Mr. Justice Magruder
delivered the opinion of the court:
The only question, involved in this case, relates to the right of the present appellants, who were complainants below, to file this bill to set aside the will of Caroline T. Storrs, and the probate thereof. The will was admitted to probate on July 18, 1888, and the present bill was not 'filed until November 23,1896, more than eight years after said probate.
The proviso to section 7 of the act in regard to wills, as passed in 1872, is as follows: “Provided, however, that if any person interested shall, within three years after the probate of any such will, * * * appear and by his or her bill in chancery, contest the validity of the same, an issue at law shall be made up, whether the writing produced be the will of the testator or testatrix or not, which shall be tried by a jury; * * _ * but if no such person shall appear within the time aforesaid, the probate as aforesaid shall be forever binding and conclusive on all the parties concerned, saving to infants, femes covert, persons absent from the State, or non compos mentis, the like period after the removal of their respective disabilities,” etc. (2 Starr & Curt. Ann. Stat. p. 2470).
In 1895 the legislature amended said section 7, and, by the amendment, substituted the period of two years for the period of three years, and omitted the words “femes covert, persons absent from the State.” (Sess. Laws of Ill. 1895, p. 327).
In Spaulding v. White, 173 Ill. 127, we have held, that the statute in force at the time of the filing of the bill is the statute, which confers jurisdiction on the court to entertain a bill to contest the validity of a will, and that such statute, and not the law in force when the will was probated, must control and govern such jurisdiction. If, therefore, any right existed in the present appellants, or either of them, to file this bill, the time, within which the same should have been filed, would be governed by the amendatory act of 1895.
The doctrine is well established in this State, that courts of equity, independently of the statute, have no" jurisdiction of a bill to set aside a ydll, or its probate. The jurisdiction of courts of chancer)? in this State to entertain such bills is derived exclusively from the statute, and, therefore, such jurisdiction can only be exercised in the mode and under the limitations prescribed by the statute. If “any person interested” shall, within three years after the probate, etc., or, as the law of 1895 requires, within two years after the probate, etc., appear, and, by bill in chancery, contest the validity of the will, ah issue at law shall be made up, etc.; but if such person does not appear within the time limited, an issue at law cannot be made up. The appearance within the time limited is a jürisdictional fact, and is necessary to put the machinery of the court in motion, so as to contest th’e validity of the will. The proviso of section 7 is merely a grant of jurisdiction to be exercised only in case it is invoked within the time limited, and not a limitation upon the exercise of a jurisdiction already existing. In other words, the statute fixing the time, within which such a bill may be filed by “any person interested,” is not a limitation law. (Luther v. Luther, 122 Ill. 558; Wheeler v. Wheeler, 134 id. 522; Sinnet v. Bowman, 151 id. 146; Jele v. Lemberger, 163 id. 338; Spaulding v. White, supra).
In construing the statute, we have also held that the words, “any person interested," as used in the proviso to said section 7, mean those persons, who are interested in the settlement of the estate, that is to say, those, who will be directly affected in a pecuniary sense by its settlement; that the interest must be a direct pecuniary interest affected by the probate of the will, as the reference is to an existing interest, and not to an interest which may be subsequently acquired. A person, not directly and pecuniarily interested in the estate of a deceased person at the time of the probate of the will of such decedent, is not entitled to file a bill in chancery for the purpose of contesting the will. (McDonald v. White, 130 Ill. 493; Jele v. Lemberger, supra).
In Luther v. Luther, supra, the will there under consideration was admitted to probate on September 27, 1875, and the bill to contest its validity was not filed until pearly ten years afterwards, to-wit, on September 1,1885; and it was there charged, that the testator had been induced to make the will by fraud, falsehood and misrepresentation, and that the complainants did not learn of the testator’s unsoundness of mind and memory, nor of the fraud and undue influence practiced in obtaining the will, until March, 1884, and that the cause of action set up in the bill was fraudulently concealed by the defendants therein from the complainants, until within three jrnars before the filing" of the bill. It was contended in the Luther case, that the limitation should only begin to run from the discovery of the fraud, upon the ground that, according to the usual rule in equity, where a party has concealed his fraud, he is estopped from setting up the Statute of Limitations. (McIntosh v. Saunders, 68 Ill. 128). But, as the statute was there held to be not a statute of limitation, its requirement, that the bill should be filed within the time limited, was held to be imperative, and the failure to file it within such time was held not to be excused by fraud and concealment, so urged and set up.
