Parker, C. J.
' The act to prevent fraud in the transfer of personal property by mortgage, passed June 22d, 1832, enacts, “ that no mortgage of personal property, hereafter made, shall be valid against any other person than the parties thereto, unless possession of the mortgaged property be [49]*49delivered to, and retained by, the mortgagee, or unless the mortgage be recorded in the office of the clerk of the town where the mortgager shall reside at the time of making the same. 2 N. H. Laws 58.
Possession of the property in question, in this case, was not taken by the mortgagee ; and the record of the mortgage in the place of residence of the mortgagee, instead of that of the mortgager, was not such as is required by the statute. Nor would it naturally give any notice, as that was not the place for persons interested to search for a record. The plaintiff, therefore, cannot derive any benefit from that record. Smith vs. Moore, (11 N. H. Rep. 55, 64.)
Nor can the record of the mortgage in Bartlett, (where the mortgager resided,) after the attachment of the property, avail to defeat the creditor’s title. Where the creditor has lawfully seized the property, and made a valid attachment, his levy, afterwards made, relates back to the time of the attachment, so far as other conveyances or incumbrances are concerned, and any intermediate record, or notice, will not affect him. 3 Fairf. 148, Emerson vs. Littlefield; 5 Greenl. 369, Stanley vs. Perley ; 1 Metcalf’s R. 212, Coffin vs. Ray. Of course the same rule must apply where, as in this case, he has seized the property on execution, and the record is made subsequent to that time, and before the sale.
The only remaining ground upon which the plaintiff’ attempts to sustain the action is, that actual notice of his mortgage was given to the defendants before the attachment was made.
This, however, was given by the debtor, after the defendant Langley had procured a judgment, and proceeded with his execution for the purpose of levying upon the property; and the question is, whether such notice is sufficient to prevent a creditor from making a valid levy upon his execution.
Questions of this character have most frequently arisen in relation to real estate. The statute in relation to the conveyance of real estate, provides, that no conveyance in fee [50]*50simple, &c., shall be effectual in law to hold such lands, &c., unless the deed thereof be acknowledged and recorded. 1 N. H. Laws 533.
The object of the statute, however, being to give notice of the conveyance, it has been held, in numerous cases, in relation to lands, that if a subsequent purchaser or creditor have notice of a prior conveyance, this is equivalent to a record.
Such case has been said to be an implied exception to the statute provision; and in Massachusetts, and perhaps other states, upon a revision of the laws, the exception has been incorporated into the statute itself.
A similar exception has been held to exist in relation to mortgages of personal property, and for the same reason.
Several of the cases say that the notice must clearly appear, but no degree of proof has been established; and it would be difficult to define, precisely, how much evidence is sufficient to make the knowledge clearly appear in each case.
Any notice which is sufficient to put the party upon enquiry, may be enough in the case of subsequent purchasers, and in some cases it is said to amount to constructive notice j but what shall put the party upon enquiry is still somewhat uncertain. 8 N. H. R. 264, Rogers vs. Jones; 22 Pick. 544, Kendall vs. Lawrence.
In fact, although the exception to the statutory provision has long been settled, the proof necessary to bring the party ’Cvithin it, seems to have been very little considered.
There is no doubt that the statute providing for the recording of conveyances of land, was intended to give notice of such transfers, and prevent frauds; (4 Greenl. 27 ;) and where an individual has notice that a conveyance has been made, which is not on record, and afterwards takes a deed of the same laud from the grantor, or attaches and treats the land as his property, the provision of the statute, if literally interpreted and enforced, would, in many instances, instead of preventing fraud, assist the party in committing one.
[51]*51On the other hand, it cannot well escape observation that the statutes designed to provide a place where parties might resort in order to ascertain the true situation of titles, and that the exception to the statute, which introduces parol proof instead of record evidence, may, in some cases, subject a party to the loss of an estate, by mistaken evidence tending to show notice; and, moreover, affords an opportunity for the commission of fraud and perjury, by the introduction of false evidence that the party had such notice.
It is very clear, therefore, that the exception should be carefully guarded.
