The opinion of the court was delivered by
Vroom, J.
The plaintiff in error relies upon the following assignments of error:
First. That the said justice before whom the said cause was tried nonsuited the plaintiff on the ground that, under section 10 of an act entitled “An act for the prevention of frauds and perjuries,” approved March 27th, 1877, the action of the plaintiff could not be sustained, and therein erred in law. Gen. Stat., p. 1604.
Second. That the said justice sustained the motion of non-suit made by the defendant, when the judgment should have been to overrule said motion and to give judgment thereon in favor of the plaintiff, and therein erred in law.
The tenth section of the statute of frauds and perjuries first became a part of our statute law in 1873, and the act then passed was entitled “An act to regulate the commissions of brokers and real estate agents in the sale of land,” and, as passed, was in the following words:
“That no broker or real estate agent, selling land on account of the owner, shall be entitled to receive any commission for the sale or exchange of any real estate, except the authority for selling is in writing and signed by the owner or his au1 thorized agent, and the rate of commission on the dollar shall have been stated in such authority.” Pamph. L. 1873, p. 50.
In 1874 that act was included in the statute “For the prevention of frauds and perjuries,” in the revision of that year {Rev., p. 446), constituting section 10-of that act, and is substantially identical with the statute above quoted.
The meaning of this section, in so far as it prescribes that there must be a written authority to entitle the broker or real estate agent to commissions upon the sale or exchange of property, and the object of such requirement, is too plain for contention. The question raised is as to whom do the [440]*440provisions of the act apply. The insistment of the plaintiff in error is that this section is expressly confined to real estate agents or brokers and to contracts authorizing them to dispose of lands of owners, and that an attomey-at-law, not carrying on commonly a real estate business, and who is employed, in part at least, by reason of his being such attorney, to render legal services in and about the sale of real property, is not within the meaning of this section. '
The learned trial judge, we think, tersely and correctly interpreted this section of the statute when lie said: “But, as I read the statute, both in its letter and manifest policy, it is aimed at any person who acts as broker or real estate agent in the very transaction in question out of which the claim to compensation arises. It would be a very narrow construction of the statute to say that it applied only to him who ostensibly and usually carried on the business of brokerage or a real estate business so-called.”
A broker is defined to be “a middleman or agent, who, for a commission or rate per'cent, .on the value of the transaction, negotiates for others the purchase or sale of stocks, bonds, commodities, or property of any kind, or who attends to the doing of something for another.” Geni. Diet.
It is a well-known fact that the business of a broker and that of a real estate agent is often carried on by many who never hold themselves out or advertise as such, and, under the name of insurance agents, justices of the peace and even attorneys are constantly “engaged in selling or exchanging land for or on account of the owner,” and to give a construction to this statute which would except them from its provisions would be a clear violation of the policy which caused its enactment.
It was contended, on the part of the plaintiff in error, that an attorney does .not cease to be such because his employment requires services not strictly, professional together with other services which are professional, and the case of Savings Bank v. Ward, 10 Otto 195, was cited as authority for this proposition. I do not understand that this was involved in the decision of that case. What was there decided was that, [441]*441in an action' against an attorney for negligence, proof of employment and the want of reasonable care and skill in the performance of the stipulated services are prerequisites to the maintenance of the action, and that these matters must be alleged and proved. But conceding that the attorney does not cease to be such when his employment is a service not strictly professional, and, as in this case, was that of a broker or real estate agent, the mere fact that he is an attorney will not relieve him from the provisions of the statute which require the written authority of the owner for the sale or exchange of land before he will be entitled to any commissions for such sale or exchange.
Again, the plaintiff contends that the defendant in this case did not give his attorney any power or authority to sell his property; that.;his only employment was to aid him in making a sale of the property. The effect of this would be to limit the operation of the section to those who have the authority to sell the property and bind the defendant by the contract. That would be, indeed, but a narrow construction of the terms “selling or exchanging,” and exclude all who negotiate sales, seek purchasers and secure them, as is customary with real estate agents and brokers, and for which services commissions are always charged and allowed. I concur with the views of the trial judge that “a construction which would take out of the statute all persons except those who are empowered to sell, in the sense of carrying the sale into effect, would defeat the purpose of the statute.”
But the plaintiff insists that, conceding that the contract is within the statute, tire defendant has waived any benefits by a subsequent promise to pay, made verbally to the plaintiff and detailed in the statement prefixed to this opinion. He further insists that thereby the defendant acknowledged his liability, agreed to pay the commissions demanded, and that contract renders him liable in this action.'
The difficulty with this contention is that the subsequent promise to pay for the services is entirety without consideration, and therefore void. The tenth section of the statute of frauds does not merely say that “no action shall be main[442]*442tained,” but that “no broker or real estate agent selling or exchanging land for or oh account of the owner shall be entitled to any commission for the sale or exchange of any real estate, unless the authority for selling or exchanging such land is in writing, signed by the owner,” &c. It therefore follows, as correctly held by the trial judge, “the statute declared a public policy, viz., in the absence of written contract there shall be an absence of right to compensation for services, and so, where there is no written contract, a subsequent express promise to pay for the services is entirely devoid of consideration.”
