By the Court,
Belknap, J.:
This is a suit in equity to establish the right of the plaintiff to the waters of Duckwater creek. The sources of this creek are springs, known as the “Warm Springs,” the waters of which, after running a short distance'through a natural surface channel, are discharged into a large slough. This slough has no natural surface outlet. Its westerly border consists of concretionary limestone, formed by the waters,' and this formation extends to the defined surface channel of the creek, a distance of about half a mile. The land thereby embraced is a portion of the unoccupied pub-[320] lie domain, and is unfitted for agricultural or other purposes. Its surface gradually slopes from the lake to the creek. The waters of the creek were appropriated by the plaintiffs during the j'ears 1867,1868 and 1869 for the purpose of irrigating their farming lands adjacent thereto, and ever since then plaintiffs have used the waters for the purpose of their appropriations, except when deprived'' thereof by the acts of the defendants hereinafter stated.
In the year 1875, the defendants, in order to obtain water for the purpose of irrigating their lands, which are so situated that they can not be irrigated by waters from the creek, diverted the waters of the Warm Springs for this purpose. The principal object of this suit is to restrain defendánts from diverting these waters.
The court before whom the cause was tried, was assisted in the determination of the questions of fact involved by a jury, to whom certain interrogatories were submitted. The court adopted the answers of the jury to the interrogatories, and in connection therewith made further findings of facts. Many of the interrogatories submitted to the jury, as well as the findings made by the court, were addressed to the question of the mode by which the waters of the springs reach the creek. Upon this subject there is a conflict in the findings. For instance: The'following interrogatory was submitted to the jury:
“Is there any subterranean stream or percolation of water from Warm Springs to Duekwater creek?” To which the jury responded, “No.” Afterward they answered, “ Tes,” to the following interrogatory: “ Do the waters of the Warm Springs connect with Duekwater creek and furnish part of the waters usually flowing therein by subterranean channels?” But throwing out of view the question of conflict in the findings, and considering all of them together, we think we are justified in assuming that at an indefinite time the waters of the springs flowed through a natural surface channel to the creek; that the calcareous properties of the waters of the springs have formed a light, porous limestone, by which the natural channel from the slough to the creek has been closed, and that by some subterranean [321] means, which do not appear to have been satisfactorily established to court or jury, the waters of the springs find their way to the creels:. There is no conflict with the finding that the springs are the source of the creek, and that the diversion by the defendants appreciably diminishes the volume of water naturally flowing in the creek. Upon these facts the district court rendered judgment in favor of defendants.
No question of riparian proprietorship arises in this case. Both parties claim by virtue of appropriations of the waters. The doctrine of appropriation of surface waters as established in the Pacific states is conceded by respondent. This doctrine declares that prior appropriation gives tbe better right to running water upon the public lands to the extent of the appropriations. If this law, as thus established, is applicable to the facts of this case, the judgment must be reversed.
Counsel for respondents contend that the judgment should be sustained, because there is no known or defined channel through which the waters of the springs reach the creek; that if these waters at all reach the creek, they do so by percolation or other unknown means, and that to such cases the law of watercourses does not-apply.
It has been conclusively established by a long line of decisions that percolating water existing in the earth is not governed by the same laws that have been established for running streams. No distinction-exists in the law between waters running under the surface in defined channels and those running'in distinct channels upon the surface. The distinction is made between all waters running in distinct channels,,.whether upon, the surface or subterranean, and those oozing or percolating through the soil in varying quantities and uncertain directions. The grounds for the distinctions are clearly pointed out in the authorities.
The subject was carefully considered in the case of Chatfield v. Wilson, 28 Vt. 54. The court there said: “The secret, changeable, and uncontrollable character of underground water’, in its operations, is so diverse and uncertain that we can not well subject it to the regulations of law, nor build [322] ■upon it a system of rules, as is done in the case of surface streams. Their nature is defined, and their progress over the surface may be seen and known, and is uniform. They are not in the earth and apart of* it, and no secret influences move them, but they assume a distinct character from that of the earth, and become subject to a certain law — the great law of gravitation.
There is, then, no difficulty in recognizing a right to the use of water flowing in a stream as private property, and regulating that use by settled principles of law.
We think the practical “uncertainties which must ever attend subterranean waters is reason enough why it should not be attempted to subject them to certain and fixed rules of law, and that it is better to leave them to be enjoyed absolutely by the owner of the land, as one of its natural advantages, and in the eye of the law a part of it, and we think we are warranted in this view by well-considered cases.”