If we look to the reasons on which the exception has been founded, a notice cannot be sufficient, under circumstances where it would operate as a fraud instead of preventing one. And to hold that a notice to a creditor may be effectual when it is not given until he has procured his process, and is about to attach the property, would most effectually encourage fraud. In fact, if notice by the debtor to the sheriff were held sufficient, it would almost render nugatory the statute requiring mortgages of personal property to be recorded ; for if the mortgagee could depend upon the custody, care, and diligence of the mortgager, it would not be necessary to record any such mortgage. It would only bo necessary, when any one came to attach, that notice should be given. Such an operation of the exception cannot be admitted.
The tendency of recent decisions is to confine the exception within reasonable limits. It has been held that knowledge in the officer is not sufficient. 5 Greenl. 369. So notice to a husband, at the time of receiving a conveyance to himself and wife, of a prior unregistered mortgage on the land conveyed, will not operate as notice to the wife, so as to give the mortgage a preference to her title, especially where she pays the whole consideration for the conveyance, out of her separate estate. Snyder vs. Sponable, 1 Hill’s N. Y. Rep. 567.
If it be difficult to say under what precise circumstances, [52]*52and at what precise time, the creditor must have knowledge of the existence of the mortgage, in order to render an attachment ineffectual, it must at least be such reasonable notice that the omission to record will not operate as a trap for creditors.
And we are of opinion that a notice which merely puts the party upon enquiry, received after the creditor has caused a writ to be issued for the purpose of attaching the property, and is proceeding to execute it; and, a fortiori, where he has obtained a judgment, and is proceeding to levy his execution before the notice is given; is not such a notice as can avail to bring the case within the exception.
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Parker, C. J.
' The act to prevent fraud in the transfer of personal property by mortgage, passed June 22d, 1832, enacts, “ that no mortgage of personal property, hereafter made, shall be valid against any other person than the parties thereto, unless possession of the mortgaged property be [49]*49delivered to, and retained by, the mortgagee, or unless the mortgage be recorded in the office of the clerk of the town where the mortgager shall reside at the time of making the same. 2 N. H. Laws 58.
Possession of the property in question, in this case, was not taken by the mortgagee ; and the record of the mortgage in the place of residence of the mortgagee, instead of that of the mortgager, was not such as is required by the statute. Nor would it naturally give any notice, as that was not the place for persons interested to search for a record. The plaintiff, therefore, cannot derive any benefit from that record. Smith vs. Moore, (11 N. H. Rep. 55, 64.)
Nor can the record of the mortgage in Bartlett, (where the mortgager resided,) after the attachment of the property, avail to defeat the creditor’s title. Where the creditor has lawfully seized the property, and made a valid attachment, his levy, afterwards made, relates back to the time of the attachment, so far as other conveyances or incumbrances are concerned, and any intermediate record, or notice, will not affect him. 3 Fairf. 148, Emerson vs. Littlefield; 5 Greenl. 369, Stanley vs. Perley ; 1 Metcalf’s R. 212, Coffin vs. Ray. Of course the same rule must apply where, as in this case, he has seized the property on execution, and the record is made subsequent to that time, and before the sale.
The only remaining ground upon which the plaintiff’ attempts to sustain the action is, that actual notice of his mortgage was given to the defendants before the attachment was made.
This, however, was given by the debtor, after the defendant Langley had procured a judgment, and proceeded with his execution for the purpose of levying upon the property; and the question is, whether such notice is sufficient to prevent a creditor from making a valid levy upon his execution.
Questions of this character have most frequently arisen in relation to real estate. The statute in relation to the conveyance of real estate, provides, that no conveyance in fee [50]*50simple, &c., shall be effectual in law to hold such lands, &c., unless the deed thereof be acknowledged and recorded. 1 N. H. Laws 533.
The object of the statute, however, being to give notice of the conveyance, it has been held, in numerous cases, in relation to lands, that if a subsequent purchaser or creditor have notice of a prior conveyance, this is equivalent to a record.
Such case has been said to be an implied exception to the statute provision; and in Massachusetts, and perhaps other states, upon a revision of the laws, the exception has been incorporated into the statute itself.
A similar exception has been held to exist in relation to mortgages of personal property, and for the same reason.
