in the year 1900, and also that they executed another mortgage to Watts & Bro. on all of this land in the year 1903, but,- as before stated, they each denied their signatures to the mortgage now in controversy.
The two mortgages which the witnesses admitted that they executed were acknowledged before an officer other than Lockett, but Beauregard McGehee in his testimony admitted that he had made an acknowledgment before Lockett of a mortgage to Watts & Bro.
Amanda McGehee testified that she could write a little and could write her name, and she stated that she always wrote her own name when signing a deed. It appears from the other deeds exhibited in evidence that her signature was in her own handwriting, but this particular deed was signed by mark. Lockett, the notary public, testified that both McGehee and his wife signed and acknowledged the mortgage. He was called to the witness stand more than once, and in his first statement he said that he was not personally acquainted with Amanda McGehee, and he also said that he had no personal recollection of taking the acknowledgment. But when called to the stand later, he explained his former statement by saying that he meant that he only knew Amanda McGehee and the other McGehee women when he saw them, but was not. personally acquainted with them as he was with the men of the family, with whom he had had frequent business dealings. In the meantime, Amanda Mc-Gehee had been introduced as a witness in Lockett’s presence, and when he was recalled to the stand he stated that he remembered then that she was the woman who signed and acknowledged the execution of the mortgage before him. He stated that he wrote her' name and that she touched the pen, or made her mark.
With the ¡burden of proof on appellees to show that the deed was not properly executed, and with the finding of the chancellor against appellees, on this issue, we should not disturb the findings unless we conclude that it is against the preponderance of the evidence, and we think that the evidence does not preponderate against the finding of the chancellor that the deed was executed.
Counsel for appellees rely on the discussion in Watson v. Billings, 38 Ark. 278, where the relative weight of the testimony of a widow asserting dower and the justice of the peace who took the acknowledgment were discussed, but in that case the deed containing the relinquishment of dower was unrecorded, and the burden was on the other party to prove the execution of the deed. There was a finding also by the chancellor that the relinquishment of dower had not been executed. That case therefore is without any controlling force in the present case, and our conclusion is that appellees have not introduced sufficient proof to overcome the presumption arising from the certificate of the officer and the record of the deed. Counsel also rely on the recent case of Crawley v. Neal, 152 Ark. 232, but that case, too, is inapplicable for it involved the question of admissibility rather than the weight of testimony.
The court, as before stated, upheld the validity of the deed, but declared the foreclosure invalid on the ground that there was no valid appointment of the substituted trustee, for the reason that the appointment in writing was not made on a date before the sale, but after the preliminary steps towards the sale had been taken. There is therefore no finding, either express or implied, on the question whether or not the notice of foreclosure was given.
The trustee’s deed contained a recital to the effect that notice was given in the manner' prescribed in the deed of trust, which was by posting notices.
The statute provides that notices in conformity with mortgages, deeds of trust, etc., shall be published in some newspaper in the county (Crawford & Moses’ Digest, $ 6807), and appellants adduced testimony tending to show that there had 'been publication made in that manner. Walker, the substituted trustee, and Mr. Watts testified on this subject, and each of them stated in his testimony that the notice was published in one of the newspapers at Camden. There was no contradiction of this testimony, but the contention of appellees is that the testimony is too vague and uncertain to base a finding upon. The newspaper was not introduced in evidence, nor was the editor introduced, nor any testimony other than the statements of Walker and Watts. The affidavit provided by statute (Crawford & Moses’ Digest, § 6808)' as evidence of such publication was not introduced, but that was not the exclusive method of proof. Allen v. Allen, 126 Ark. 164.
It is conceded by counsel for appellees that the,testimony of Walker and Watts was competent to prove the- publication of notice of sale, and it was admitted in the trial below without objection, but counsel contend that it is not of sufficient weight to justify a finding on the subject. Our opinion is, however, to the contrary, for this testimony was not contradicted, and while neither of the witnesses could state the language of the notice, they both undertook to give the substance of it, and they stated that it was a notice of the time and place of sale, with a description of the land. When the testimony of each is read as a whole, it shows that they meant to testify positively that the notice contained all of the essential elements to make a valid notice. Counsel comment upon certain language of each of the witnesses as tending to show a vagueness and uncertainty, but the testimony of each must be read as a whole, and we think that their statements, which are not contradicted, are to the effect that they remembered the substance of the notice, and that it contained all the requirements.
We are of the opinion that the evidence was sufficient, and that the sale was valid.
The court erred in holding that the substitution of the trustee had to be in writing, and erred in refusing to permit appellants to show that there was an oral appointment of the trustee before he began to take steps leading up to the foreclosure, even though the indorsement was not made until the day before the sale. It was not essential to the validity of the sale that the appointment of the trustee should be in writing, but written authority was essential in order to confer authority to make the deed. Daniel v. Garner, 71 Ark. 484.
When the deed was executed, there had been authority in writing indorsed upon the mortgage, so the deed was valid and conveyed the legal title — the equitable title having been acquired at the trusteed sale. Daniel v. Garner, supra.
Our conclusion is, therefore, that a valid legal title was acquired under the foreclosure sale and deed.
In addition to that, we think that McGehee was estopped by his own conduct from asserting title to the land, and that appellees, as his grantees, are also bound by his acts. McGehee remained on the land for two years after the foreclosure and paid rent, and then voluntarily removed from the premises and made no assertion of title or claim to the land for more than six years, when he quitclaimed it to Overton, one of the appellants. In the meantime the purchasers at the foreclosure sale and their subsequent grantees occupied the land and made valuable improvements thereon. It is true that McGehee says in one place that he did not know of the foreclosure, but it was publicly conducted, and he remained on the place, paying rent, and then abandoned the land. Counsel for appellees contend that his removal from the land merely amounted to a surrender of possession to Watts & Bro. as mortgagees, but his conduct shows more than that, and it clearly appears that he intended it as a complete abandonment of the land under the foreclosed mortgage. Under these circumstances, he is estopped to assert the invalidity of the foreclosure,for, if there were any defects or irregularities in the foreclosure, he should not have abandoned the premises and knowingly permitted the purchasers and their subsequent grantees to enter and make valuable improvements.
Appellees rely on the case of Wood v. Holland, 64 Ark. 104, as holding that there was no estoppel under circumstances of this kind, but in that case the question was not concerning the invalidity of the sale, but related to the right of redemption, and the court held that a voluntary surrender of possession to the purchaser did not work an estoppel against the assertion of the right of redemption. There is a distinction between the two cases, and a very clear reason for it. Assertion of the right of redemption is not inconsistent with admission of the validity of the sale, and therefore a voluntary surrender of possession is not tantamount to a relinquishment of the right of redemption, whereas such a surrender to the purchaser under a foreclosure sale is inconsistent with the claim of invalidity of the foreclosure. This is but an additional ground why the original mortgagee and his grantees, the present appellees, should be denied the right to attack the foreclosure sale.
Therefore, on each of the grounds stated, the decree will be reversed with directions to dismiss the complaint for want of equity.