This principle was-fully considered in the early case of Loyd v. Lee, 1 Str. 94. There “a married woman gave a promissory note as a feme sole,
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The opinion of the court was delivered by
Vroom, J.
The plaintiff in error relies upon the following assignments of error:
First. That the said justice before whom the said cause was tried nonsuited the plaintiff on the ground that, under section 10 of an act entitled “An act for the prevention of frauds and perjuries,” approved March 27th, 1877, the action of the plaintiff could not be sustained, and therein erred in law. Gen. Stat., p. 1604.
Second. That the said justice sustained the motion of non-suit made by the defendant, when the judgment should have been to overrule said motion and to give judgment thereon in favor of the plaintiff, and therein erred in law.
The tenth section of the statute of frauds and perjuries first became a part of our statute law in 1873, and the act then passed was entitled “An act to regulate the commissions of brokers and real estate agents in the sale of land,” and, as passed, was in the following words:
“That no broker or real estate agent, selling land on account of the owner, shall be entitled to receive any commission for the sale or exchange of any real estate, except the authority for selling is in writing and signed by the owner or his au1 thorized agent, and the rate of commission on the dollar shall have been stated in such authority.” Pamph. L. 1873, p. 50.
In 1874 that act was included in the statute “For the prevention of frauds and perjuries,” in the revision of that year {Rev., p. 446), constituting section 10-of that act, and is substantially identical with the statute above quoted.
The meaning of this section, in so far as it prescribes that there must be a written authority to entitle the broker or real estate agent to commissions upon the sale or exchange of property, and the object of such requirement, is too plain for contention. The question raised is as to whom do the [440]*440provisions of the act apply. The insistment of the plaintiff in error is that this section is expressly confined to real estate agents or brokers and to contracts authorizing them to dispose of lands of owners, and that an attomey-at-law, not carrying on commonly a real estate business, and who is employed, in part at least, by reason of his being such attorney, to render legal services in and about the sale of real property, is not within the meaning of this section. '
The learned trial judge, we think, tersely and correctly interpreted this section of the statute when lie said: “But, as I read the statute, both in its letter and manifest policy, it is aimed at any person who acts as broker or real estate agent in the very transaction in question out of which the claim to compensation arises. It would be a very narrow construction of the statute to say that it applied only to him who ostensibly and usually carried on the business of brokerage or a real estate business so-called.”
A broker is defined to be “a middleman or agent, who, for a commission or rate per'cent, .on the value of the transaction, negotiates for others the purchase or sale of stocks, bonds, commodities, or property of any kind, or who attends to the doing of something for another.” Geni. Diet.
It is a well-known fact that the business of a broker and that of a real estate agent is often carried on by many who never hold themselves out or advertise as such, and, under the name of insurance agents, justices of the peace and even attorneys are constantly “engaged in selling or exchanging land for or on account of the owner,” and to give a construction to this statute which would except them from its provisions would be a clear violation of the policy which caused its enactment.
It was contended, on the part of the plaintiff in error, that an attorney does .not cease to be such because his employment requires services not strictly, professional together with other services which are professional, and the case of Savings Bank v. Ward, 10 Otto 195, was cited as authority for this proposition. I do not understand that this was involved in the decision of that case. What was there decided was that, [441]*441in an action' against an attorney for negligence, proof of employment and the want of reasonable care and skill in the performance of the stipulated services are prerequisites to the maintenance of the action, and that these matters must be alleged and proved. But conceding that the attorney does not cease to be such when his employment is a service not strictly professional, and, as in this case, was that of a broker or real estate agent, the mere fact that he is an attorney will not relieve him from the provisions of the statute which require the written authority of the owner for the sale or exchange of land before he will be entitled to any commissions for such sale or exchange.
Again, the plaintiff contends that the defendant in this case did not give his attorney any power or authority to sell his property; that.;his only employment was to aid him in making a sale of the property. The effect of this would be to limit the operation of the section to those who have the authority to sell the property and bind the defendant by the contract. That would be, indeed, but a narrow construction of the terms “selling or exchanging,” and exclude all who negotiate sales, seek purchasers and secure them, as is customary with real estate agents and brokers, and for which services commissions are always charged and allowed. I concur with the views of the trial judge that “a construction which would take out of the statute all persons except those who are empowered to sell, in the sense of carrying the sale into effect, would defeat the purpose of the statute.”
But the plaintiff insists that, conceding that the contract is within the statute, tire defendant has waived any benefits by a subsequent promise to pay, made verbally to the plaintiff and detailed in the statement prefixed to this opinion. He further insists that thereby the defendant acknowledged his liability, agreed to pay the commissions demanded, and that contract renders him liable in this action.'
