IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE IN AND FOR NEW CASTLE COUNTY
EPIPHANY F. STOMS, individually ) and as Administratrix of the Estate of ) DAVID W. STOMS, decedent, and as ) Guardian ad Litem of ALEXIS D. ) STOMS and CHAD D. STOMS, ) ) Plaintiff ) ) v. ) C.A. No. N14C-01-163 MJB ) FEDERATED SERVICE ) INSURANCE COMPANY ) ) ) Defendant )
Submitted: August 14, 2014 Decided: November 20, 2014
Upon Plaintiff’s Motion for Summary Judgment, DENIED.
Upon Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment, GRANTED.
OPINION
Jonathan B. O’Neill, Esquire, Kimmel, Carter, Roman, Peltz & O’Neill, P.A., 56 W. Main Street, Plaza 273, 4th Floor, P.O. Box 8149, Newark, Delaware 19714, Attorney for Plaintiff.
James S. Yoder, Esquire, White and Williams LLP, 824 N. Market Street, Suite 902, Wilmington, Delaware 19899, Attorney for Defendant.
BRADY, J.
1 I. INTRODUCTION
On November 3, 2012, David W. Stoms (“Decedent”) was involved in an automobile
accident with an uninsured driver. Decedent was killed in the accident, and Decedent’s minor
daughter was seriously injured. At the time of his death, Decedent was driving a car owned by
his employer, Diamond Motor Sports, Inc. (“Diamond Motor”). The vehicle was insured by
Federated Service Insurance Company (“Federated”).
Plaintiff Epiphany F. Stoms was married to Decedent and lived with Decedent until his
death. Alexis D. Stoms (“Alexis”) and Chad D. Stoms (“Chad”) are the minor children of
Plaintiff and Decedent. On January 18, 2014, Plaintiff filed the instant action on behalf of
herself, on behalf of Decedent’s estate, and on behalf of Alexis and Chad, demanding that
Federated pay supplemental uninsured motorists benefits, beyond the statutory minimum, to
compensate the family for medical expenses, funeral expenses, pain and suffering, and punitive
damages against the uninsured motorist.
The parties have both moved for Summary Judgment. A hearing in this Court was held
on August 14, 2014, at which the Court determined that the Plaintiff’s claim for punitive
damages is proper. The Court now finds that Plaintiff’s cause of action against Federated is
precluded as Decedent did not have supplemental uninsured/underinsured motorists coverage
under the Federated policy. For this reason, Plaintiff’s Motion for Summary Judgment is
DENIED; Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment is GRANTED; and Plaintiff’s claim for
punitive damages is MOOT.
2 II. FACTS
A. The November 3, 2012 Accident
On November 3, 2012, at approximately 10:15 p.m., Decedent and Alexis were involved
in a two-car automobile accident (the “Accident”) on Delaware Route 1, near Dover, in Kent
County, Delaware. Decedent was killed in the Accident, and Alexis was severely injured. It is
undisputed that the Accident was caused by the negligent and reckless conduct of the other
driver, Matthew E. Bair (“Bair”), an uninsured motorist.
At the time of Accident, Decedent was employed as a “finance manager” at Diamond
Motor located in Dover, Delaware. When the Accident occurred, Decedent was driving a 2010
Toyota Yaris, owned by Diamond Motor and registered in Delaware. Decedent was permitted to
use the company car for personal use during non-business hours. At the time of the Accident,
Decedent and Alexis, who was the sole passenger in the car, were returning from a family
outing.
B. The Insurance Policy
Defendant Federated provided uninsured motorist coverage to Diamond Motor as part of
a Commercial Package Policy (policy number 9361613), which was in effect on the date of the
Accident (“Policy”). There is a provision of the Policy that specifically addresses supplemental
uninsured motorists coverage. This provision is contained in a document entitled, “Delaware
Commercial Automobile Uninsured Motorists Coverage Option Form.” 1 This provision states,
“Delaware law requires that Uninsured Motorists Insurance must be provided for limits at least
equal to State Financial Responsibility limits… Delaware law allows [the insured] to select
higher limits up to $300,000[,] but not greater than the policy’s liability limit, or [the insured]
1 Delaware Commercial Automobile Uninsured Motorists Coverage Option Form (“Option Form”), Exhibit A to Defendant’s Corrected Motion for Summary Judgment (July 10, 2013) at 1.
3 may REJECT this coverage.” 2 The document directs the insured to indicate its choice by
checking boxes below and signing and dating the form.