Several of the cases say that the notice must clearly appear, but no degree of proof has been established; and it would be difficult to define, precisely, how much evidence is sufficient to make the knowledge clearly appear in each case.
Any notice which is sufficient to put the party upon enquiry, may be enough in the case of subsequent purchasers, and in some cases it is said to amount to constructive notice j but what shall put the party upon enquiry is still somewhat uncertain. 8 N. H. R. 264, Rogers vs. Jones; 22 Pick. 544, Kendall vs. Lawrence.
In fact, although the exception to the statutory provision has long been settled, the proof necessary to bring the party ’Cvithin it, seems to have been very little considered.
There is no doubt that the statute providing for the recording of conveyances of land, was intended to give notice of such transfers, and prevent frauds; (4 Greenl. 27 ;) and where an individual has notice that a conveyance has been made, which is not on record, and afterwards takes a deed of the same laud from the grantor, or attaches and treats the land as his property, the provision of the statute, if literally interpreted and enforced, would, in many instances, instead of preventing fraud, assist the party in committing one.
[51]*51On the other hand, it cannot well escape observation that the statutes designed to provide a place where parties might resort in order to ascertain the true situation of titles, and that the exception to the statute, which introduces parol proof instead of record evidence, may, in some cases, subject a party to the loss of an estate, by mistaken evidence tending to show notice; and, moreover, affords an opportunity for the commission of fraud and perjury, by the introduction of false evidence that the party had such notice.
It is very clear, therefore, that the exception should be carefully guarded.
If we look to the reasons on which the exception has been founded, a notice cannot be sufficient, under circumstances where it would operate as a fraud instead of preventing one. And to hold that a notice to a creditor may be effectual when it is not given until he has procured his process, and is about to attach the property, would most effectually encourage fraud. In fact, if notice by the debtor to the sheriff were held sufficient, it would almost render nugatory the statute requiring mortgages of personal property to be recorded ; for if the mortgagee could depend upon the custody, care, and diligence of the mortgager, it would not be necessary to record any such mortgage. It would only bo necessary, when any one came to attach, that notice should be given. Such an operation of the exception cannot be admitted.
The tendency of recent decisions is to confine the exception within reasonable limits. It has been held that knowledge in the officer is not sufficient. 5 Greenl. 369. So notice to a husband, at the time of receiving a conveyance to himself and wife, of a prior unregistered mortgage on the land conveyed, will not operate as notice to the wife, so as to give the mortgage a preference to her title, especially where she pays the whole consideration for the conveyance, out of her separate estate. Snyder vs. Sponable, 1 Hill’s N. Y. Rep. 567.
If it be difficult to say under what precise circumstances, [52]*52and at what precise time, the creditor must have knowledge of the existence of the mortgage, in order to render an attachment ineffectual, it must at least be such reasonable notice that the omission to record will not operate as a trap for creditors.
And we are of opinion that a notice which merely puts the party upon enquiry, received after the creditor has caused a writ to be issued for the purpose of attaching the property, and is proceeding to execute it; and, a fortiori, where he has obtained a judgment, and is proceeding to levy his execution before the notice is given; is not such a notice as can avail to bring the case within the exception.
What would be the effect of actual knowledge of the existence of a deed, communicated to a creditor who has procured his process, and is about to levy upon the property, it is not necessary now to determine. In this case, no such knowledge appears. The evidence only shows an allegation of the debtor himself, that he had executed a mortgage. This at most would be only matter to put the creditor upon enquiry. But he had then no opportunity to make any, without abandoning his purpose of attachment; for if the notice could be held available for any purpose, the creditor, must have suspended his proceedings until he could have investigated the subject, at the risk of losing his opportunity to attach, or he must have proceeded under the penalty of being a trespasser, if the mortgage were found afterwards actually to exist.-
Information of that character, from such a source, at such a time, is in no sense “ equivalent to a record.” Nor can the fact that the creditor proceeded, notwithstanding, to levy his execution, be regarded as a fraud upon the plaintiff, who had neglected to give a legal notice by placing his mortgage upon record.
Plaintiff nonsuit.