Stone v. Garrett

• Court: Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit
• Decided: October 27, 2025
• Docket: 24-4476
• Status: Unpublished

Opinion

NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS OCT 27 2025 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

RANDY M. STONE, No. 24-4476 District of Nevada, Petitioner, Las Vegas v. MEMORANDUM* TIM GARRETT; NETHANJAH BREITENBACH,

Respondents.

Application to File Second or Successive Petition Under 28 U.S.C. § 2254

Argued and Submitted October 6, 2025 Las Vegas, Nevada

Before: BENNETT, SANCHEZ, and H.A. THOMAS, Circuit Judges.

Randy M. Stone (“Stone”), a Nevada state prisoner, was convicted of seven

counts of sexual assault with a minor under the age of fourteen in 2003. Stone has

filed a request for authorization to file a second or successive habeas petition under

28 U.S.C. § 2254 (“the Application”). We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C.

§ 2244(b)(3).

* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. As relevant here, we may grant the Application only if Stone makes a prima

facie showing that at least one of his claims satisfies both requirements under 28

U.S.C. § 2244(b)(2)(B): (1) “the factual predicate for the claim could not have been

discovered previously through the exercise of due diligence,” id. § 2244(b)(2)(B)(i);

and (2) “the facts underlying the claim, if proven and viewed in light of the evidence

as a whole, would be sufficient to establish by clear and convincing evidence that,

but for constitutional error, no reasonable factfinder would have found [Stone] guilty

of the underlying offense,” id. § 2244(b)(2)(B)(ii). See id. § 2244(b)(3)(C). Under

the second requirement, Stone must show that his claim “establishes that he is

actually innocent of the crimes alleged.” Bible v. Schriro, 651 F.3d 1060, 1064 (9th

Cir. 2011). Because Stone fails to meet one or both requirements for each of his

claims, we deny the Application.

1. Stone raises an ineffective assistance of trial counsel claim based on

trial counsel’s asserted failure to call a psychologist with expertise in child sexual

abuse and trial counsel’s failure to call a forensic nurse with expertise in child abuse.

Stone does not satisfy § 2244(b)(2)(B)(i). Dr. O’Donohue’s and Nurse Wristen’s

reports do not constitute factual predicates for Stone’s ineffective assistance of trial

counsel claim. These expert opinions are instead conclusions, derived from

preexisting facts, that clarify the legal significance of those preexisting facts. See

Ford v. Gonzalez, 683 F.3d 1230, 1235 (9th Cir. 2012) (interpreting the phrase

2 24-4476 “factual predicate” under § 2244(d) as the “vital facts, regardless of when their legal

significance is actually discovered”).1 The factual predicates for Stone’s ineffective

assistance of trial counsel claim are counsel’s failure to call a psychologist and

forensic nurse and the preexisting information that Dr. O’Donohue and Nurse

Wristen relied on in forming their opinions. Because Stone fails to argue that those

facts were unknown to him before he filed his first federal habeas petition in 2008,

he fails to demonstrate due diligence. See Gage v. Chappell, 793 F.3d 1159, 1166

(9th Cir. 2015).

Stone also fails to satisfy the actual innocence requirement under

§ 2244(b)(2)(B)(ii). Dr. O’Donohue’s and Nurse Wristen’s opinions do not

establish, by clear and convincing evidence, that every reasonable factfinder would

have found Stone guilty because their reports are both inconclusive. A reasonable

factfinder could credit other evidence presented at trial over the experts’ qualified

conclusions.

1 Although Ford interpreted the phrase “factual predicate” in subsection (d) of § 2244, Ford, 683 F.3d at 1235, we agree with Stone that Ford’s interpretation applies to subsection (b) of § 2244 as well. See Nat’l Credit Union Admin. v. First Nat’l Bank & Tr. Co., 522 U.S. 479, 501 (1998) (“[S]imilar language contained within the same section of a statute must be accorded a consistent meaning.”). Our holding that the expert reports here are not the factual predicates supporting Stone’s ineffective assistance of trial counsel claim should not be interpreted as a categorical rule that expert opinions can never be factual predicates.

3 24-4476 2. Stone’s ineffective assistance of direct appeal counsel and double

jeopardy claims also do not satisfy § 2244(b)(2)(B) because Stone concedes that

these claims do not rely on newly discovered factual predicates under

§ 2244(b)(2)(B)(i). Because Stone does not satisfy § 2244(b)(2)(B)(i), we need not

consider § 2244(b)(2)(B)(ii). Stone’s contention that these claims “raise Suspension

Clause concerns” is foreclosed. Binding precedent establishes that the requirements

under § 2244 for filing a second or successive petition do not violate the Suspension

Clause. See Felker v. Turpin, 518 U.S. 651, 664 (1996); Chades v. Hill, 976 F.3d

1055, 1056–57 (9th Cir. 2020).

The Application to file a second or successive § 2254 petition is DENIED.

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