The section below, entitled “Limit Options,” contains two selections that the insured must
make. The first reads, “Limit for directors, officers, partners or owners of the named insured and
family members who qualify as insureds.” This first selection is followed by four check-boxes,
indicating different monetary amounts that the insured may select. In this case, Diamond Motor
selected a $300,000 limit for “directors, officers, partners or owners.” 3 The second selection
reads, “Limit for any other person who qualifies as an insured.” This selection is followed by
five check-boxes, four of which indicate monetary amounts and the fifth of which indicates that
coverage is declined. Diamond Motor checked the fifth box, which says, “I hereby REJECT
[supplemental] Uninsured Motorists Insurance including Underinsured Motorists Insurance for
this group of persons only.” 4
C. The Instant Action
On January 18, 2014, Plaintiff filed the instant action on behalf of herself, on behalf of
Decedent’s estate, and on behalf of Alexis and Chad. 5 Plaintiff demands damages including
damages for the wrongful death of Decedent and resulting damages to herself and her children,
medical expenses and pain and suffering for Alexis, and funeral and other expenses for
Decedent. 6 Plaintiff also demands punitive damages for the tortuous conduct of Bair. 7 Plaintiff
originally brought suit against both Federated and Liberty Mutual Fire Insurance Company
2 Option Form at 1. 3 Option Form at 1. 4 Option Form at 1. 5 Complaint at 1. 6 Complaint at 2-3. 7 Complaint at 3.
4 (“Liberty Mutual”), who was believed to have provided uninsured motorists coverage for
Decedent. However, Plaintiff subsequently voluntarily dismissed Liberty Mutual. 8
On March 10, 2014, Federated filed an Answer. In the Answer, Federated argues that the
Policy does not provide coverage for punitive damages. 9 Federated also argues that imposing
punitive damages against Federated would violate various Constitutional provisions as well as
public policy. 10 Additional defenses include that Plaintiff’s claims may be barred by the terms of
the insurance contract, 11 barred by Diamond Motor’s failure to fully comply with its obligations
under the policy, 12 and barred by Plaintiff’s failure to demonstrate the non-existence or
exhaustion of the tortfeasor’s insurance. 13
III. PRESENT MOTIONS
A. Federated’s Motion for Summary Judgment
On May 29, 2014, Federated filed the instant Motion for Summary Judgment. Federated
filed a Corrected Brief in Support of the Motion for Summary Judgment on July 10, 2014.
Federated argues that (a) the Policy is valid and enforceable, and (b) the Policy does not provide
any supplemental uninsured motorists coverage (beyond mandated “limits at least equal to State
Financial Responsibility limits”14) for Decedent or his daughter. 15 Specifically, Federated
maintains that the contractual provision contained in the “Delaware Commercial Automobile
Uninsured Motorists Coverage Option Form” is valid; that the provision unequivocally indicates
Diamond Motor’s rejection of supplemental coverage for “any other person who qualifies as an
8 Order (June 6, 2014), “Stipulation of Partial Dismissal”. 9 Answer at 2. 10 Answer at 3. 11 Answer at 3. 12 Answer at 3. 13 Answer at 4. 14 Option Form at 1. 15 Federated’s Corrected Brief in Support of Motion for Summary Judgment at 5-6.
5 insured” who is not included in the category of “directors, officers, partners or owners of the
Named Insured and family members who qualify as insureds”; and Decedent as “finance
manager” did not qualify as a director, officer, partner, or owner. Federated’s position is that
“Decedent was an employee[,] but not a director, officer, partner or owner (or a family member)
of the Named Insured [i.e., Diamond Motor],” and hence Decedent and Alexis are not eligible
for the additional coverage. 16
Federated argues that the provision in the Policy is valid because Delaware law allows an
insured to opt out of supplemental uninsured motorists coverage under 18 Del C. §3902(a) so
long as the rejection is in writing. Federated maintains that the provision in the instant case
constitutes Diamond Motor’s unambiguous rejection of supplemental uninsured motorists
coverage for employees other than directors, officers, partners, or owners. 17 In anticipation of
Plaintiff’s primary argument, Federated argues that it is not against public policy for an insured
employer such as Diamond Motor to have a policy that treats directors, officers, partners, and
owners more favorably than other employees.
Federated cites Davis v. State Farm for the proposition that persons who purchase an
automobile insurance policy may have higher levels of coverage than third-party permissive
users of the vehicles covered by the policy. 18 The Davis court found that automobile insurance
coverage is “personal” to the one who purchases the policy; and, for this reason, the purchaser
should be allowed the benefit of higher coverage (than third party permissive drivers or guests) if
he so chooses. 19 Although Davis involved natural persons as insureds rather than businesses,
16 Federated’s Corrected Brief in Support of Motion for Summary Judgment at 6. 17 Federated’s Corrected Brief in Support of Motion for Summary Judgment at 6. 18 Federated’s Corrected Brief in Support of Motion for Summary Judgment at 6 (citing Davis v. State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Company, 2011 WL 1379562, at *5 (Del. Super. Ct. Feb, 15, 2011)). 19 Davis, 2011 WL 1379562, at *6.
6 Federated argues that the same reasoning should be applied to the instant case. 20 Directors,
officers, partners, and owners act on behalf of the business; and the actions which they perform
include purchasing insurance. For this reason, they stand in the shoes of the individual
purchasers of insurance in Davis. Ordinary employees, argues Federated, are different; they do
not act on behalf of the business in the capacity of purchasing insurance. Hence, argues
Federated, ordinary employees are more akin to the third party permissive drivers or guests in
Davis. 21
Federated further argues that there is no legal basis for Plaintiff’s prayer for punitive
damages. Federated maintains that punitive damages would only be appropriate if Plaintiff could
demonstrate that Federated acted in bad faith, which Plaintiff has not alleged. 22 Claims by
insureds against insurers are governed by contractual analysis, and the Delaware Supreme Court
has held that punitive damages are not available in contract absent as showing of bad faith. 23
B. Plaintiff’s Motion for Summary Judgment
On June 30, 2014, Plaintiff responded in opposition to Federated’s Motion for Summary
Judgment and cross-moved for Summary Judgment. 24 Plaintiff advances two main arguments.