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By the Court,
Belknap, J.:
This is a suit in equity to establish the right of the plaintiff to the waters of Duckwater creek. The sources of this creek are springs, known as the “Warm Springs,” the waters of which, after running a short distance'through a natural surface channel, are discharged into a large slough. This slough has no natural surface outlet. Its westerly border consists of concretionary limestone, formed by the waters,' and this formation extends to the defined surface channel of the creek, a distance of about half a mile. The land thereby embraced is a portion of the unoccupied pub-[320] lie domain, and is unfitted for agricultural or other purposes. Its surface gradually slopes from the lake to the creek. The waters of the creek were appropriated by the plaintiffs during the j'ears 1867,1868 and 1869 for the purpose of irrigating their farming lands adjacent thereto, and ever since then plaintiffs have used the waters for the purpose of their appropriations, except when deprived'' thereof by the acts of the defendants hereinafter stated.
In the year 1875, the defendants, in order to obtain water for the purpose of irrigating their lands, which are so situated that they can not be irrigated by waters from the creek, diverted the waters of the Warm Springs for this purpose. The principal object of this suit is to restrain defendánts from diverting these waters.
The court before whom the cause was tried, was assisted in the determination of the questions of fact involved by a jury, to whom certain interrogatories were submitted. The court adopted the answers of the jury to the interrogatories, and in connection therewith made further findings of facts. Many of the interrogatories submitted to the jury, as well as the findings made by the court, were addressed to the question of the mode by which the waters of the springs reach the creek. Upon this subject there is a conflict in the findings. For instance: The'following interrogatory was submitted to the jury:
“Is there any subterranean stream or percolation of water from Warm Springs to Duekwater creek?” To which the jury responded, “No.” Afterward they answered, “ Tes,” to the following interrogatory: “ Do the waters of the Warm Springs connect with Duekwater creek and furnish part of the waters usually flowing therein by subterranean channels?” But throwing out of view the question of conflict in the findings, and considering all of them together, we think we are justified in assuming that at an indefinite time the waters of the springs flowed through a natural surface channel to the creek; that the calcareous properties of the waters of the springs have formed a light, porous limestone, by which the natural channel from the slough to the creek has been closed, and that by some subterranean [321] means, which do not appear to have been satisfactorily established to court or jury, the waters of the springs find their way to the creels:. There is no conflict with the finding that the springs are the source of the creek, and that the diversion by the defendants appreciably diminishes the volume of water naturally flowing in the creek. Upon these facts the district court rendered judgment in favor of defendants.
No question of riparian proprietorship arises in this case. Both parties claim by virtue of appropriations of the waters. The doctrine of appropriation of surface waters as established in the Pacific states is conceded by respondent. This doctrine declares that prior appropriation gives tbe better right to running water upon the public lands to the extent of the appropriations. If this law, as thus established, is applicable to the facts of this case, the judgment must be reversed.
Counsel for respondents contend that the judgment should be sustained, because there is no known or defined channel through which the waters of the springs reach the creek; that if these waters at all reach the creek, they do so by percolation or other unknown means, and that to such cases the law of watercourses does not-apply.
It has been conclusively established by a long line of decisions that percolating water existing in the earth is not governed by the same laws that have been established for running streams. No distinction-exists in the law between waters running under the surface in defined channels and those running'in distinct channels upon the surface. The distinction is made between all waters running in distinct channels,,.whether upon, the surface or subterranean, and those oozing or percolating through the soil in varying quantities and uncertain directions. The grounds for the distinctions are clearly pointed out in the authorities.
The subject was carefully considered in the case of Chatfield v. Wilson, 28 Vt. 54. The court there said: “The secret, changeable, and uncontrollable character of underground water’, in its operations, is so diverse and uncertain that we can not well subject it to the regulations of law, nor build [322] ■upon it a system of rules, as is done in the case of surface streams. Their nature is defined, and their progress over the surface may be seen and known, and is uniform. They are not in the earth and apart of* it, and no secret influences move them, but they assume a distinct character from that of the earth, and become subject to a certain law — the great law of gravitation.
There is, then, no difficulty in recognizing a right to the use of water flowing in a stream as private property, and regulating that use by settled principles of law.
We think the practical “uncertainties which must ever attend subterranean waters is reason enough why it should not be attempted to subject them to certain and fixed rules of law, and that it is better to leave them to be enjoyed absolutely by the owner of the land, as one of its natural advantages, and in the eye of the law a part of it, and we think we are warranted in this view by well-considered cases.”