In McDonald v. White, supra, the bill to contest the will was filed within three years from the probate of the will, but by a person, who had purchased the inheritance of one of the heirs after, the death of the testatrix; and it was there held, that such assignee of the heir could not maintain the bill. In the McDonald case we said: “Appellants were not interested in the probate of this will. They were deprived of nothing by it. Their interest was derived by purchase long subsequent to the probate of the will, and is, therefore, not such as is within the contemplation of the statute. Moreover, James M. McDonald never had possession of this property. He never had any apparent title to it. At most, all that he had was the bare right to establish title by successfully contesting this will. But such a right is not assignable, and can not therefore be the subject of a conveyance.” (Norton v. Tuttle, 60 Ill. 130; Illinois Land and Loan Co. v. Speyer, 138 id. 137).
If we apply the principles thus announced to the facts of this case, it clearly appears that the present appellants cannot maintain the bill, and that the demurrer thereto was properly sustained by the court below. The will of Caroline T. Storrs, the validity of which is here attacked, was admitted to probate on July 18, 1888. Her son, George M. Storrs, who was interested in the estate as one of the devisees under the will, had the right to file a bill to contest it at any time within three years after July 18, 1888. He did not do so. The bill, however, alleges that he was insane or non compos mentis from 1888 to the time of his death in .July, 1896. Under the statute he would have been entitled, within three years after the removal of the disability created by his lunacy, to file a bill to contest the will. But he died before the disability was removed, and while it existed. The question then arises, whether Emery A. Storrs, alleged to be his son, could file this bill after his father’s death.
The present appellant, Emery A.
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Mr. Justice Magruder
delivered the opinion of the court:
The only question, involved in this case, relates to the right of the present appellants, who were complainants below, to file this bill to set aside the will of Caroline T. Storrs, and the probate thereof. The will was admitted to probate on July 18, 1888, and the present bill was not 'filed until November 23,1896, more than eight years after said probate.
The proviso to section 7 of the act in regard to wills, as passed in 1872, is as follows: “Provided, however, that if any person interested shall, within three years after the probate of any such will, * * * appear and by his or her bill in chancery, contest the validity of the same, an issue at law shall be made up, whether the writing produced be the will of the testator or testatrix or not, which shall be tried by a jury; * * _ * but if no such person shall appear within the time aforesaid, the probate as aforesaid shall be forever binding and conclusive on all the parties concerned, saving to infants, femes covert, persons absent from the State, or non compos mentis, the like period after the removal of their respective disabilities,” etc. (2 Starr & Curt. Ann. Stat. p. 2470).
In 1895 the legislature amended said section 7, and, by the amendment, substituted the period of two years for the period of three years, and omitted the words “femes covert, persons absent from the State.” (Sess. Laws of Ill. 1895, p. 327).
In Spaulding v. White, 173 Ill. 127, we have held, that the statute in force at the time of the filing of the bill is the statute, which confers jurisdiction on the court to entertain a bill to contest the validity of a will, and that such statute, and not the law in force when the will was probated, must control and govern such jurisdiction. If, therefore, any right existed in the present appellants, or either of them, to file this bill, the time, within which the same should have been filed, would be governed by the amendatory act of 1895.
The doctrine is well established in this State, that courts of equity, independently of the statute, have no" jurisdiction of a bill to set aside a ydll, or its probate. The jurisdiction of courts of chancer)? in this State to entertain such bills is derived exclusively from the statute, and, therefore, such jurisdiction can only be exercised in the mode and under the limitations prescribed by the statute. If “any person interested” shall, within three years after the probate, etc., or, as the law of 1895 requires, within two years after the probate, etc., appear, and, by bill in chancery, contest the validity of the will, ah issue at law shall be made up, etc.; but if such person does not appear within the time limited, an issue at law cannot be made up. The appearance within the time limited is a jürisdictional fact, and is necessary to put the machinery of the court in motion, so as to contest th’e validity of the will. The proviso of section 7 is merely a grant of jurisdiction to be exercised only in case it is invoked within the time limited, and not a limitation upon the exercise of a jurisdiction already existing. In other words, the statute fixing the time, within which such a bill may be filed by “any person interested,” is not a limitation law. (Luther v. Luther, 122 Ill. 558; Wheeler v. Wheeler, 134 id. 522; Sinnet v. Bowman, 151 id. 146; Jele v. Lemberger, 163 id. 338; Spaulding v. White, supra).
In construing the statute, we have also held that the words, “any person interested," as used in the proviso to said section 7, mean those persons, who are interested in the settlement of the estate, that is to say, those, who will be directly affected in a pecuniary sense by its settlement; that the interest must be a direct pecuniary interest affected by the probate of the will, as the reference is to an existing interest, and not to an interest which may be subsequently acquired. A person, not directly and pecuniarily interested in the estate of a deceased person at the time of the probate of the will of such decedent, is not entitled to file a bill in chancery for the purpose of contesting the will. (McDonald v. White, 130 Ill. 493; Jele v. Lemberger, supra).