First, Plaintiff contends that the provision limiting supplemental coverage to company officers,
directors, partners, or owners is void as contrary to public policy. 25 Second, Plaintiff argues that
even if the provision is not void, it is at least ambiguous and should be construed against the
20 Federated’s Corrected Brief in Support of Motion for Summary Judgment at 7-8. 21 Federated argues that, “Directors, officers, partners or owners are the types of individuals who are typically authorized to purchase a commercial auto policy on behalf of a business entity. As such, persons falling within this classification of insureds under a commercial policy are equivalent to the individual named insureds under the personal auto policies at issue in Davis v. State Farm.” Federated’s Corrected Brief in Support of Motion for Summary Judgment at 8. 22 Federated’s Corrected Brief in Support of Motion for Summary Judgment at 9. 23 Federated’s Corrected Brief in Support of Motion for Summary Judgment at 9 (citing Tackett v. State Farm Fire and Cas. Ins. Co., 653 A.2d 254, 266 (Del. 1995)). 24 To avoid confusion, the Court will cite Plaintiff’s briefs concerning Plaintiff’s cross-motion for Summary Judgment by their submission dates. The June 30, 2014 brief will be cited as “Plaintiff’s June 30 Brief.” 25 Plaintiff’s June 30 Brief at 7.
7 insurance company who drafted it and in favor of Decedent. 26 Specifically, Plaintiff argues that
Decedent “arguably fits the definition as an officer or director, as he was in a managerial position
at the time of the crash.” 27 Concerning Federated’s argument that punitive damages are not
proper, Plaintiff responds that Delaware law provides that a plaintiff who would have been
entitled to collect punitive damages from an uninsured motorist may collect the same damages
from the insurance carrier. 28
In support of her argument that the exclusion in the Policy is contrary to public policy,
Plaintiff relies primarily on State Farm v. Washington for the proposition that exclusions in
uninsured motorists coverage are contrary to public policy. 29 In Washington, the insured agreed
to have his son specifically excluded from his automobile insurance policy due to the son’s poor
driving record under a “named driver exclusion.” The son was subsequently involved in an
accident while driving his aunt’s car, which was not covered by the father’s policy. The accident
was caused by the negligence of an uninsured driver, and the parties agreed that the son was not
negligent in a manner proximately causing or contributing to the accident. 30 The son argued
that, as a relative residing with the father, he should be covered under his father’s uninsured
motorists policy. The insurer agreed that the son would have been covered under the policy had
he been a passenger in another car but argued that the named driver exclusion excluded the son
from coverage when he was the driver. 31 The Court found the exclusion invalid on the grounds
that (a) the parties agreed that the son would have been covered had he been a passenger; and (b)
the purpose of the named driver exclusion was to insulate the insurer from the son’s negligence,
26 Plaintiff’s June 30 Brief at 11. 27 Plaintiff’s June 30 Brief at 11. 28 Plaintiff’s June 30 Brief at 12 (citing Jones v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 610 A.2d 1352, 1354 (Del. 1992)). 29 State Farm Mut. Auto Ins. Co. v. Washington, 641A.2d 449 (Del.1994). 30 Id. 31 Id. at 450.
8 and the son was not negligent in the instant case. 32 Plaintiff argues that Decedent and Alexis,
like the son in Washington, were innocent victims of an uninsured motorist and thus should not
be excluded from coverage. 33
Plaintiff initially conceded that “Delaware law permits different levels of coverage for
different types of insureds in the area of [supplemental uninsured motorists] insurance,” arguing
instead that it is the complete exclusion of a class of insureds from supplemental uninsured 34 motorists coverage that is contrary to public policy. In support of this position, Plaintiff cited
State Farm v. Wagamon, in which the Court found invalid a “household exclusion,” which
excluded the payment of a liability insurance claim when the injured party was a member of the
insured’s household. 35 The claimant in Wagamon was the insured’s mother, who was injured
while her daughter was driving. The mother sued the daughter, and the insurance company
declined to pay any benefits on the grounds of the “household exclusion.” 36 Plaintiff suggests
that the instant case is analogous to Wagamon, as it concerns the exclusion of an entire class of
claimants from coverage.
Plaintiff later revised her position, citing the Indiana case of Balagatas v. Bishop for the
proposition that all employees must be covered equally. 37 In Balagatas, the Indiana Court of
Appeals held that a contractual provision (nearly identical to the one in the instant case) allowing
an employer-insured to elect additional uninsured motorists coverage for officers and directors
but reject additional coverage for other employees was invalid as contrary to the intent of the
applicable Indiana statute, which mandated equal coverage for all insureds. 38
32 Id. at 452-453. 33 Plaintiff’s June 30 Brief at 8. 34 Plaintiff’s June 30 Brief at 9. 35 State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Wagamon, 541 A.2d 557, 558-559 (Del. 1988). 36 Id. 37 Plaintiff’s July 30 Brief at 8-9 (citing Balagtas v. Bishop, 910 N.E.2d 789 (Ind. Ct. App. 2009)). 38 Id. at 795.