In Haldeman v. Bruckhart, 45 Pa. St. 519, upon this subject, the court said: “In case of an underground supply to a spring or well, or a stream emerging upon land of a low.er proprietor, the water does not flow openly in the sight of the owner of the soil under which it passes, there is, therefore, no reason for implying consent or agreement between the proprietors of the adjoining lands beneath which underground currents exist, which is one of the foundations upon which the law as to surface streams is supposed to be built; and for the same reason no trace of positive law can be inferred. Again, if the lower proprietor has a right to the undisturbed flowage of water through subterranean passages in his neighbor’s land, he has the power of preventing that neighbor from using the water on his own soil, for he can not use it and return it to its old pa'ssageway, which he may do in the case of a surface stream. Such a right, if it exists, also exposes the upper proprietor to the hazard of incurring fruitlessly heavy expenditures in efforts to improve or use his land, since he can have no knowledge until after his outlay is made, that his contemplated use will interfere with any rights or interests of an adjoining owner. A surface stream can not be diverted without knowledge that the [323] diversion will affect a lower proprietor. Not so witb an unknown subterranean percolation or stream. One can hardly have rights upon another’s land which are imperceptible, of which neither himself or that other can have any knowledge. No such right can be supposed to have been taken into consideration when either the upper or lower tract was purchased. The purchaser of lands on which there are unknown subsurface currents, must buy in ignorance of any obstacle to the full enjoyment of his purchase indefinitely downwards, and the purchaser of land upon which a spring rises, ignorant whence and how the water comes, can not bargain for any right to a secret flow of water in another’s land. It would seem, therefore, most'unreasonable that the latter should have a right to prevent his neighbor from enjoying his own land in the ordinary way, either by digging wells, cellars, drains, or by quarrying and mining.”
Because of these reasons courts have treated percolating waters as part of the soil, and upon the principle that the owner has the land, even to the sky and to the lowest depths, have permitted him to dig as deep and build- as high as he pleased.
Accordingly, in Mosier v. Caldwell, 7 Nev. 363, a case involving the rights of adjoining owners of land to water percolating through the soil, this court followed the general current of authority. In that case plaintiffs appropriated the waters of a spring upon their own lands. Afterwards the defendants, owning adjoining lands, dug a well thereon. The excavation caused the spring to dry up, but there was no visible connection between the spring and the well, the flow of water being by percolation. It was held that the damage done by defendants sinking their well was not the subject of legal redress.
We fail, however, to appreciate the force of the argument that undertakes to make the law of percolating waters applicable to the facts of the case under consideration. One of the defendants, it is true, is the owner of the land upon which the Warm Springs are situated, and it is also true, as a general principle, that the owner of land in its proper enjoyment may cut off or divert with impunity the water per[324] colating through his soil; but the difficulty of defendants’ position is that they have not been sued for diverting percolating waters. It is not charged that in digging drains, sinking wells, or working mines, or otherwise improving their property, they have interfered with waters percolating through the earth, as was the fact in the cases to which we have been referred. On the contrary, they have gone to the source of the creek and diverted living surface waters.
To these waters plaintiffs had acquired a prior right by virtue of an earlier appropriation. Bat because in passing from the springs to the creek the waters either percolate through the earth or are conveyed by unknown subterranean channels, it is urged that the law relating to percolating waters should be applied.
It seems clear that none of the reasons upon -which the law of percolating water is based exist in this case. Here there is no uncertainty, either as to the existence of the water or the amount of water which defendants have taken from plaintiffs. Nor is it reasonable to suppose that defendants could have been ignorant of the effect which their diversion of the waters would produce upon the plaintiffs lower down the creek. It may fairly be assumed that plaintiffs acquired their lauds from the fact that the waters of the creek could be made available for irrigation; and, having appropriated the waters prior to the appropriation made by defendants, such prior appropriation should be protected.
It would be a mere pretense, of protection of the rights acquired by the earlier appropriators of the waters of. the creek to say that later appropriators could lawfully acquire rights to the springs which constitute the source of the creek simply because the means by which the waters are conveyed from springs to creek are subterranean and not well understood. For these reasons we are of the opinion that the judgment is against law and should be reversed. As there may be a retrial of the case we consider it advisable to add that under the facts established, plaintiffs were entitled in their pleadings and evidence to treat the waters of the springs as a part of the creek. Judgment reversed.