The difficulty with this contention is that the subsequent promise to pay for the services is entirety without consideration, and therefore void. The tenth section of the statute of frauds does not merely say that “no action shall be main[442]*442tained,” but that “no broker or real estate agent selling or exchanging land for or oh account of the owner shall be entitled to any commission for the sale or exchange of any real estate, unless the authority for selling or exchanging such land is in writing, signed by the owner,” &c. It therefore follows, as correctly held by the trial judge, “the statute declared a public policy, viz., in the absence of written contract there shall be an absence of right to compensation for services, and so, where there is no written contract, a subsequent express promise to pay for the services is entirely devoid of consideration.”
This principle was-fully considered in the early case of Loyd v. Lee, 1 Str. 94. There “a married woman gave a promissory note as a feme sole, and, after her husband’s death, in consideration of forbearance, promised do pay .it,' and in an action against her it was insisted that though she being under coverture at the time of giving the note, it was' voidable for that reason, j^et by her subsequent promise, when she was of ability to make a promise, she had made herself liable, and the forbearance was a new consideration.
But the Chief Justice (Hardwicke) held the contrary, and that the note was not barely voidable, but absolutely void; and forbearance, where originally there was no cause of action, is no consideration to raise an assumpsit.”
And again, in the later case of Cockshot v. Bennett, 2 T. R. 763, where it was held that “if all the creditors of an insolvent consent to accept a composition for their respective demands upon an assignment of his effects by a deed of trust, to which they are all parties, and one of them, before he executes, obtains from the insolvent a promissory note for the residue of his demand by refusing to execute till such note be made, the note is void in law as a fraud on the rest of the creditors; and a subsequent promise to pay it is a promise without consideration, which will not maintain an action.”
In commenting on these eases the author of the well-known and elaborate note to Wennall v. Adney, 3 Bos. & P. 247, says: “It is clear that if a contract between two parties be void, and not merely voidable, no subsequent'express promise will operate to charge the party promising, even though he [443]*443has derived the benefit of the contract. Yet, according to the commonly received notion respecting moral obligations, and the force attributed to a subsequent express promise, such a person ought to pay. An express promise, therefore, as'it should seem, can only revive a precedent good consideration which might have been enforced at law through the medium of an implied promise had it not been suspended 'by some positive rule of 'law, but can give no original right of action if the obligation on which it is founded never could have been enforced at law, though not barred by any legal maxim or statute provision.”
In the ease of Beaumont v. Reeve, 8 Q. B. 483, 487, the rule is thus stated, and it is quoted by Mr. Chitty in the text of his work on contracts (1 Chit. Cont. 54), “that an express promise cannot be supported by a consideration from which the law could not imply a promise, except where the express promise does away with a legal suspension or bar of a right of action which, but for such suspension or bar, would be valid.”
In Freeman v. Robinson, 9 Vroom 383, Mr. Justice Depue, after a learned discussion of the question, says that the principle enunciated in the note above cited to Wennall v. Adney and adopted by the judges of the Queen’s Bench in Beaumont v. Reeve, supra, “may now be considered as the settled law in the English courts,” and “that it has also been approved and made the'.basis of judicial decision quite generally in the courts of this country.” Citing cases.
The exceptions to the rule are only those, where there was originally a consideration of benefit to the promisor, from which a promise would have been implied capable ■ of legal enforcement, if some statutory provision or positive rule of law had not debarred the party from legal remedy, and under these are promises to pay debts, the recovery of which is barred b3r the statute of limitations, a promise by a 'man after he becomes of age to pay a just debt contracted during minority, but not for necessaries; a promise by a bankrupt after his certificate to pay his debts in full, and a promise to perform a secret trust, or a trust void for want of writing under the statute of frauds. Freeman v. Robinson, supra.
[444]*444The contract here sued upon, therefore, having been in contravention of the statute was not voidable, but void; no subsequent, promise could operate to charge the party promising therewith.
The case of Griffith v. Daly, 27 Vroom 466, is relied upon by the plaintiff as an interpretation of this statute adversely to the views above expressed; but the opinion of Mr. Justice Dixon distinctly states tb^it the plaintiff “did not sue to recover a commission for the sale or exchange of any real estate, nor was the defendant’s agreement, on which the suit rested, one to pay him for such service.” This being the case, and the present suit being admittedly brought for "services “in and about the sale of the property of the defendant,” it is difficult to perceive the pertinency of the insistment that the decision in this case should be considered as an interpretation of this statute.
The plaintiff further insists that he was entitled to immediate pajunent for his services, so far as the sale of the personal property was concerned, and for legal services< The trial judge properly held that so far as those services, they being of a character not obnoxious to the statute of frauds, were joined together in an indivisible contract with services that were obnoxious 'to the statute, the whole contract would be void; that there could be no recovery under the bill of particulars in the case, for the bill of particulars is inconsistent with a recovery on a quantum meruit. The bill of particulars, being based on the contract, in the absence of an amendment, there could be.no recovery. The plaintiff declined to ask for an amendment.
There was no error in the ruling of the trial judge and the plaintiff was properly nonsuited.
The judgment below should be affirmed.
For affirmance—The Chancellor, Ci-iiee Justice, Van Sycicel, Dixon, Garrison, Fort, 'Garretson, Hendrickson, Swayze, Bogert, Vredenburgh, Vooriiees, Vroom. 13.
For reversal—None.