9 In support of her argument that the exclusionary provision is ambiguous, Plaintiff cites
Black’s Law Dictionary’s definition of “officer” as: “Person holding office of trust, authority[,]
or command in public affairs, government[,] or a corporation,” and “director” as: “One who
manages, guides, or orders; a chief administrator.” 39 Plaintiff argues that Decedent, who was a
“finance manager,” arguably fits the description of an officer or director; and the Policy does not
explicitly define the terms “officer” or “director” otherwise.
C. Defendant’s Arguments in Response
In Defendant’s Response Brief in Opposition to Plaintiff’s cross-motion, Defendant
renews its argument that “Decedent was just an employee, not a director, officer, partner or
owner of Diamond Motor.” 40 Defendant says that this position is supported by the affidavit of
Mr. Warren, the owner of Diamond Motor, who affirmed that a person holding the job of
Finance Manager is merely an employee and nothing more. 41
Defendant maintains that, contrary to Plaintiff’s contention, there is no ambiguity in the
terms “officer” or “director” as they appear in the Policy. 42 As “officer” and “director” are
corporate terms, their plain meaning comes from corporate law. Defendant argues that, under
Delaware Corporations Law, these terms have precise technical definitions, which do not apply
to Decedent. According to Defendant, a “director” is “a person who is a member of the Board of
Directors of a corporation with overall control of a company.” 43 The fact that Decedent’s job as
Finance Manager may have included “directing” people, does not make him a “director” under
39 Plaintiff’s June 30 Brief at 11 (citing Black’s Law Dictionary at 536-537, 232 (4th Pocket Ed. 2011)). 40 Defendant’s July 15 Brief at 1. 41 Defendant’s July 15 Brief at 7. 42 Defendant’s July 15 Brief at 7. 43 Defendant’s July 15 Brief at 7 (citing 8 Del. C.§141(a)).
10 the corporate definition. 44 In support of its argument that merely “directing” people does not
make an employee a “director” for insurance purposes, Defendant cites an Eighth Circuit case,
United Fire v. Thompson, holding that the meaning of “director” is defined by corporate law and
an employee is not a “director” merely because his job includes “directing’ people. 45 Similarly,
Defendant argues that Decedent was not an “officer,” as the meaning of that term is established
by Delaware Corporations Law, which provides that, “Every corporation organized under this
chapter shall have such officers with such titles and duties as shall be stated in the bylaws or in a
resolution of the board of directors…” 46
IV. LEGAL STANDARD
The Court may grant summary judgment when “the pleadings, depositions, answers to
interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no
genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a
matter of law.” 47 A motion for summary judgment, however, should not be granted when
material issues of fact are in dispute or if the record lacks the information necessary to determine
the application of the law to the facts. 48 A dispute about a material fact is genuine when “the
evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party.” 49 Thus,
the issue is “whether the evidence presents a sufficient disagreement to require submission to a
jury or whether it is so one-sided that one party must prevail as a matter of law.” 50
44 Defendant’s July 30 Brief at 7. 45 United Fire & Casualty Insurance Company v. Thompson, 758 F.3d 959 (8th Cir. 2014). 46 Defendant’s July 15 Brief at 7-8 (citing 8 Del. C. §142) 47 Super. Ct. Civ. R. 56(c). 48 Bernal v. Feliciano, 2013 WL 1871756, at *2 (Del. Super. Ct. May 1, 2013) (citing Ebersole v. Lowengrub, 180 A.2d 467, 468 (Del. 1962)). 49 Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 243 (1986). 50 Id.
11 Although the party moving for summary judgment initially bears the burden of
demonstrating that the undisputed facts support his legal claims, 51 once the movant makes this
showing, the burden “shifts to the non-moving party to demonstrate that there are material issues
of fact for resolution by the ultimate fact-finder.” 52 When considering a motion for summary
judgment, the Court must view the evidence in the light most favorable to the non-moving
party. 53
V. DISCUSSION
A. The Provision Denying Additional Uninsured Motorists Coverage to Regular Employees
is not Void as a Matter of Public Policy
i. The Relevant Statutory Authority and Case Law do not Support a Finding that the Provision
is Void
18 Del. Admin. C. §60354 provides that insurance policies must cover bodily injury and
property damage with limits of at least those proscribed by the financial responsibility law of
Delaware. 55 In addition, insurers must offer additional coverage for damages resulting uninsured
or underinsured motorists. 56 18 Del. C. §3902(a)(1) expressly and unequivocally provides that
this additional uninsured motorists coverage shall not be required “when rejected in writing.”