In Luther v. Luther, supra, the will there under consideration was admitted to probate on September 27, 1875, and the bill to contest its validity was not filed until pearly ten years afterwards, to-wit, on September 1,1885; and it was there charged, that the testator had been induced to make the will by fraud, falsehood and misrepresentation, and that the complainants did not learn of the testator’s unsoundness of mind and memory, nor of the fraud and undue influence practiced in obtaining the will, until March, 1884, and that the cause of action set up in the bill was fraudulently concealed by the defendants therein from the complainants, until within three jrnars before the filing" of the bill. It was contended in the Luther case, that the limitation should only begin to run from the discovery of the fraud, upon the ground that, according to the usual rule in equity, where a party has concealed his fraud, he is estopped from setting up the Statute of Limitations. (McIntosh v. Saunders, 68 Ill. 128). But, as the statute was there held to be not a statute of limitation, its requirement, that the bill should be filed within the time limited, was held to be imperative, and the failure to file it within such time was held not to be excused by fraud and concealment, so urged and set up.
In McDonald v. White, supra, the bill to contest the will was filed within three years from the probate of the will, but by a person, who had purchased the inheritance of one of the heirs after, the death of the testatrix; and it was there held, that such assignee of the heir could not maintain the bill. In the McDonald case we said: “Appellants were not interested in the probate of this will. They were deprived of nothing by it. Their interest was derived by purchase long subsequent to the probate of the will, and is, therefore, not such as is within the contemplation of the statute. Moreover, James M. McDonald never had possession of this property. He never had any apparent title to it. At most, all that he had was the bare right to establish title by successfully contesting this will. But such a right is not assignable, and can not therefore be the subject of a conveyance.” (Norton v. Tuttle, 60 Ill. 130; Illinois Land and Loan Co. v. Speyer, 138 id. 137).
If we apply the principles thus announced to the facts of this case, it clearly appears that the present appellants cannot maintain the bill, and that the demurrer thereto was properly sustained by the court below. The will of Caroline T. Storrs, the validity of which is here attacked, was admitted to probate on July 18, 1888. Her son, George M. Storrs, who was interested in the estate as one of the devisees under the will, had the right to file a bill to contest it at any time within three years after July 18, 1888. He did not do so. The bill, however, alleges that he was insane or non compos mentis from 1888 to the time of his death in .July, 1896. Under the statute he would have been entitled, within three years after the removal of the disability created by his lunacy, to file a bill to contest the will. But he died before the disability was removed, and while it existed. The question then arises, whether Emery A. Storrs, alleged to be his son, could file this bill after his father’s death.
The present appellant, Emery A. Storrs, does not come within the definition of “any person interested,” as used in the statute. He certainly bad no interest at the time of the probate of the will. The fifth paragraph of the will provides that, in the event that George M. Storrs should enter into the bonds of matrimony subsequently to the making of the will of Caroline T. Storrs, and should have issue by such subsequent marriage, then the trustees should, upon the death of George M. Storrs, make a transfer to such heir. The bill, however, avers that the appellant, Emery A. Storrs, was a year old at the date of the will, and was the offspring of a marriage, which had taken place before that time. He is not, therefore, such an heir, as is mentioned in the fifth clause of the will.
The right to file the bill, which existed in George M. Storrs, did not descend to the appellant, Emery A. Storrs. George M. Storrs had the bare right to establish title by successfully contesting the will. That right was not assignable, as was held in McDonald v. White, supra. If it was not assignable by a conveyance or written transfer, it could not pass by inheritance or descent. The right to dispose of property by will is always considered purely a creature of statute. (United States v. Perkins, 163 U. S. 625; Kochersperger v. Drake, 167 Ill. 122). No statute exists in this State, so far as we are advised, which authorizes the right to file such a bill to pass by descent, or to go to an heir by inheritance. The rigllt of a widow to dower does not survive to the administrator. (Hitt v. Scammon, 82 Ill. 519). An action to recover a statutory penalty does not survive the death of the defendant. (Diversey v. Smith, 103 Ill. 378).
We are, therefore, of the opinion that the appellant, Emery A. Storrs, had no such interest at the time of the probate of the will, as would entitle him, in view of the decisions above quoted, to file a bill to contest its validity at the date, at which the present bill was filed; and that such right* as his father, George M. Storrs, had to file such a bill, did not pass to him by descent. Whether or not George M. Storrs could have filed a bill, within the time limited by the statute to contest the validity of the will, through a conservator or next friend during his insanity, is a question which it is not necessary here to determine, as it does not arise upon this record.
The. other appellant, the Chicago Title and Trust Company, administrator de bonis non of the estate of George M. Storrs, was not a proper party complainant here, because it had not such an interest, as is contemplated by the statute. The administrator de bonis non merely holds his title in autre droit, as trustee, for the purpose of distribution. (Schouler’s Executors and Administrators, sec. 242).
Accordingly, the judgment of the Appellate Court is affirmed.
Judgment affirmed.
Cartwright, C. J., and Boggs, J., dissenting.