Plaintiff does not dispute the insured’s right to reject uninsured motorists coverage as
provided by 18 Del. C. §3902(a)(1). Plaintiff also initially concedes, but later denies, that it is
51 Hughes ex rel. Hughes v. Christina Sch. Dist., 2008 WL 73710, at *2 (Del. Super. Ct. Jan. 7, 2008) (citing Storm v. NSL Rockland Place, LLC, 898 A.2d 874, 879-80 (Del. Super. Ct. 2005)). 52 Id. 53 Joseph v. Jamesway Corp., 1997 WL 524126, at *1 (Del. Super. Ct. July 9, 1997) (citing Billops v. Magness Const. Co., 391 A.2d 196, 197 (Del. Super. Ct. 1978)). 54 Delaware Administrative Code is a collection of regulations promulgated by various state administrative agencies. Title 18 of the Code contains regulations promulgated by the Delaware Insurance Commissioner. Zurich Am. Ins. Co. v. St. Paul Surplus Lines, Inc., 2009 WL 4895120, n.58 (Del. Ch. Dec.10, 2009). 55 18 Del. Admin. C. §603-2.1. The applicable financial responsibility statute is 21 Del. C. §2118(a)(2)(b). 56 18 Del. Admin. C. §603-2.2.
12 permissible under Delaware law for a business to provide different levels of uninsured motorists
coverage for different classes of employees, but that it is impermissible for a business to provide
some additional uninsured motorists coverage for one class of employees but provide no
additional coverage for another class of employees. 57 Plaintiff’s most recent position is that
unless an employer completely rejects supplemental uninsured/underinsured motorists coverage,
all employees must be covered equally. 58
The Court finds no case law on point in Delaware. The Delaware cases cited by Plaintiff
in support of her position and the Indiana case are distinguishable in either fact or law from the
instant case. 59
State Farm v. Washington involved a family in which the father was the insured. 60
Because of the son’s poor driving record, the father agreed to exclude the son as a driver on the
father’s insurance policy in a provision called a “named driver exclusion.” 61 While driving a car
not on the policy, the son was a non-negligent victim of an uninsured motorist tortfeasor. The
insurance carrier denied the son coverage on the grounds of the named driver exclusion.
However, crucially, the parties agreed that the son would have been covered for damages by an
uninsured motorist had the son been a passenger at the time of the accident. 62 In other words,
there was an inconsistency in the policy: the parties agreed that the son was covered against
uninsured motorists generally, but the insurer maintained that the named driver exclusion
negated this coverage if the son was driving at the time of the accident. 63
57 Plaintiff’s June 30 Brief at 9. 58 Plaintiff’s July 30 Brief at 8-9. 59 Balagtas v. Bishop, 910 N.E.2d 789 (Ind. Ct. App. 2009). 60 State Farm Mut. Auto Ins. Co. v. Washington, 641A.2d 449 (Del.1994). 61 Id. at 450. 62 Id. at 452. 63 Id.
13 In order to resolve this inconsistency, the court looked to the purpose of the named driver
exclusion, which the court found to be to insulate the insurer from the risk of the son’s poor
driving record. 64 Since this purpose was not applicable under the circumstances presented, in
which the son was not negligent, the court refused to apply the exclusion in that case. The
Washington court found that, as a matter of public policy and Delaware law, exclusions to
uninsured motorists coverage should be narrowly construed. 65 In the instant case, unlike in
Washington, there is no inconsistency. The Policy unequivocally states that supplemental
uninsured motorists coverage is rejected for employees other than directors, officers, partners, or
owners.
State Farm v. Wagamon involved an automobile insurance provision commonly known
as a “household exclusion.” 66 The household exclusion denies liability insurance coverage for
any personal injury claim brought by a member of the insured’s family who resides with the
insured. 67 The insured in Wagamon was a daughter who was driving an automobile with her
mother as the sole passenger when they were in an accident. The mother later sued her daughter
for personal injuries sustained in the accident. 68 The Delaware Supreme Court found such
household exclusions to be in violation of both Delaware’s financial responsibility law and
public policy. The Court found that the exclusion violates the financial responsibility law, 21
Del. C. §2118, because it completely denies both liability and no-fault compensation coverage
for injured parties who are members of the insured’s family and reside with the insured. 69 The
Court found that a household exclusion “conflicts with the basic requirement of providing
64 Id. 65 Id. (citing Frank v. Horizon Assur. Co., 553 A.2d 1199, 1201 (Del. Super. Ct. 1989)). 66 State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Wagamon, 541 A.2d 557, 558 (Del. 1988). 67 Id. 68 Id. 69 Id. at 559-560.
14 minimum legal liability coverage for claims by victims of an automobile accident, regardless of
their relationship to the insured.” 70
The court in Wagamon discussed the history of household exclusion provisions as an
attempt by insurers to guard against collusive suits by family members. 71 The court
acknowledged that the threat of collusive suits is a legitimate concern. 72 However, the court
found the passage of a financial responsibility law evinced the clear legislative intent that all
victims, regardless of their relationship, be compensated “up to a minimum amount” 73 and
suggested it was the passage of financial responsibility laws in several jurisdictions that spurred
courts to invalidate household exclusion provisions. 74 There is no support for the claim that the
Wagamon holding supports a public policy requiring coverage beyond the minimum coverage
required by the state financial responsibility law. The statute, 18 Del. C. §3902(a)(1), expressly
provides that additional uninsured motorists coverage may be waived, and Plaintiff concedes this
point. 75
The Court finds the case of Lukk v. State Farm, more applicable to the instant facts.76
The plaintiff in Lukk was the victim of an underinsured motorist and sought compensation under
his father’s supplemental uninsured/underinsured motorists coverage. At the time of the
accident, the plaintiff’s father’s policy contained a “resident relative clause,” restricting coverage
to family members who reside primarily with the insured. 77 There was evidence in the record
that the plaintiff did not reside primarily with his father at the time of the accident, but this fact
70 Id. at 561. 71 Id. at 559. 72 Id. 73 Id. 74 Id. 75 Plaintiff’s June 30 Brief at 9. 76 Lukk v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 2014 WL 1891000 (Del. Super. Ct. May 12, 2014). 77 Id. at *2.
15 was disputed. 78 The plaintiff argued, that putting aside the factual dispute of where he primarily
resided, the resident relative clause was void as matter of public policy because the clause
“creates a class of persons, then restricts the scope of the insurance coverage for such persons,
and in doing so improperly reduces the minimum coverage benefits provided under 18 Del. C.
§3902.” 79 The court pointed out the straightforward flaw in the plaintiff’s argument:
uninsured/underinsured motorists coverage offered under 18 Del. C. §3902 is not a statutorily
mandated minimum found in 21 Del. C. §2118. 80 The court found that it was permissible for the
insurer to offer the supplemental uninsured motorists coverage to plaintiff’s father and the
relatives residing with him, without extending coverage to other relatives not residing with the
insured. 81
Like in Lukk, the instant case does not deal with an attempt by an insurer to deny the
minimum coverage mandated by 21 Del. C. §2118. Both cases concern limitations on
supplemental uninsured/underinsured motorists coverage, which insurers are statutorily required
to offer, and insureds may choose to purchase or decline under 18 Del. C. §3902. The court in
Lukk found it permissible for an uninsured motorists provision to discriminate between relatives
residing with the insured and relatives residing elsewhere and to provide additional coverage
only for the former category. The provision in the instant case is similar in that it distinguishes
between two different categories of individuals and provides additional coverage only for one
category.
The principle that it is permissible for insurers and insureds to contract for additional
coverage for some, but not all, parties covered by the policy is also supported by the court’s
78 Id. at *5. 79 Id. at *2 80 Id. at *5. 81 Id.
16 reasoning in Davis v. State Farm. 82 Davis concerned a class action by insureds against insurance
providers, who assessed premiums for greater than minimum uninsured/underinsured motorists
coverage for each vehicle in households where multiple vehicles were insured under the same
policy. 83 The plaintiffs argued that, as Delaware law has established that uninsured/underinsured
motorists insurance is “personal” to the insured and not vehicle-specific, a person in a household
that carries uninsured/underinsured motorists protection on one of its vehicles receives the same
uninsured/underinsured motorists coverage regardless of which vehicle the person is driving. 84
Thus, argued the plaintiffs, insurers that allow customers to select and pay for different
uninsured/underinsured motorists coverage for different vehicles are “double dipping” by
making customers pay for an illusory benefit. 85
The insurers in Davis counter-argued, and the court agreed, that the higher coverage did
confer a real benefit. Even though the insured and members of the insured’s family would
receive the same uninsured/underinsured motorists coverage regardless of which vehicle was
involved, permissive drivers or guests would receive uninsured/underinsured motorists benefits
as per the amount of supplemental coverage purchased for the particular vehicle involved. 86
Thus, the Davis court, like the court in Lukk, affirmed that it is permissible under Delaware law
to have different levels of uninsured/underinsured motorists coverage for different vehicle users.
The Court now turns to the Indiana Court of Appeals case, Balagatas v. Bishop, upon
which Plaintiff now relies. 87 The facts in that case are nearly identical to the instant case. The
victim was an employee of a motor vehicle dealer, who was given a demo vehicle that he was
82 Davis v. State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Company, 2011 WL 1379562 (Del. Super. Ct. Feb, 15, 2011 83 Id. at *1. 84 Id. at *5. 85 Id. 86 Id. 87 Balagtas v. Bishop, 910 N.E.2d 789 (Ind. Ct. App. 2009).
17 permitted to drive for both business and personal use. 88 The victim was involved in a collision
with an underinsured motorist and sustained serious injuries. The dealer, the victim’s employer,
had executed a “Commercial Auto Coverage Option Form” with the insurer, Federated Mutual
Insurance Company. 89 The employer selected $500,000 in uninsured/underinsured motorists
coverage for “directors, officers, partners or owners” and rejected uninsured/underinsured
coverage for all other insureds. 90 The plaintiff in Balagatas admitted that he was not a director,
officer, partner, or owner. The plaintiff’s sole argument was that the provision granting
supplemental uninsured/underinsured motorists coverage for only some employees was contrary
to law and public policy. 91 The Indiana statute in question, Indiana Code section 27-7-5-2(b),
provided,
Any named insured of an automobile or motor vehicle liability policy has the
right, on behalf of all other named insureds and all other insureds, in writing, to:
(1) reject both the uninsured motorist coverage and the underinsured motorist
coverage provided for in this section; or
(2) reject either the uninsured motorist coverage alone or the underinsured
motorist coverage alone, if the insurer provides the coverage nor rejected
separately from the coverage rejected. 92
The Court of Appeals found that the language of the statute required that any election or
rejection of supplemental uninsured/underinsured motorists coverage must apply equally to
“all… insureds,” on whose behalf the named insured had the right to select coverage. 93
88 Id. at 791. 89 Id. at 792. 90 Id. 91 Id. at 794. 92 Id. at 794 (citing Indiana Code section 27-7-5-2(b)) (emphasis added). 93 Id. at 796.
18 The Indiana statute had two important features, not present in the corresponding
Delaware statute, which were the basis for the Balagatos court’s decision. First, the statute says
that the right to reject is “on behalf of all other named insureds and all other insureds.” The court
interpreted this language to mean that all of the insureds should be treated as a single class and
given the same benefits. 94
Second, the Indiana statute then goes on to explicitly spell out two options with regard to
supplemental uninsured/underinsured motorists coverage—that the named insured may reject
coverage for both uninsured and underinsured motorists or that the name insured may reject only
one. This feature shows that the drafters contemplated and chose to explicitly address some
options that allow the named insured to limit coverage (by choosing only uninsured motorists
coverage or by choosing only underinsured motorists coverage). In light of this language, it is
reasonable to infer that had the drafters intended to provide the option of rejecting supplemental
uninsured/underinsured motorists coverage for only some insureds, that would have been made
explicit in the statute.
The Delaware statute, 18 Del. C. §3902(a) is importantly different. The Delaware statute
provides,
(a) No policy insuring against liability arising out of the ownership, maintenance
or use of any motor vehicle shall be delivered or issued for delivery in this State
with respect to any such vehicle registered or principally garaged in this State
unless coverage is provided therein or supplemental thereto for the protection of
persons insured thereunder who are legally entitled to recover damages from
94 Id. at 795. The current version of the Indiana statute makes it explicit that the election or rejection of coverage must be on behalf of all insureds. The statute provides, “A rejection of coverage under this subsection by a named insured is a rejection on behalf of all other named insureds, all other insureds, and all other persons entitled to coverage under the policy.” Indiana Code section 27-7-2-2(b)(2013).
19 owners or operators of uninsured or hit-and-run vehicles for bodily injury,
sickness, disease, including death, or personal property damage resulting from the
ownership, maintenance or use of such uninsured or hit-and-run motor vehicle.
(1) No such coverage shall be required in or supplemental to a policy when
rejected in writing, on a form furnished by the insurer or group of affiliated
insurers describing the coverage being rejected, by an insured named therein, or
upon any renewal of such policy or upon any reinstatement, substitution,
amendment, alteration, modification, transfer or replacement thereof by the same
insurer unless the coverage is then requested in writing by the named insured. The
coverage herein required may be referred to as uninsured vehicle coverage. 95
Unlike the Indiana statute, the Delaware statute contains no language that could be interpreted as
creating a class of “all insureds.” Also unlike the Indiana statute, the Delaware statute does not
explicitly contemplate options for partial rejection of supplemental uninsured/underinsured
motorists coverage.
ii. Public Policy does not Demand a Departure from the Case Law in the Instant Case
As stated previously, there is no case law precisely on point. The most applicable
Delaware case, Lukk v. State Farm, established that it is permissible for an insurance policy to
distinguish between two categories of relatives—those that reside with the insured and those that
do not—and provide a benefit only to the former. 96 Plaintiff claims it is not permissible to treat
different classes of insureds in a corporate structure differently in providing coverage beyond the
statutory minimums required, but there is no compelling reason why disparate treatment would
be permissible in the family context but not the corporate context.
95 18 Del. C. §3902(a). 96 Lukk v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 2014 WL 1891000 (Del. Super. Ct. May 12, 2014).
20 Plaintiff has conceded that it is acceptable for the employer to decline supplemental
uninsured motorists coverage as long as it is uniformly declined for all employees. However,
Plaintiff argues that allowing the employer to decline supplemental uninsured motorists coverage
for a class of employees is bad public policy because it leaves some employees completely
unprotected when they are the victims of uninsured or underinsured motorists. The Court does
not accept that logic. Further, employees, including Decedent, were not completely unprotected.
The financial responsibility law of the state, 21 Del. C. §2118(a)(2)(b), still requires all vehicles
to have a policy that provides $15K for any one person and $30K for all persons injured in an
accident. While Plaintiff may argue that this amount is inadequate, Decedent is not left with no
coverage.
B. Decedent was not a Director or Officer
Plaintiff’s second argument is that the Policy is at least ambiguous as to whether
Decedent qualifies as a “director” or “officer.” As it is a general rule that an ambiguity in an
insurance policy is to be construed against the insurer, Plaintiff argues that coverage should be
extended to Decedent. The Court finds that the language in the Policy was not ambiguous, and
Decedent was not a “director” or “officer” within the unambiguous meaning of the Policy terms.
The Delaware Supreme Court has affirmed the “general rule” that “an insurance contact
is construed strongly against the insurer, and in favor of the insured, because the insurer drafted
the language that is interpreted.” 97 However, this rule is only applicable when there is an
independent ambiguity in the contract language; “if the language is clear and unambiguous a
Delaware court will not destroy or twist the words under the guise of construing them.” 98 In
97 Hallowell v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 443 A.2d 925, 926 (Del. 1982) (citations omitted). 98 Id. (citations omitted).
21 interpreting a term in an insurance policy, the court must look to its context within the larger
policy document. A court must “examine all relevant portions of the policy, rather than reading
a single passage in isolation.” 99
The Delaware Supreme Court has interpreted these general principles to be consistent
with the further interpretive doctrine that “an insurance policy should be construed to effectuate
the reasonable expectations of the average member of the public who buys it.” 100 However, the
Court has also made clear that the interpretation of the policy is still limited by the policy
language. “[A] fundamental premise of the [reasonable expectation] doctrine is that the policy
will be read in accordance with the reasonable expectations of the insured so far as its language
will permit.” 101 The reasonable expectation doctrine “is not a rule granting substantive rights to
an insured when there is no doubt as to the meaning of policy language.” 102
Again, there is no Delaware case directly on point cited by the parties or known to the
Court. However, in United Fire v. Thompson, the Eighth Circuit affirmed the trial court’s award
of summary judgment to an insurer, finding that a policy affording coverage to “directors” was
unambiguous, and further,did not cover a managerial employee merely because his job included
“directing” other employees. 103 In United Fire, the insurance policy limited coverage to the
corporation itself, as well as “executive officers,” “directors,” and “stockholders” with respect to
their duties under these titles. 104 The employee in question was a supervisor who allegedly
allowed the plaintiff, an employee, to operate a dump truck despite the knowledge that a
99 Sherman v. Underwriters at Lloyd’s, London, 1999 WL 1223759, *4 (Del. Super. Ct. Nov. 2, 1999) (citation omitted). 100 Hallowell, 443 A.2d at, 926 (internal quotation, citation omitted). 101 Id. at 927 (internal quotation, citation omitted). 102 Id. 103 United Fire & Cas. Ins. Co. v. Thompson, 758 F.3d 959, 962 (8th Cir. 2014). 104 Id. at 961.
22 hydraulic pump on the truck was defective. 105 The plaintiff argued that the policy was
ambiguous, and that his supervisor is a director because the supervisor “often ‘directed’ people
and processes as part of his job.” 106 The court applied Missouri state law, which, like Delaware,
holds that a contract is only ambiguous when “it is reasonably open to different
constructions.” 107 Also, like in Delaware, Missouri law requires a court to “examine the entire
contract and apply meanings a person of average intelligence and education would understand”
to determine whether such an ambiguity exists. 108
The coverage provision at issue in United Fire appears in a part of the policy which
separates out different types of insureds, depending on what kind of business organization was
the named insured. 109 The court reasoned that, as the term “directors” appears in section 1(d),
which discusses coverage for corporations, it is implied that the term is used in the context of
corporations. 110 Like in Delaware, Missouri law says that corporations are controlled and
managed by a board of directors who are elected by the corporation’s shareholders. 111
In the instant case, like in United Fire, the Court finds that the provision limiting
supplemental coverage to “directors, officers, partners or owners of the named insured and
family members who qualify as insureds” is unambiguous when read in context and does not
apply to Decedent. The provision appears on a document entitled, “Delaware Commercial
Automobile Uninsured Motorists Coverage Option Form.” 112 The named insured listed on the
form is a corporation, Diamond Motor. 113 The first of the two “Limit Options” selections that
105 Id. at 960. 106 Id. at 962. 107 Id. 108 Id. 109 Id. at 961, 963. 110 Id. at 963. 111 Mo. Ann. Stat. §§351.310, 351.315. 112 Option Form at 1. 113 Option Form at 1.
23 are to be made on the form is the “Limit for directors, officers, partners or owners of the named
insured and family members who qualify as insureds.” 114 These characteristics make clear the
context of the provision is the corporate context; the form concerns coverage for a corporation
and discusses limits for “directors, officer, partners or owners” of the organization. Thus, this
Court, like the court in United Fire, finds that the definitions in Delaware Corporations Law,
rather than dictionary definitions, control. Under Delaware Corporations Law, directors are
members of the board of directors, 115 and officers are persons with specific titles and duties as
set out in the corporation’s bylaws or in a resolution by the board of directors. 116 While
Decedent’s job may had included “directing” or “managing” persons or processes, the Court
finds that the terms in the Policy have specific, unambiguous definitions that do not include
Decedent.
C. Plaintiff’s Claim for Punitive Damages is Proper Under Delaware Law
As this Court ruled at the hearing held on August 14, 2014, Plaintiff’s claim for punitive
damages is proper. Delaware law provides that a plaintiff who would have been entitled to
collect punitive damages from an uninsured motorist may collect the same damages from the
insurance carrier. 117 However, as the Court has found that Decedent is excluded from coverage
by a valid and unambiguous Policy provision, the claim for punitive damages against Federated
is MOOT.
114 Option Form at 1. 115 8 Del. C. §141(a). 116 8 Del. C. §142. 117 Jones v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 610 A.2d 1352, 1354 (Del. 1992).
24 VI. CONCLUSION
For the forgoing reasons, Plaintiff’s Motion for Summary Judgment is hereby DENIED.
Defendant Federated’s Motion for Summary Judgment is hereby GRANTED, and the claim for
IT IS SO ORDERED.
_______________/s/_________________ M. JANE BRADY Superior Court Judge